Psychology Final

Much like many psychological phenomena, intergroup bias can be delineated into affective, behavioral, and cognitive components. Match the form of intergroup bias with its psychological component. Discrimination Affective Prejudice Behavioral Stereotyping Cognitive

Affective (Prejudice) Behavioral (Discrimination) Cognitive(Stereotyping)

What is culture? Answer in two to five sentences.

Culture is the belief systems and value orientations that influence customs, norms, practices, and social institutions. Culture defines what is good and bad, what is right and wrong. Culture is fluid - it changes over time and is different across places

Martin (2015) explored social class consciousness amongst White low SES college students. Describe one main finding from this study. (2-4 sentences)

One main finding was that participants reported that their social class was not important to them. However, other aspects of the interviews revealed that the participants' social class had an impact on their experiences and how they perceived their experiences.

In 1996 gay marriage was supported by roughly 25% of the American population. Today, roughly 70% of the American population support gay marriage. This example highlights what aspect of culture? a. Culture changes over time and between places b. Culture extends to everyone c. Culture is defined by human processes d. Culture is only meaningful in relation to other cultures e. Culture is transmitted between people and generations

a

Master narratives are culturally-shared stories. McLean and Syed (2015) suggested five principles of master narratives. Select the principle that best fits the following description: Master narratives are viewed as morally correct and rejection of a master narrative is associated with societal marginalization. (select one) a. Compulsory nature b. Invisibility c. Rigidity d. Ubiquity e. Utility

a

Select the behavior below that is best described as a sex role. (select one) a. Breastfeeding a baby b. Giving babies care and affection c. Helping a baby develop their core muscles d. Using baby formula to feed a baby e. None of the above are sex roles

a

Select the statement about prevalence of mental health disorders that is false. (select one) a. Monoracial White people tend to have a lower prevalence of mental health disorders in general than monoracial POC b. Multiracial individuals have a higher prevalence of mental health disorders in general than monoracial White, Black, and/or Asian individuals c. POC have more symptoms related to mental health disorders in general than White people d. POC tend to experience more severe mental health disorders than White people e. Specific disorders have different prevalences between racial groups

a

.Select the statements below that accurately describe cultural socialization. Select all that apply. a. Cultural socialization agents include friends and peers b. Cultural socialization comprises concepts such as ethnic socialization and racial socialization c. Cultural socialization does not include indirect messages (e.g., via the media) d. Cultural socialization is a unidirectional process from parents to children e. Cultural socialization is only relevant for cultural minority groups

a, b

Identity is how a person answers the question, "Who are you?" What additional component is necessary for that individual's answer to be considered part of his or her identity? a. The answer must be agreed upon by another person/group b. The answer must be an accurate reflection of their reality c. The answer must be meaningful to the individual d. The answer must be reflective of their phenotype e. The answer must be unique

c

"I have a clear sense of my ethnic background and what it means for me" is an item from the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure. This item best captures what dimension of ethnic identity? a. Achievement b. Affect c. Behavior d. Cognition e. Exploration

d

"Taken child to Black cultural events" is an item from a measure of cultural socialization. Which aspect of cultural socialization does this item best describe? a. Color blind parenting b. Cultural pluralism c. Egalitarianism d. Ethnic socialization e. Racial socialization

d

As an example of disparities in diagnosis, we discussed how the presence of the same symptoms of schizophrenia (role impairment, hallucinations) in Black and White individuals typically led to different diagnoses between the two racial groups. Specifically, Black people are more likely to be diagnosed with __________, and White people are more likely to be diagnosed with __________. (select one) a. Bipolar disorder, Major depression b. Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia c. Major depression, schizophrenia d. Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder e. Schizophrenia, major depression

d

In the United States, the category "Asian" is defined by stereotypes and physical characteristics that align with expectations of people of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean heritage. In the United Kingdom, the category "Asian" is more typically defined by stereotypes and physical characteristics that align with expectations of people from India and Pakistan. These differences best exemplify what aspect of culture and race? a. Cultural absolutism b. Individual-level racial categorization c. Social categorization d. Societal-level racialization e. Structural racism

