Psychology Exam 3 Part 2

Effects of sleep deprivation

Diminished productivity, irritability, fatigue, Weight increase, depression, Immune system suppression, impaired memory and thought processes *60% of young adults indicate that they don't get enough sleep, 80% of student

Define subliminal perception

Doesn't actually work, but falls under unconscious influence; "hidden coke in the background makes you want to buy coke"

Themes that appear when making impressions

Efficiency Selectivity Consistency

Why conform?

Fear of criticism from others, If everyone else thought that, maybe I'm wrong.

Group Polarization

For group members who already all shared the same opinion, they develop even more confidence in that opinion -Diversity within decision making teams can be beneficial, but it also might lead to an ingroup vs. outgroup situation.

Altruism

Helping others in a selfless way, meaning that we receive no benefit and might even pay a personal price.

Define Priming

How closely concepts are related in out semantic network; reading word ocean activates relation to other words like tide, even though you didn't read it

REM vs. NREM dreams

REM -longer -more motivation -more emotion -intense negativity -more aggression -social interaction -more self-initiated aggression than friendliness -increased activation overall, particularly in the limbic system NREM -more self-initiated friendliness

Evaluating based on _____.

Reason. The decision itself is not as important to the concept of morality as is the reason for that decision. *Doctor dilemma

Define Freudian slip

Saying something unintentionally that may indicate your true feelings

System 2

Search for reasons to support our decisions afterward

K complex

Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep -Usually occur in response to auditory stimuli -Help to suppress arousal -Largest event in healthy human EEG

What might influence IF people conform to the wrong majority?

Total # of people: Conformity increases with group size, up to around 7, and then levels off

True or False: impressions are formed immediately. No exceptions

True

True or false: We might have a mixture of prosocial and antisocial behaviors

True. Even though we have a general demeanor, certain behaviors are dependent on the situation

When do we make external attributions

When others behave in inconsistent ways

When do we make internal attributions

When others behave in unconventional ways

Internal attribution

When people attribute the cause of others' behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, or feelings *Dispositional

External attributions

When people attribute the cause of others' behavior to situational demands or environmental constraints *Situational

Compliance

occurs when people yield to social pressure in their public behavior, even though their private beliefs have not changed, usually conform to go along with crowd *Writing down answers privately

Self-presentation

the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals Friends and family vs. strangers or acquaintances *We use Impression management

Lucid Dreaming

"...the dreamer is conscious of his state and at the same time knows that he can decide and act freely..." -51.9% indicated that they experienced at least one -lucid dreaming constitutes a hybrid state of consciousness with definable and measurable differences from waking and from REM sleep, particularly in frontal areas."

Narcolepsy

"Numbness seizure" -Usually last less than 5 minutes -"Snoozing is the second only to boozing." (American Sleep Disorders Association) - Affects 1 in 2000 or less than .05% of adults

Sleep Apnea

"With no breath" Intermittently stop breathing -Decreased blood oxygen -Deprived of slow-wave sleep -Disturbs partners -Related to certain health issues, as both a cause and a result of disorder *Affects 1 in 20, 20% of adults (mild), 7% moderate/severe

Snap judgements

"shortcuts" that rely on automatic processing when we are not motivated to form an accurate impression of another person; made quickly and based on only a few bits of information and preconceived notions

Implicit Association Task (IAT)

(results)People typically can't conceal their attitudes on implicit tasks. Further, some people may not be fully aware of their attitudes.

When examining for brain death, what do you look for?

*Based upon the presence or absence of reaction to external stimuli -No response to commands given in any form -No body movements Pupils are not affected by light -No reflexes (oculocephalic, corneal, oculovestibular, gag) -No spontaneous respiration *Confirmatory testing with brain scan

What are dreams?

-"hallucinations of the sleeping mind." (Loftus & Ketcham, 1994) -"the royal road to the unconscious." (Freud) -"the touchstones of our character." (Thoreau)

The percentage who reports less than 7 hours of sleep on average has increased since the 1980s to about 1/3 of all US adults. What are more statistics?

