psychology final

Which of the following coefficients of correlation indicates the WEAKEST relationship between two sets of variables? a. 0.08 b. -0.29 c. 0.48 d. - 1.0

0.08

Although her family is unaware of her chronic feelings of hopelessness and despair, Carmen is very unhappy. Thus, she would be exhibiting psychopathology based on A. subjective discomfort B. social nonconformity C. cultural relativity D. statistical abnormality

A. subjective discomfort

Medical and psychology students have a predictable tendency to notice in themselves the symptoms of each dreaded disease or psychopathology they study. This is known as A. the "medical student's disease." B. "running amok" C. "ghost sickness" D. pseudo- neurosis

A. the "medical student's disease."

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding lies and the polygraph? a. Regarding lies and the polygraph, which of the following statement is false? A. As many as 25% of all wrongful convictions include false confessions as evident B. Although the polygraph is popularly known as a lie detector because the police use it for that purpose, in reality, the polygraph is not a lie detector C. The polygraph was invented in 1950 by Joseph Wolpe who also created the comic book character batman D. The word polygraph means "many writings"

C. The polygraph was invented in 1950 by Joseph Wolpe who also created the comic book character batman

*A specialized type of X-ray was used to show the area where a tumor was located within a patient's brain. This type of X-ray is known as a(n)

CT scans

When Nicole's car skidded out of control on the slippery highway, she experienced physiological arousal, reacted, and felt fear simultaneously. This illustrates the ____ theory of emotion. a. Schacter's cognitive b. drive reduction c. the Yerkes-Dodson d. Cannon Bard

D. cannon bard

Juan's physician has told him that he wants him to take a test that will give a three-dimensional representation of Juan's brain. This procedure will require Juan to be placed in a strong magnetic field. The test being discussed is the

MRI scans

*According to social learning theory, ____ is perceived and interpreted by the individual subjectively rather than objectively.

a psychological situation

In Pavlov's studies, the meat powder served as ____. a) an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b) an uncondtioned response (UCR) c) a conditioned stimulus (CS) d) a conditioned response (CR)

a) an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Higher doses of GHB can result in any of the following EXCEPT a. violent, aggressive behaviors toward others. b. coma or death. c. inhibiting the gag reflex so the person chokes to death on their own vomit. d. loss of consciousness.

a. violent, aggressive behaviors toward others.

"Which of the following would NOT be classified as an external, social frustration?" a. "My goal is to go to medical school, but I have earned only D's." b. My sister wore one of my dresses when I wanted to wear it. c. My supervisor is unfair. d. My history teacher grades too hard..

a. "My goal is to go to medical school, but I have earned only D's."

Susceptibility to accidents and illness follows a. "any major change, whether positive or negative." b. excessive use of defense mechanisms. c. "disaster and death, but not positive events." d. those events whose impact is merely psychological.

a. "any major change, whether positive or negative."

A diet of cheese, peanut butter, cookies, bananas, marshmallows, and chocolate is referred to as a(n) ____ and tends to encourage ____,

a. "supermarket diet"; overeating

____ is any response that is made with the aim of doing harm. a. Aggression b. Assertion c. Circumvention d. Sublimation

a. Aggression

Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding the students that attended liberal Bennington College but maintained their conservative attitudes? a. Bennington College would be considered their reference group. b. Bennington College would be considered one of their membership groups. c. Their family and friends would be considered membership groups. d. Their family and hometown friends would be considered their reference group.

a. Bennington College would be considered their reference group.

Regarding the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Extrinsic motivation in the form of money and awards increases creativity. b. Extrinsic rewards can focus attention on an activity so real interest will develop. c. Work quality is based more on intrinsic factors. d. If basic skills are lacking, extrinsic rewards may be necessary, at first.

a. Extrinsic motivation in the form of money and awards increases creativity.

____ is a method of managing bodily reactions to stress by visualizing peaceful scenes. a. Guided imagery b. Stress inoculation c. Progressive relaxation d. Meditation

a. Guided imagery

"Kirby and Marsha are college students. Kirby is always complaining about her class load and says she feels constantly fatigued. Although Marsha has a heavier class load and works part-time, Marsha rarely complains and does not appear as fatigued as Kirby. Which of the following statements is most likely TRUE?" a. Kirby is making up her fatigue and is only experience eustress. b.Kirby will experience more stress than Marsha because of her perceived lack of control. c. Neither Marsha nor Kirby are really showing signs of stress. d. Marsha is really more stressed than Kirby but is hiding it.

a. Kirby will experience more stress than Marsha because of her perceived lack of control.