d

A college student is exploring their interests and is switching their major for the third time, but they are not confident about their commitment to this fourth major. This college student is best described as being in which of Marcia's statuses? a. Achievement b. Confusion c. Diffusion d. Foreclosure e. Moratorium

e

"I would like to believe that Balinese [read Taiwanese] and American psychologists and anthropologists would, qua anthropologists and psychologists, arrive at some kind of common view of the nature of human beings and the nature of culture." This quote best exemplifies what approach to psychology? a. Acultural psychology b. Cultural psychology c. Cross-cultural psychology d. Multicultural psychology e. Neocultural psychology

c

In addition to the traditional three-domain model of social class (see preceding question), some researchers include a fourth domain. What is the fourth domain of social class? (select one) a. Education b. Housing - Rent vs. Own c. Income d. Life Satisfaction e. Occupation f. Poverty Line - Above vs. Below g. Social Power h. Wealth

h

Connect the approach to culture to the field of psychology that it best represents Absolutism Cross-Cultural Psychology Relativism Cultural Psychology Universalism Mainstream Psychology

[Uni.] Cross-Cultural Psychology [Rel.] Cultural Psychology [Abs.] Mainstream Psychology

What was one key finding from Yoon et al.'s (2017) study on the socialization and identity experiences of East Asian adolescents? What does this finding tell us about cultural socialization in general? Answer in two to five sentences.

Adolescents received cultural socialization messages from their parents, their peers, and their ethnic communities. These messages helped inform their ethnic identity development. This highlights the role of cultural socialization in identity development.

Describe what makes an EBT different from other treatments and state why culture is important to consider when developing and using EBTs.

An EBT is based on and supported by a large body of scientific evidence (hence evidence based treatment), which differs from other treatments which range in how much they are supported by scientific evidence. Culture is important to consider because culture impacts how individuals experience their lives - including both the issues that lead them to seeking out treatment and the treatments themselves.

What is a racial group and what is an ethnic group is commonly mixed up and intertwined in daily conversation to the point of being nonsense. However, in PSY 3510, these terms mean specific things. Using these definitions, answer the following questions. Is Black a racial group? Is Black an ethnic group? Make sure to support your answer by explaining why. Answer in two to five sentences.

Black can be understood both as a racial group and an ethnic group; they are not mutually exclusive. Racial groups are those built around societal-level racialization and the ensuing oppression. Black can be understood as a racial group by highlighting the ways in which being Black is a shared experience of race-based oppression that is built upon societal-level racialization. Ethnic groups are those built around shared experiences of culture - often built around shared heritage, language, region. Black can be understood as an ethnic group by focusing on the shared culture (e.g., Black music, Black food, Black language).

Come up with an example of intergroup bias. Use that example to define (a) stereotypes, (b) prejudice, and (c) discrimination and explain how they are distinct from each other. Answer in two to five sentences.

Example: Gen Z folks are lazy Stereotypes are the cognitive aspect of bias - e.g., the stereotype that Gen Z folks are lazy Prejudice is the affective aspect of bias - e.g., the prejudice is that Gen X folks (old people) despise Gen Z folks Discrimination is the behavioral aspect of bias - e.g., the discrimination is that Gen X folks mock Gen Z folks or refuse to hire them

First, provide one example of a master narrative related to race, gender, or social class. Make sure to state why it is a master narrative. Remember that master narratives are not simply stereotypes. Second, provide one example of an alternative narrative that is specifically related to the master narrative from your first example. Note, you may not use the examples of cisnormativity and transnormativity. (3-6 sentences)

One master narrative is that women are expected to give birth and raise children. This is a master narrative because it is a shared cultural story about what women should do and how women should find their meaning, and this narrative has utility, ubiquity, invisibility, is compulsory, and is rigid. An alternative narrative to this is that women can adopt children instead of giving birth. This alternative narrative is a rejection of the master narrative, but is itself a master narrative within adoption circles.