-Ages 20-39 and 40-59 report less sleep -Men and women report no differences -1/3 of people report 1+ sleep-related difficulty -Concentrating too much -60.5% get 7-9 hours of sleep

What happens during REM Sleep

-Body Paralysis -Breathing more rapid and heart rate rises -Rapid Eye Movements (dreams) -Increased Brain Activity (dreams) -Paradoxical sleep: internally aroused and externally calm (sleep paralysis can occur when waking in in this sleep)

Why does prejudice exist?

-Cognitive Distortions --> Social categorization, stereotypes, and profiling --> The "ultimate attribution error" --> Defensive attribution -Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) --> Prefer inequality among groups --> Believe hierarchy should exist -Expectations --> Want to maintain consistency

Coma

-Extended period of unconsciousness caused by head trauma, stroke, or disease characterized by low brain activity that remains fairly steady -NO RESPONSE TO STIMULI

Why would we NOT help others?

-Informational influence: people look to others for how to behave in ambiguous situations -Bystander effect: tendency for individuals to be less likely to provide help when others are present than when they are alone

Memory consolidation; Method and Results

-Method: Learn pairs of English-German words and then either sleep immediately or wait several hours before sleeping -Results: the sleep group forgets less

Why would we want to help others?

-Normative influence: people conform to social norms for fear of negative social consequences -Sometimes we cooperate with others because we know it will benefit us in the future.

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

-Occur when expectations about a person cause the person to behave in ways that confirm the expectations -Usually happens subconsciously -Has been supported with empirical evidence

Morning vs. Evening people (explain)

-People can have different circadian rhythms, which is why some of us are morning people and others are evening people. -Usually older people are morning people and young adults are not and this is believed to have a biological basis.

Ingroup vs. Outgroup

-People have more negative attitudes toward outgroup members -People see outgroup members as more alike than they really are (the outgroup homogeneity effect) -The visibility of outgroup members is heightened when they comprise the minority in a crowd -Perceive individuals from outgroup to look more alike than they actually do

Vegetative state

-Person alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal but NO awareness of surroundings -Reflex actions occur

Stage 3 and 4 of NREM sleep

-Pulse and breathing slow and brain waves become slower and longer -Neural activity becomes synchronized, indicating low activity -These stages are known as slow-wave, or delta, sleep. If aroused from sleep during these stages, a person may feel disoriented for a few minutes. During the deep stages of NREM sleep, the body repairs and regenerates tissues, builds bone and muscle, and appears to strengthen the immune system.

Culturally based

-What is morally acceptable in one culture might be immoral in another -Elsewhere, morality is based upon group loyalty, respect for authority, and spiritual purity. -Our definition of morality also changes with age

What interrupts our circadian rhythms?

-jet lag -spring back/fall forward: We typically perform less efficiently for 1-2 weeks following -odd work shifts: harder to adjust

Very few dreams are sexual: __ in __ for men and __ in __ for women

1 in 10 for men, 1 in 30 for women, less than 10%

How do you get a good night's sleep?

1) Exercise 2) limiting caffeine (up to 4 cups can be good, but not before sleep) 3) keep consistent sleep schedule

Why do we dream?

1) Freudian View - reveal unconscious conflicts (no support) 2) Activation Synthesis - making sense of random neural activity 3) Evolved Threat Rehearsal - coping mechanism to deal with real-life threats

What is consciousness? (3 definitions)

1) It is based on our subjective experience: our awareness of ourselves within out environment 2) There are various levels or states of awareness 3) Particular brain states are reflected by certain brain patterns

Name the unconscious states

1) Minimally conscious state 2) Vegetative state 3) Coma 4) Brain dead

What are the unconscious influences?

1) Priming 2) Subliminal perception 3) Freudian slip

Why do we sleep?

