Psychology Exam One (1, 6, 13)

Research with people who reported flashbulb memories from the September 11 terrorist attacks showed that most forgetting of the event occurred within ____________.

1 year

Which communicator would likely be the most persuasive

an attractive person who is an expert

All of the following variables would likely be negatively correlated EXCEPT _______.

calories consumed and weight gain

Jana conducts a study in which she calls participants and asks them questions about their opinions. She is conducting a:

survey

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, the structure of memory can be divided into three distinct types. What are these three aspects of memory?

Sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory

Iconic memory is a type of _______ memory and handles our _______ senses.

Sensory, visual

What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?

"focus on observable behavior"

You read online that people who make more money are also healthier. Your friends says, "I guess money can even buy good health now." You respond with:

"just because those variables are correlated doesn't mean that one caused the other"

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationship between two variables?

+.05

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?

-.75 (or highest number closest to 1.0 no matter the +/-)

Julie finds that the more she sleeps on the eve of an exam, the higher the score she gets on the exam. There is _______________ correlation between the amount Julie sleeps and her exam scores.

a positive

A group of randomly selected participants for a study that matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex is called ________.

a representative sample

Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time.

1/3

What is the duration of short-term memory?

15-30 seconds

Echoic memory lasts for _______?

3-4 seconds

Which message is likely to be the most persuasive?

A message that presents both sides of the argument and where it is not obvious that it is meant to persuade

Enrique is practicing new study strategies. His professor told him that he needs to make sure he is effectively encoding information. Which strategy or strategies should Enrique use?

All answers are correct (deep processing, effortful processing, and elaborative rehearsal)

Andre will never forget where he was or what he was wearing when he heard the news about the mass shooting at an outdoor concert in Las Vegas. Which area of the brain would have significant involvement in the creation of Andre's memory for this event?

Amygdala

Which brain structure plays an important role in processing emotions, especially strong emotions like fear?

Amygdala

Julianna was in an accident that left her unable to form new long-term memories. What type of amnesia does Julianna have?

Anterograde

*In the study presented in the video about stereotype threat, who were the participants

Asian American women

Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude?

Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.

Which two brain structures are involved in the formation and storage of implicit memories?

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

Which parts of the brain are necessary for procedural memories and habits related to movement?

Cerebellum, basal ganglia

The parallel distributed processing model of memory has been likened to which game?

Connect-the-dots

Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method?

Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses?

Given what you know about Ebbinghaus's research on forgetting, what advice about studying would you give your friend?

Don't cram—engaging in distributed practice over a few days or weeks is more effective.

Henna is having difficulty with her psychology class. She visited with her professor and she told her to try to understand and remember the meaning of a concept by connecting that concept to a personal story. What is this strategy called?

Elaborative rehearsal

Trina typically reads her textbook while watching her favorite Netflix series. She later has difficulty remembering what she read and starts to wonder if she has memory problems. What is Trina experiencing?

Encoding failure

____________ states that context is encoded along with information and therefore memories are most easily retrieved when the context of the retrieval matches the context of the encoding.

Encoding specificity

The memory of a student's first semester of college, when they were stressed and anxious, is considered what type of long-term memory?

Episodic

Lucy has been studying for her psychology exam and thinks she knows all the facts and concepts. Her conscious memory of the facts is what type of memory?

Explicit

John Gottman has studied relationships for more than 40 years. Which of the following has he identified as an important predictor of a successful marriage?

Having five times more positive interactions than negative ones

What areas of the brain are important for the encoding and retrieval of long-term memories?

Hippocampus and frontal lobes

Semantic and episodic memories are formed in the _______ and then sent to other areas of the brain for _______.

Hippocampus, storage

What is the difference between obedience and conformity?

In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.

Eric Kandel worked with marine slugs to understand how memory works at the synaptic level in humans. The strengthening of the connections between neurons resulting in the development of memories is called ____________.

Long-term potentiation

The strengthening of neural connections, which is considered the biological basis of memory, is called ____________.

Long-term potentiation LTP

*In the video on attributions, Dr. Cathey makes the claim that understanding attributional biases can help us to become_______

More compassionate

When we learn something new, what happens at the neuron level?

Neurons communicate with each other through the release of neurotransmitters.

Maria has decided to learn to play the piano at the age of 55. She knows this will be good for her brain because as she learns something new her brain actually changes as a result of the experience. What is this process called?