Bowleg (2013) explored the experience Black gay and bisexual men. In addition to defining intersectionality, Bowleg (2013) asked three research questions that explored unique aspects of the Black gay and bisexual male experience. Describe one additional finding. (2-4 sentences)

One of the questions was about whether there were any benefits to being Black and gay. One theme that arose from that question is that some of the participants found that being Black and gay allowed them to find a sense of freedom from societal conventions.

In addition to describing cisnormativity and transnormativity, Bradford and Syed (2019) also explored how transgender and non-binary individuals lived with cisnormativity and transnormativity as master and alternative narratives - a theme they called "processes." Describe one finding from this latter theme. (2-4 sentences)

One theme from processes is the idea of resisting transnormativity, which describes how individuals behaved in ways that do not align with the transnormative expectations. For instance, feeling comfortable with how they talk regardless of how their voice is gendered.

List and briefly describe two reasons why psychology tends to be so WEIRD. Answer in two to five sentences.

Possible options include: Systemic barriers, Invisibility of populations, Value of research questions, Underrepresentation of faculty and graduate students, Intersectionality.

People of Color frequently have difficulty finding a race-matching therapist. Other than the race-matching and other characteristics of the clinician (e.g., their gender, ethnicity, language, or location), provide one example of how race can impact the treatment that a Person of Color receives for a mental health disorder. (2-4 sentences)

There is a lack of culturally-competent services available that can address issues of race. This leads to things like mistrust between clients and clinicians, differential treatment between White and Black clients, etc.

(3 pts.) Bradford and Syed (2019) explored how transgender and non-binary individuals understood transnormativity. Define transnormativity and describe two of the key themes that they found. (3-5 sentences)

Transnormativity is the idea that there is an alternative narrative for trans individuals that describes the "right" way to be trans, including themes of medicalization and nascence. Medicalization is the expectation that transgender individuals must go through a medical transition. Nascence is the expectation that transgender individuals must know that they are trans early on in their lives.

Select the statement below that does NOT describe one of the issues that leads to disparities in mental health treatment. (select one) a. Clinicians are quicker to prescribe drugs for People of Color and spend less time with them in the clinic b. Most White clinicians - who make up the majority of clinicians - did not receive adequate cultural competency training c. People of Color generally report a sense of cultural mistrust between themselves and their clinicians d. People of Color report lower satisfaction with mental health treatment e. None of the above

a

What is the difference between blatant and subtle discrimination? Select all that apply. a. Blatant discrimination includes both physical violence and verbal harassment b. Blatant discrimination stems from more violent stereotypes than subtle discrimination c. Subtle discrimination is more easily identified than blatant discrimination d. Subtle discrimination is unrelated to mental health e. Subtle discrimination refers to verbal denigration only

a

Select the research question or questions below that best exemplifies a cross-cultural approach to psychology. Select all that apply. a. How do collectivist cultures and individualistic cultures differ in how self-complexity relates to positive mental health? b. How do people from the United States of America and Japan respond to measures of self-complexity made in the United States? c. How does Black culture in the United States of America differ from Black culture in the United Kingdom? d. What do individuals in the United States of America think about the self? e. What predicts whether Black college students will engage with Black Lives Matter?

a, b, c

Select the statement or statements about identity content domains that are true. Select all that apply. a. An individual's identity likely draws meaning from many different content domains b. Content domains describe the characteristic around which individuals build their identities c. Content domains must accurately describe the individual d. Each identity content domain can be categorized into one and only one distinct level e. The levels of identity content domains are personal, relational, and social

a, b, e

Intergroup bias includes biased beliefs about our ingroup (i.e., groups to which we belong) and our outgroups (i.e., groups to which we do not belong). Select the following statement or statements that accurately describe the phenomena of biased intergroup beliefs. Select all that apply. a. We believe that negative behavior by outgroup members is a stable, consistent characteristic of the outgroup b. We believe that positive behavior by ingroup members is situational and specific to the individual c. We perceive outgroups in unrealistically negative manners d. We tend to view our ingroup as better and our outgroup as worse e. We view our ingroup as being homogenous and our outgroup as being heterogenous