1) Restorative Theory - to repair; REM = mental, NREM = physical 2) Circadian Rhythm Theory - to regulate & to protect; physiological processes have regulated patterns 3) Facilitation of learning - to remember; strengthen neural connections & memory consolidation

How many hours is a good nights sleep for infants? adolescents? Adults/older?

16-18, 8-9, 7-8

____% of dreams are marked by at least one negative event

80%

Define dual processing mind

A combination of conscious and unconscious processes work together to result in our perceptions

Antisocial behavior

Acts of aggression are considered to be antisocial behaviors (AKA rebellious) -Frustration-Aggression hypothesis: frustration (situations in which pursuit of goal is prevented) leads to aggression if you believe the person acted intentionally

Conformity

Altering one's behavior to match other people's behavior or expectations; people yield to real or imagined social pressure -The Asch (1955) conformity experiment --> independent errors, 1%; those who conformed at least once 74%, conformed on most trials 28%

Altruism in other species

Altruism in other species typically only occurs if they are helping their own family, but there are always exceptions to the rule!

Young and old people memory test at night and day results

As people age, they perform same as young on memory test in morning, but much worse at night.

prejudice = __________, discrimination = _____________

Attitude, behavior

Induced prejudice

Camp separated into two groups, led to hostility between groups. They were able to reduce the hostility between groups by having them work together to accomplish goals, but some dislike persisted!

What are the social influences

Conformity Compliance Obedience Group Think Group Polarization

Define unitary experience

Conscious awareness is based upon the combination of different events or sensations

Group Think

Group members end up suppressing personal opinions and end up agreeing in order to maintain group harmony.

Deontological decision

Harming others is bad regardless of the situation (... and killing 1 person) *Active

Utilitarian decision

Harming others is okay if the benefit for others is great enough (Saving 5 people...) *Passive

Modern discrimination

Have private negative attitudes, but only express when they feel justified doing so

Attributions

Inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior, others' behavior, and events External and Internal

We are more likely to assume an ______ cause for other's behavior and an _________ causes for your own.

Internal, external

Is the bystander effect less likely or more likely if the need for help is clear

Less likely (Contextual factors) Kitt Genovese example: 38 people in a New York neighborhood watch a woman die and do little to help

What traits are aggression correlated with?

Low self-esteem Mental illness Violent environment Violent Media

Fundamental Attribution Error

Making internal attributions for other's behaviors even when we see evidence for an external influence on behavior.

Minimally conscious state

Marked by occasional, brief periods of purposeful action and limited speech comprehension

System 1

Moral decisions tend to be quick

Night terrors

NOT the same as nightmares -Occur during first few hours of sleep in Stage 4 -People don't have memory of them and don't wake up -Occurs more in children than adults *Affects 1-6% of children, less than 1% of adults

First NREM stage

Neural activity is unsynchronized, but there is still a good amount of brain activity -theta waves -One can be awakened without difficulty, however, if aroused from this stage of sleep, a person may feel as if he or she has not slept. Stage 1 may last for five to 10 minutes. Many may notice the feeling of falling during this stage of sleep, which may cause a sudden muscle contraction (called hypnic myoclonia

What are the sleep disorders discussed in class?

Night Terrors Narcolepsy Sleep Apnea Insomnia

When is ti appropriate to take someone off of life support?

No response arousal or awareness to environment if in coma, but it's still very hard to tell

Brain dead

No sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus

Principle of Reciprocity

One should pay back in kind what one receives from others. If you think about it though, this might not be considered an act of altruism... (What's in it for me?)