Neuroplasticity

When someone says the words "ice cream," most people will have numerous images pop into their head. Those images may be common like a picture of an ice cream cone as well as more specific like their favorite flavor. This is an example of which model of memory?

Parallel distributed processing model

Shandra is prompted to change her password on her work computer every 4 months. She tries to make new ones that are similar to her old ones. After returning from vacation for a week, she could only remember her old password. This is an example of which type of memory failure?

Proactive interference

Howard has not ridden a bike in 10 years. He first learned to ride a bike when he was 5 years old and enjoyed riding throughout his childhood. He recently bought a new bike and had no problem riding it around the block. The type of memory that allows him to recall this skill is called?

Procedural

Ashley is using the scientific method to test whether male children are more violent than female children. What will she most likely do first?

Research previous scientific studies about children, gender roles, and violence.

Trent just moved and has to list all addresses on a job application. He has no problem remembering the new address, but when the application requests his old address he cannot remember it. Trent is experiencing which type of interference?

Retroactive interference

Caroline has dementia and can no longer remember the names of her grandchildren. She is experiencing which type of amnesia?

Retrograde

*In the example of Lady GaGa's dissonance reduction, what was the behavior she engaged in

Smoking

When a new concept or behavior is learned, repeated, and practiced, there is a _______ change in the neurons, which often involves the growth on new receptors.

Structural

The three-stage model of memory emphasized both the _________ and the __________ associated with memory.

Structure, processes

*Knowledge about the mere exposure effect teaches us that we should avoid doing which of the following

Take bathroom selfies

*In the video on obedience to authority, which historic event is discussed

The Nazi Holocaust

Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)?

Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20

Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance?

Violent video games can promote violence; I let my 7-year-old play video games.

_______________ established the first psychological laboratory in 1879. His lab executed the first experiment in Psychology called "The Duration of Aperception" in which he measured participants' auditory reaction times.

Wilhelm Wundt

Which of the following is NOT an example of applied psychology?

a health psychologist researches a potential link between depression and brain tumors

______________ usually divide their time between supervising and teaching students, completing administrative tasks, and carrying out psychological research.

academic pyschologists

Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. Her trust of the candidate represents the ___________________ component of her attitude toward him.

affective

All of the following variables, except for ________, would likely show a positive correlation.

alcohol consumption and scores on a driving test

For months, you have been thinking that you need to lose weight to be healthier, yet you are still eating fast food every day. Which of the following approaches will reduce the cognitive dissonance you are experiencing?

all three approaches would reduce cognitive dissonance

Which of the following explains why a person may become aggressive?

all three factors can lead to aggressive behavior (genetic predisposition, alcohol, excessive heat)

Intimate partner violence refers to aggressive behavior between which groups of people?

all three groups (women and their female intimate partners, men and their female intimate partners, men and their male intimate partners)

Experiments are more valuable than other research methods because they _______________________.

allow a determination of cause and effect relationships

Tristan became aware that a fellow student had become a victim of bullying. Tristan did all he could to help his classmate, even though he didn't know him well and didn't expect any reward in return. Tristan's behavior is an example of _______.

altruism

The administration of Midwest State University wants to know if the arrangement of chairs affects student participation in classrooms. They arrange the chairs in two different ways (theater style and circular) and then measure participation. In this study, ________ is the independent variable, and _________ is the dependent variable.

arrangement of chairs; student participation

Fill in the blanks to complete the correct order of the structures and processes associated with Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage model of memory: sensory memory, _________, ____________, elaborative rehearsal, ______________.

attention; working memory; long-term memory

Prejudice is to discrimination as ________.

attitude is to behavior

Prejudice is a(n) _________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________.

attitude; behavior

Nate thinks Republicans and Democrats almost never work together in Congress. The reason he believes this is that he finds it much easier to think of examples of politicians from the two parties not working together than to think of examples of them working together. It is likely that the ______________ has caused Nate to underestimate how frequently Democrats and Republicans work together.

availability heuristic

Which of the following is NOT an ethical principle for psychological research?

avoid any deception

A large automobile company says the cars the company makes are the safest in the world. You have driven one of these vehicles for a week and have not had any accidents or problems. Therefore, you believe the company's claim about safety. This error in critical thinking is related to which of the following steps?

avoid using emotions or personal experiences when evaluating the claim

A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called a ________.