Regarding the state of sleep in humans, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. We are totally unresponsive while asleep. b. We cannot learn complex skills while asleep. c. We can respond to familiar words and sounds while asleep. d. We can perform very simple tasks while asleep.

a. We are totally unresponsive while asleep.

Larry is having trouble going to sleep. Which food would NOT be recommended for him to eat or drink if he wanted to increase his intake of tryptophan? a. a baked potato b. cookies c. orange juice d. pasta

a. a baked potato

Because you can think about past events and even imagine events in your future, you, like all humans, are a. a cognitive time traveler b. a first-person observer. c. an intuitive thinker. d. influenced by circadian rhythms

a. a cognitive time traveler

Based on the research to date, most psychologists would argue that personality is a. a combination of genetics and environment. b. approximately 90% genetic and 10% environment. c. a result of personal experiences. d. determined by hereditary factors.

a. a combination of genetics and environment.

Behavior modification involves applying a. a directive approach to change specific problematic behaviors. b. non-directive principles, such as insight therapy, to change clients' c. non-directive techniques, such as somatic therapy, to help clients. d. directing techniques, such as reflection, to help clients.

a. a directive approach to change specific problematic behaviors.

Women who are exposed to ____ during the middle of pregnancy have children who are more likely to become schizophrenic. a. a flu virus or to rubella b. toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus c. phenothiazines or alcohol d.X-rays or other types of radiation

a. a flu virus or to rubella

Intracellular thirst occurs when a. a salty meal is eaten b. alcohol is consumed c. bleeding, committing or diarrhea occur d. water and minerals are lost by perspiring

a. a salty meal is eaten

"In a technique called role reversal, a husband who complained of an uncommunicative wife would" a. act out the role of his wife in a therapeutic setting. b. play his typical role in the therapeutic setting. c. take the role of the therapist treating someone like himself. d. study the actions of his wife after he has failed to communicate with her.

a. act out the role of his wife in a therapeutic setting.

For several weeks, Garrett has been taking increasing amounts of "crystal meth." If Garrett continues taking this drug, he is at risk for developing a. amphetamine psychosis b. delirium tremors c. hypnogogic delusions d. panic attacks

a. amphetamine psychosis

Melissa tends to be outgoing, assertive, and very sociable. Carl Jung would have classified Melissa as a. an extrovert b. an introvert c. antisocial d. psychotic

a. an extrovert

The sex hormone(s) known as ____ is primarily responsible for the male sex drive, but also plays a role in the female sex drive. a. androgens b. estrogen c. testerons d. endorphins

a. androgens

Tanya's parents describe Tanya as the perfect daughter, considerate, obedient, and helpful. Recently, they have noticed that she has lost a considerable amount of weight, and is obsessed with dieting and relentless exercise. Although her parents have told her that she has lost enough weight, Tanya still feels like she needs to lose more weight. From these observations, it appears that Tanya is suffering from a. anorexia nervosa b. bullemia c. the behavioral dieting syndrome d. self-esteem based dieting program

a. anorexia nervosa

Paul is described as irresponsible, reckless, deceitful, and lacking a conscience. Which type of disorder is most likely involved? a. antisocial personality disorder b. paranoid personality disorder c. panic disorder d. specific phobia

a. antisocial personality disorder

Rene has an irrational fear of elevators and escalators to the point that she has walked up 20 flights of stairs. Her mother has such a fear of dirt and germs that she spends almost every waking moment cleaning, while wearing white cotton gloves. Rene and her mother each have a type of __________ disorder. a. anxiety b. somatoform c. personality d. psychotic

a. anxiety

Physical symptoms in the earliest stage of the general adaptation syndrome are similar to those during a. a psychotic break. b. hypnosis. c. sensory deprivation. b. any disease.

a. any disease.

Which of the following disorders may be added to the DSM-V but is not currently found in the DSM-IV-TR? a. apathy syndrome b. gender identity disorder c. neurosis d. paraphilias

a. apathy syndrome

The easiest conflict to resolve is usually a(n) ____ conflict. a. approach-approach b. approach-avoidance c. avoidance-avoidance d. double approach-avoidance a

a. approach-approach

Involuntary changes in heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and sweating are controlled by the a. autonomic system b. central nervous system c. limbic d. nervous

a. autonomic system

According to the humanists, __________ occurs when people are free from dependence on external authority or on other people. a. autonomy b. spontaneity c. peak experience d. task centering

a. autonomy

"The owner of a chicken ranch ends a pet dog's habit of stealing and eating eggs by allowing the dog to ""find"" and eat several eggs laced with Tabasco sauce. The ranch owner's approach is similar to" a. aversion therapy b. systematic desensitization. c. resistance. d. transference