Insomnia

Persistent problem falling or staying asleep -Most people are poor at estimating time asleep or awake Around 2000, the sale of sleeping pills increased 60% *Affects 30% of adults

Difference of sleep among mammals

Predatory animals sleep more than prey animals because they can get food easily and don't have to worry about being attacked while sleeping

Sleep spindle

Present in stage 2 of NREM sleep Sleep spindles density related to duration of NREM sleep -Important memory storage -Correlated with IQ (0.70)

Sleep Timeline

Sleep begins in stage 1 and progresses into stages 2, 3 and 4. After stage 4 sleep, stage 3 and then stage 2 sleep are repeated before entering REM sleep. Once REM sleep is over, the body usually returns to stage 2 sleep. Sleep cycles through these stages approximately four or five times throughout the night. On average, we enter the REM stage approximately 90 minutes after falling asleep. The first cycle of REM sleep might last only a short amount of time, but each cycle becomes longer. REM sleep can last up to an hour as sleep progresses. *REM periods increase as the night progresses *Stage 3&4 stops occurring as the night progresses

Stage 2 NREM sleep

Sleep spindles, K complexes characterize stage *most time is spent here than other NREM states, probably due to association with memory consolidation -Light sleep, the heart rate slows and the body temperature decreases. At this point, the body prepares to enter deep sleep

Preconceived Notions

Sometimes we form our impressions of others based upon preexisting beliefs about that person's group; ThStereotypes are widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group

Systematic judgements

Tend to occur when forming impressions of others that can affect our happiness or welfare, like mates; require more controlled processing

Who should decide whether to take someone off of life support?

Usually next of kin, sometimes is a matter of the law. Ultimately, YOU should decide

Actor-Observer Effect

We can revise our initial attribution, but we aren't likely to care enough to do so

Self-serving bias

We make the most favorable attributions of ourselves that we can given the circumstances. We might even change our preceding behaviors to lead to a more favorable attribution * Getting an F on test, external; getting an A, internal

Self-Handicapping

We will go to great lengths to preserve our self-image, so we will intentionally put ourselves at a disadvantage to have an excuse ready if we need it

Social loafing

When working with others, individuals may put in less effort than if they were working alone; can lead to unequal contributions -Group projects teach opposite of intention, illusion

How much time does a baby spend in REM sleep? Adults?

baby = 50%, adults = 20-25%

Level of consciousness is directly related to the amount of _______ ___________

brain activity

Particular brain states are reflected by certain ______ ___________

brain patterns

Define Qualia

characteristics of our subjective experiences; does everyone see a strawberry as the same shade of red?

Sexual double standard

confirmation bias; The researchers feel that this occurs because women's sexuality is viewed in a much more negative light than men's sexuality, thereby, people use confirmation bias to actively seek out information that supports their beliefs

Brain waves are _______________ when dreams are most vivid

desynchronized

Overt discrimination

diminished in recent years, "old-fashioned"

Define jet lag

internal clock is out of sync with your surroundings; we use sunlight as a cue to reset our clock

How is the circadian rhythm regulated?

melatonin; the amount of melatonin changes throughout the day. you have to take it at the appropriate time, not right before bed because it is not enough time to kick in

Why does the bystander effect/apathy occur?

occurs because we assume that we do not have to take responsibility because someone else will; diffusion of responsibility

Obedience

occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority -Stanford experiment -milgrams studies: Original finding - 65% of people obey to the highest level *In some cases, learning to disobet is crucial (hitler)

Consistency

primacy effect: initial info carries more weight than subsequent info

Confirmation bias

seeking information that supports one's beliefs while not pursuing disconfirming information

Pluralistic Ignorance

situation in which people assume something about a group's beliefs, based on their observed actions, but they are incorrect.

As you progress through the four stages, you have ________ brain activity

slower

Self-monitoring

the degree to which people attend to and control the impressions they make on others -High (good impression) and Low (show true self) self monitors, both think they're acting appropriately.

Person perception & Themes when forming impressions

the process of forming impressions of others -nonverbal messages -appearance -verbal behavior -actions -situations

Defensive attribution

the tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way. Helps maintain belief we live in "just world," which is self-protective, but irrational

Selectivity

we "see what we expect to see" by focusing on aspects of the person that confirm our expectations

Efficiency

when forming impressions of others, we default to automatic processing

What is brief moments of "sleep"

when someone is unaware of environmental stimuli. This can happen for a few seconds up to 1-2 minutes and can even happen with your eyes open!