a, c, d

Erikson's and Marcia's models of identity suggest that individuals should work toward identity achievement. Identity achievement is accomplished through a combination of what processes? Select two. a. Commitment b. Emersion c. Encounter d. Exploration e. Internalization

a, d

Social class has been assessed using three domains. Select the three dimensions that are most typically used to assess social class. (select THREE) a. Education b. Housing - Rent vs. Own c. Income d. Life Satisfaction e. Occupation f. Poverty Line - Above vs. Below g. Social Power h. Wealth

a, e

.In creating a cultural adaptation for the Incredible Years EBT, Zhou et al. (2018) went through a four-step process (based on a CBPR approach). Select the statement below that best describes the first step that they took in the cultural adaptation process. (select one) a. Conducted the Incredible Years EBT without any modifications on a sample of Hmong community members b. Connected with a community partner (Wilder Foundation) and interviewed Hmong community members c. Created the cultural adaptation materials d. Surveyed Hmong community members who had participated in the Incredible Years EBT e. Tested the cultural adaptation with a sample of Hmong community members

b

A White high school student has just started exploring her racial identity. She is starting to understand more about privilege and racism. These new ideas about race are making her feel very conflicted emotions about being White and the concepts of race and meritocracy. This experience was captured by which stage of Helm's White Racial Identity Development Model? a. Contact b. Disintegration c. Immersion-emersion d. Autonomy e. Pre-encounter

b

Bernal et al. (1995) advanced the Ecological Validity Model, which highlights eight elements of cultural adaptations. Adjusting an EBT to account for the fact that Hmong households typically comprise 4+ children and include grandparents, is best described as making what kind of adaptation? (select one) a. Content b. Context c. Metaphors d. Methods e. Persons

b

Cass' Model of Sexual Orientation Identity Development is similar in many ways to Cross' Nigrescence Model. What stage from Cross' Nigrescence model is most similar to the Cass' Confusion stage? (select one) a. Emersion b. Encounter c. Immersion d. Internalization e. Pre-encounter

b

Hays' ADDRESSING framework is a tool that can help us consider different cultural experiences. Which of these is not an experience discussed by Hay's ADDRESSING framework? a. Disabilities b. Geographic region c. Indigenous heritage d. National origin e. Socioeconomic status

b

In addition to making the change discussed in the preceding question, Zhou et al. (2018) made other changes to the Incredible Years EBT to make it better address the needs of Hmong parents in Minnesota. For instance, they included information about parenting with multiple caregivers (e.g., grandparents and parents). This inclusion best exemplifies which aspect of the Ecological Validity Model (Bernal et al., 1995)? (select one) a. Concept b. Context c. Goals d. Language e. Metaphor

b

Sarah is multiracial Latina-White, but is consistently assumed to be White based on her appearance. The assumptions about her race best exemplify what aspect of culture and race? a. Cultural absolutism b. Individual-level racial categorization c. Social categorization d. Societal-level racialization e. Structural racism

b

Select the statement below that best describes intersectionality. (select one) a. The discrimination that an individual faces for being Black and gay can be best understood by adding together the experiences of Black people and gay people b. The discrimination that an individual faces for being Black and gay can be best understood by recognizing that being Black and gay forms a unique experience that can only be understood as a separate experience that cannot be broken down into the separate experiences of being Black and being gay c. The discrimination that an individual faces for being Black and gay can be best understood by separately analyzing the experience of being Black and the experience of being gay d. The discrimination that an individual faces for being Black and gay can be best understood by using a logarithmic model to combine the experiences of being Black and being gay e. The discrimination that an individual faces for being Black and gay can be best understood by using a multiplicative model to combine the experiences of being Black and being gay