case study

Dr. Sardonicus wants to know whether or not the first three years of life are critical for acquiring language. She decides to study a child who was tragically deprived of human language by her parents. This type of research is called a(n):

case study

Correlations do not show ________.

casual relationships

Political and other messages should be simple so that the audience can focus on and understand the content without distractions. This example is assuming which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model?

central route

To increase the capacity of short-term memory, you can combine small bits of information into larger meaningful units. What is this strategy called?

chunking

___________ psychologists interview patients, give diagnostic tests, provide psychotherapy, and design and implement behavioral modification programs

clinical

Social _____________ refers to the role of our thoughts and interpretations in social interactions

cognition

The _______________ perspective is a psychological approach that emphasizes the mental processes in perception, memory, language, and problem solving.

cognitive

Representative Jansen, a U.S. congresswoman, believes in the reproductive rights and welfare of women but voted to ban late-term abortions. Jansen feels very uneasy about the conflict between her beliefs and her behavior. She is most likely experiencing_______.

cognitive dissonance

Working memory is said to be used for more complex _______ tasks, while short term memory functions as primarily a __________ facility.

cognitive, storage

Which one of the following activities will not reduce cognitive dissonance?

continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts

Realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises from ________.

competition over scarce resources

Behavior initiated or changed in response to a request, as opposed to a command or direct order, is an example of _______.

compliance

In what way is compliance different from conformity?

compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure

Atkinson and Shiffrin used the example of a __________ to help describe memory in their 1968 theory.

computer

After you have identified a problem you want to study, the next step in the scientific method is to ____________.

conduct background research

Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince's behavior is an example of _______________________.

conformity

Isabella is planning on studying the influence of intelligence on the ability to recall events from the 1960s. If Isabella does not account for variables such as age, which could also influence one's ability to recall these events, age could be considered a(n) ________ variable.

confounding

Which of the following is an example of critical thinking?

considering alternative explanations for a study's results

If you study for your exam in a noisy, crowded restaurant that smells like fried foods, the best place for you to take the exam is a noisy, crowded restaurant that smells like fried food. This phenomenon is referred to as ____________.

context dependent memory

A way of processing information in which we examine assumptions, evaluate evidence, look for hidden agendas, and assess conclusions is called __________________.

critical thinking

Cyberbullying is a common form of aggression among adolescents. The concept of _____________ would explain the high prevalence of cyberbullying in terms of the presence of anonymity within a group situation.

deindividuation

All of the following are decision points in helping behavior except ____________.

diffusion of responsibility

Research has shown that males tend to exhibit more ____________ aggression, whereas females tend to display more ____________ aggression.

direct; indirect

The fundamental attribution error involves overestimating ___________________ influences when explaining another person's behavior.

dispositional

While stuck in a traffic jam, Yani notices a frustrated driver frequently honking his horn. Yani thinks to himself, "That driver is a real jerk!" This is an example of a _______________ attribution.

dispositional

The self-serving bias involves making ______________ attributions for your success and ____________ attributions for your failures.

dispositional; situational

A person asks you to volunteer to counsel delinquent youth at a detention center for two years. When you refuse, she asks if you could supervise them during a trip to the zoo. She is using the ______ technique.

door in the face

________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied.

double blind study

Dr. Wiseman wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United States. He should ________.

draw a representative sample among college juniors

In a laboratory, children are given either a beverage with sugar or one without sugar. The experimenter measures the level of hyperactivity in the children following consumption of the beverage. The experimental group in this scenario consists of children who ____________________.

drink the beverage with sugar

Which of the following is considered a risk factor for intimate partner violence?

experiencing abuse as a child

A researcher wants to know whether eating chocolate makes people nervous. Some participants are given two bars of chocolate to eat, and some are given no chocolate at all, and then all of the participants are tested for nervousness an hour later. In this experiment, the participants who eat the chocolate are in the __________ group, while the people who did not eat any chocolate are in the __________ group.

experimental; control

Rhianna works in a retail clothing store. Her boss pointed out that she rarely offers help to the overweight customers. When asked about this, Rhianna denied having any negative attitudes toward people who are overweight. Rhianna is verbally expressing a(n) _____________ attitude, but her behavior suggests that her _____________ attitude may be different.

explicit; implicit

The mere exposure effect is the tendency of people to _______.

feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus that they have seen often

Aashna remembers exactly where she was, what she was wearing, and who she was with when she first heard the news of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Aashna has a ____________.

flashbulb memory

Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the ________ phenomenon.