b

Select the statement below that best describes weathering in the context of health disparities. (select one) a. Cognitive decline related to neural degeneration b. Physical aging and break down of the body due to prolonged exposure to discrimination and bias, which leads to a decline in mental health c. Psychological exhaustion that is a direct result of daily discrimination d. The effect of consistent poor treatment by health professionals that leads to refusing to seek health services e. None of the above

b

Suppose we observe a phenomenon unique to American college students: when they get hungry, they also get angry. We decide to call this phenomena "hangryness" and we create the Hangryness Scale. This research process best captures what approach to research? a. Acultural psychology b. Cultural psychology c. Cross-cultural psychology d. Multicultural psychology e. Neocultural psychology

b

Select the following statement or statements about culture and diversity in psychology that are not accurate. Select all that apply. a. Cross-cultural psychology typically applies WEIRD research to non-WEIRD settings b. The R in WEIRD stands for Rich c. The W in WEIRD stands for White d. WEIRD science focuses on participants who represent roughly less than one quarter of the global population e. WEIRD describes the populations that are studied rather than any particular person

c

Select the statement below that best describes gender roles. (select one) a. Behaviors that are at the intersection between biological differences and societal expectations b. Behaviors that are directly related to biological differences c. Behaviors that are expected of an individual due solely to societal expectations d. (a) and (b) e. None of the above

c

Suppose Professor Kim is interested in comparing the personal identity development between individualistic and collectivistic cultures. This study would best be described as taking what approach to culture? a. Acultural psychology b. Cultural psychology c. Cross-cultural psychology d. Multicultural psychology e. Neocultural psychology

c

Select the concepts (two or more) below that combine to form the foundation of intergroup bias. Select all that apply. a. Ingroup favoritism b. Internalization c. Outgroup homogeneity d. Self enhancement e. Social categorization

c, d, e

Lenny is comfortable with his sexuality and has accepted that he is gay. With his other gay friends, he frequently jokes about how silly it is that people get married and talks down about people who choose to have kids - both of which are prominent experiences in a heteronormative master narrative. He also frequently thinks in terms of "us" (gay people) and "them" (straight people). What stage from Cass' Model of Sexual Orientation Identity Development best describes Lenny? (select one) a. Pre-stage 1 b. Stage 1: Confusion c. Stage 3: Tolerance d. Stage 5: Pride e. Stage 6: Synthesis

d

Matching the race of the therapist with the race of the client is often suggested as a useful tool to create a positive environment for therapy for the client. Select the option below that best explains why racial match is not as effective as one might hope. (select one) a. It is important for individuals seeking therapy to work with those who have different life experiences from them so that they can learn from them b. Most clinicians receive the same APA accredited training which includes the same lack of training in cultural sensitivity c. EBTs are manualized (have specific instructions), so the race of the clinician has less opportunity to impact the outcome d. (b) and (c) e. (a), (b), and (c)

d

Select the statement below that does NOT characterize the issues that Black individuals face when receiving mental health care. (select one) a. Appropriate care (e.g., guide-line and evidence-based treatments, prescriptions) is less likely to be given to Black individuals than White individuals b. Black individuals are less likely to use mental health services c. Black individuals report greater mental health stigma than White individuals d. Controlling for social class erases the mental health disparities between White and Black individuals e. Prematurely leaving a mental health program (i.e., dropping out) is more likely to occur for Black individuals than White individuals

d

Black individuals are overrepresented in psychiatric emergency rooms (e.g., when compared to White individuals). Select the statement below that does NOT explain this phenomena. (select one) a. Black individuals report greater mental health stigma than White individuals b. Black individuals are less likely to use mental health services c. Black individuals are more likely to prematurely drop out of mental health programs d. Black individuals are less likely to receive appropriate care (e.g., guide-line based, evidence-based) e. Black individuals are over prescribed psychotropic medications

e

Bradford and Syed (2019) explored how transgender and non-binary individuals understood cisnormativity. Based on interviews, they developed a multifaceted definition of cisnormativity. Which of the following is NOT one of the themes that defined cisnormativity? (select one) a. Aversion b. Biological essentialism c. Danger d. Sexualization e. Toxic masculinity/traditional femininity

e

In class we watched a video in which a Black parent talked to his children about how to act if they are ever pulled over by the police. This is an example of which concept? a. Color blind parenting b. Cultural pluralism c. Egalitarianism d. Ethnic socialization e. Racial socialization

e

In creating a cultural adaptation for the Incredible Years EBT, Zhou et al. (2018) described parenting using the example of a garden instead of a pyramid. This best exemplifies which aspect of the Ecological Validity Model (Bernal et al., 1995)? (select one) a. Concept b. Context c. Goals d. Language e. Metaphor

e

In the context of psychotherapy and cultural adaptations, what is EBT an acronym for? (select one) a. Empirically biased treatment b. Environmentally based treatment c. Equine based treatment d. Equity based treatment e. Evidence based treatment

e

Jennifer is Black, but she tends to distance herself from her Black identity, claiming "race just isn't a big deal." What stage of Cross' Nigrescence Theory best describes Jennifer? a. Autonomy b. Contact c. Encounter d. Immersion-Emersion e. Pre-encounter

e

Race and ethnicity are used in many different ways in different contexts. Select the statement or statements below that accurately describe how we understand race and ethnicity in psychology. Select all that apply. a. Ethnicity is a historical term for what is now referred to as race b. Ethnicity is biological and race is a social construct c. Race and ethnicity are largely interchangeable d. Race refers to group differences based on customs such as language; ethnicity refers to phenotypic characteristics e. Race refers to physical characteristics and the associated generalizations; ethnicity refers to group customs and practices

e

Select the statement below that is NOT a reason to use the meta-construct ethnic-racial identity? a. Ethnic and racial identity as separate constructs is not reflective of individual's experiences regarding their identities b. Individuals often have difficulties separating out which piece of their identity is "ethnic" and which is "racial" c. Previous usage of ethnic or racial identity is based on nominal conventions d. There is considerable empirical/measurement overlap between these two concepts e. There is no theoretical difference between ethnic and racial identity

e

Select the statement below that is true. (select one) a. Cultural adaptations can be minor changes to the original treatment b. Cultural adaptations can be complete overhauls of the original treatment c. Most (greater than 50%) cultural adaptations were not created in consultation with experts on the target cultural group d. (a) and (c) e. (a), (b), and (c)

e

Stereotype internalization is the process through which members of (1) apply stereotypes about (2) to themselves. a. (1) Dominant groups; (2) other groups b. (1) Dominant groups; (2) stigmatized groups c. (1) Dominant groups; (2) their group d. (1) Stigmatized groups; (2) other groups e. (1) Stigmatized groups; (2) their group

e

The Hollingshead index for occupations lists jobs like being a member of the clergy (ordained religious leader - e.g., a priest) as being of a higher social class than jobs like a skilled craftsman or machinist despite them paying similar salaries. Select the statement below that best describes what this tells us about social class. (select one) a. Clergy are typically complete more years of school than craftsman and machinists, so social class is primarily a statement about someone's education b. Income is irrelevant to social class c. Income is the main measure of social class and therefore Hollingshead index is an inaccurate measure of social class d. Knowledge and skill are the primary descriptor of social class e. Social power, authority, and prestige all factor into how an occupation is viewed in terms of social class

e

Which of the following modifications can be made to an EBT to culturally adapt it? (select one) a. Adding an additional session that helps clients get more comfortable with the treatment b. Removing an element from the treatment that clients might find culturally discrepant c. Increasing the intensity of treatment d. Adjusting the treatment to align with contextual factors (e.g., to accommodate individuals who have different treatment goals than were targeted in the initial creation of the EBT)? e. All of the above

e

__________ is characterized by biological characteristics such as chromosomes and postnatal sexual differentiation; __________ is characterized by behaviors and activities that are directly related to biological differences. (select one) a. Gender; sex b. Gender; gender roles c. Sex; gender d. Sex; gender roles e. Sex; sex roles

e