foot in the door

Which method of compliance was at work during Milgram's obedience study?

foot in the door technique

In the case of the creation of a short-term memory, there is a _______ strengthening between neurons.

functional

Which early movement of psychology investigated how our minds help us adapt to the world around us?

functionalism

Which of the following is not one of the three major components of attitudes?

goals

When members of a group discuss similar opinions about a topic, their views on the topic tend to become even more extreme. This phenomenon is referred to as _______.

group polarization

Which of the following increased the likelihood that participants would disobey in Milgram's obedience study?

having the experiment be an ordinary man

A psychology student had to use the steps of the scientific method for a class project. He first decided to study the effect of age on clothing choices. He then formulated a hypothesis that older people would prefer more conservative clothing than younger people. Where did he go wrong?

he did not conduct background research before developing his hypothesis

Anika has just asked her son to pick up his toys. Even though he heard her, he responds with "what did you say?" He is experiencing the echoic memory delay, which means we _____ information quicker than we can ______ it.

hear, process

Mental shortcuts used to reduce complex information from the world around us are called _______.

heuristics

Short-term memory or working memory has been localized in the ________ and the ____________.

hippocampus, frontal lobe

Person perception involves the study of_______.

how impressions of other people are formed

You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?

humanism

"Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a ________.

hypothesis

The first step in any scientific investigation is _______________.

identifying the question

When Johann drives his car to school, he does not have to think about every step in the process of driving, yet he does have memories of the steps to take. This type of memory is called ___________.

implicit

Which of the following is CORRECT concerning random assignment?

in random assignment, each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each condition

Which of the following professionals is NOT a mental health practitioner?

industrial organization psychologist

The approach suggesting our memory works like an administrative assistant that encodes, stores, and retrieves information is called the ____________.

information-processing approach

The technique of studying several different concepts or mixing information from different chapters during the same study session is called?

interleaving

The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called ________, which involved "looking inward" and reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences.

introspection

What role does sleep play in memory formation?

it consolidates and strengthens the memory

Which of the following is a limitation of a case study?

it is difficult to generalize to other people or situations based on a case study

Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct?

it occurs without social awareness

How long does it typically take a person to formulate a judgement about the trustworthiness of a stranger?

less than 1 second

In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) classic study on cognitive dissonance, participants who were paid $20 for doing a boring task, in contrast to those who were paid $1 for doing the same task, ________.

liked the task less

The famous patient known as H.M. developed anterograde amnesia after having his temporal lobes removed. This led to him no longer being able to create _______ memories, but his _______ memory remained functional.

long-term, working

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ______ technique.

lowball

All of the following are Sternberg's components of love except ________________.

loyalty

Independent variable is to dependent variable as ________.

manipulate is to measure

Shania needed to remember to pick up seven items at the grocery store. She didn't want to write it down so she made up a story in her head imagining herself walking through her house and visualizing each item in a different room in the house. This is called the _______ technique.

method of loci

What is it called when some people work to actively forget memories of trauma or abuse?

motivated forgetting

When Jamal thinks about the first time he played hockey, he remembers the smell of the ice, the sound of his stick hitting the puck, and how much he loved the game. In retrieving this memory, Jamal is accessing _______________ in his brain.

multiple connections

Dr. Littman-Smith is conducting research in Kenya into the ways that mothers and their toddlers interact throughout the day. Given the purpose of her study, she most likely is engaged in ________.

naturalistic observation

When you watch dogs play in the park, or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of ________.

naturalistic observation

According to the connectionist model of memory, memory is viewed as a set of interconnected _______ in the brain.

neural networks

A research hypothesis proposes that consuming a low carbohydrate diet results in increased weight loss. One group of participants follows a low-carb diet for 3 weeks, whereas a second group follows a high-carb diet containing the same number of calories for 3 weeks. The average number of pounds lost for each group is then is compared. What is the dependent variable?

number of pounds lost

Sam conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of parents and children at a restaurant. He believes many parents spoil their children in today's society. He observed many parents allowing children to get away with bad behavior such as being rude to the wait staff. When Sam described his work to his teacher, she suggested he find out more about the ________.

observer effect

Graycen was walking alone through the mall and suddenly experienced an epileptic seizure. She would be most likely helped if ___________________ .

one person was in an area

A local car insurance company advertises their products with television commercials. During those spots, there are flashy lights, attractive dancers wearing skin-tight outfits, and local celebrities talking about how they are customers of the company. The advertisement does not, however, mention any of the features or costs associated with the product. This company is attempting to earn customers through which path of processing?

peripheral route

Researchers designed an experiment that tested the impact of drinking alcohol on test taking abilities. They gave one group a drink with vodka and the other group a drink with tonic water. Neither group knew which drink they received. One interesting result of the experiment was that several members of the group who received the drink with the tonic water acted as if they were impaired. This result is called the _______________.

placebo effect

Your friend wants to hear all the details from your birthday party last year. Recalling the details of this memory is a _________ process.

reconstructive

Lars went to the grocery story but accidentally left his list at home. He remembered coffee and chocolate because those were the first things on the list. This phenomenon is called the _____________ effect.

primacy

Professor Thomas approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious processes within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?

psychodynamic approach

Joaquin went to McDonald's to observe people eating in fast-food restaurants. He brought a camera crew and bright lights, and they all wore yellow jump suits. Joaquin said he wanted to do a naturalistic observation but may have had some problems because of ________.

reactivity

____________ occurs in situations where a research participant's behavior is different than normal because the participant is being observed.

reactivity

Leeann was telling her friend about a movie with her favorite actor. She wanted her friend to guess his name so she gave her friend the first initial to his first and last name. Leeann provided a ___________ for her friend.

retrieval cue

Garrett has a tendency to take credit for his good actions, but he attributes his mistakes to factors beyond his control. This is an example of the _____.

self-serving bias

According to the connectionist model of memory, memory is viewed as a _________________.

set of instructions neurons send to each other that create a pattern of activity among neurons

Increased contact between two warring groups has a tendency to ________.

showcase similarities between the groups and reduce prejudice

A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade. What social-psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about?

social loafing

If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the ________ perspective.

sociocultural

The goal of false memory research is to demonstrate that ________________________.

some people will report remembering an event that didn't happen to them just because the researcher suggested it did happen

Spencer believes he learned about the famous "Stanford Prison Experiment" from his psychology class. His professor tells him they haven't covered that topic yet so he must have heard about it from someone else. Spencer experienced a ____________.

source monitoring error

You are playing baseball and miss catching a ball that should have been easy to catch. Others watching you are likely to think you aren't good at playing baseball, whereas you are likely to point out that the sun was in your eyes. This is an example of which type of attribution?

the actor-observer bias

People are more likely to be obedient to authority if _______.

the authority figure is perceived as an expert

A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John's reaction is an example of ______.

the bystander effect

Conformity may result from normative social influence, which involves _________________ and/or informational social influence, which refers to ________________.

the desire to be part of a group and gain approval; presenting information that can change an opinion

A case study would be the most appropriate method to investigate which of these topics?

the development of a male baby raised as a female after a surgical error destroyed his penis

______________ refers to the tendency to overestimate dispositional influences (and underestimate situational influences) when explaining another person's behavior.

the fundamental attribution error

Selma witnessed a robbery at a convenience store. She watched various news reports about the robbery prior to being interviewed by police. When she was interviewed, she remembered some inaccurate details. Selma has experienced ______________.

the misinformation effect

Golf skill is negatively correlated with golf scores. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?

the more skilled you are at golf, the lower your golf score

Which of the following descriptions best defines implicit personality theory?

the set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits

Paul records data that indicate that the number of hot chocolates sold at the concession stand increases as temperature outside decreases (for example, more hot chocolates are purchased during late fall than late spring). Which of the following statements is the most accurate depiction of this finding?

there is a negative correlation between the two variables

A study shows that the correlation between shoe size and intelligence is .05. This means that _____________.

there is no relationship between shoe size and intelligence score

Evolutionary psychology might suggest that certain cognitive strategies and goals are built into the brain because ____________________.

they help humans adapt to their natural environment

Which of the following terms is associated with social cognition?

thinking about others

Testing a hypothesis is the ______ step in a scientific investigation.

third

Sensory memory is primarily a(n) _________ process.

unconscious

If you are reading a review of a product and discover that the person writing the review is a part owner of the product's company, you might question the reviewer's claims based on which of the following?

underlying motive of the writer

The brain processes and codes information in three different ways, which include _______, ________, and _______.

visual, auditory, semantic

The variables of stress and depression are positively correlated. This means _______________.

we cannot determine causality with a correlation

Which of the following events will most likely become a flashbulb memory?

your wedding day