a. aversion therapy

Paula would love to have friends and go to the movies and parties, but she just knows that she would embarrass herself in these situations by not wearing the "right" clothes or not being able to carry on a conversation. Paula would be diagnosed as having a(n) ____ personality disorder. a. avoidant b. borderline c. dependent d. histrionic

a. avoidant

Neurotransmitters are released at the a. axon terminals b. dendrites c. nucleus d. synapse

a. axon terminals

"In recent studies, students who wrote in a journal about their intensely positive experiences tended to show all of the following EXCEPT for" a. becoming unrealistically optimistic about life. b. improving their moods. c. having fewer illnesses. d. reducing their stress levels.

a. becoming unrealistically optimistic about life.

The key idea in the behavioristic view is that a. behavior is shaped and controlled by one's environment. b. behavior is the result of clashing forces within the personality. c. behavior can be understood in terms of the mental processing of information. d. environment plays a very small role in controlling one's behavior.

a. behavior is shaped and controlled by one's environment.

Cassie begins implementing a routine in which she keeps track of her calories, uses learning techniques to control her eating habits, and starts exercising. We would say that Cassie has begun a a. behavioral dieting program. b. metabolism motivation c. modification of cognitive habitual processes. d. self esteem based dieting

a. behavioral dieting program.

Stimuli, responses, conditioning, and learning are key concepts in the thinking of a. behaviorists b. gestalt psychology c. structuralists d. psychoanalysis

a. behaviorists

"Garrett has been feeling fatigued at work and has been experiencing more backaches and neckaches. Garrett believes that he must actively change aspects of his environment that contribute to his stress, such as utilizing stress-management techniques, getting more sleep, exercising more, and improving his diet. Garrett's view of health fits the" a. biopsychosocial model. b. hypochondriasis perspective. c. medical model. d. mind-body perspective.

a. biopsychosocial model.

Weeks after an automobile accident, a friend continues to have difficulty maintaining balance and movements. You should suspect that damage may have occurred to the a. cerebellum b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus d. medulla

a. cerebellum

Superior human intelligence is related to the fact that our brains have a large a. cerebrum b. cerebellum c. hippocampus d. temporal lobe

a. cerebrum

In therapy, Lauren has learned to laugh at another driver's childish behavior rather than become very angry at the driver. Thus, therapy has helped to minimize her anger by teaching her how to a. change her emotional appraisals. b. inhibit her responses. c. suppress her emotions. d. unconsciously lower her arousal levels.

a. change her emotional appraisals.

When desirable or undesirable characteristics of personality are evaluated, we are assessing a. character b. personality types c. popular stereotypes d. temperament

a. chracter

Involuntary responses are to ____ conditioning as voluntary responses are to ____ conditioning. a. classical; operant b. classical; respondent c. operant; classical d. operant; instrumental

a. classical, operant

One of the advantages of the experimental method is that a. clear cause-and-effect relationships can be identified. b. it allows the investigation of rare or unusual problems or events. c. it allows information about large numbers of people to be gathered. d. all types of behavior are easily studied in the laboratory.

a. clear cause-and-effect relationships can be identified.

Amphetamine is very similar in its effects to a. cocaine b. heroine c. marijuana d. methamphetamines

a. cocaine

When you have "clashing thoughts" regarding your attitudes or self-images, you are motivated to make these thoughts and attitudes agree with your actions because of this a. cognitive dissonance b. conformity pressure c. open-ended role conflict d. obedience pressure

a. cognitive dissonance

Which psychology has gained prominence in recent years as researchers have devised ways to objectively study covert behaviors, such as thinking, memory, language, problem-solving, consciousness, and creativity? a. cognitive psychology b. humanistic psychology c. structuralism d. psychodynamic psychology

a. cognitive psychology

It is threatening for a person to feel that he or she lacks ____ to cope with a particular demand. a. competence b. motivation c. support d. determination

a. competence

Your phone rings, and a voice on the line asks if you will answer a short survey about your Internet service. When you agree and spend the next ten minutes answering questions regarding your Internet service, you have just exhibited a. compliance b. conformity c. obedience d. pseudostupidity

a. compliance

In the five-factor theory of personality, the dimension of ____ measures whether a person is self-disciplined, responsible, and achieving or irresponsible, careless, and undependable. a. conscientiousness b. extroversion c. agreeableness d. experience

a. conscientiousness

Cognitive dissonance theory is based on the human need for a. consistency b. self-actualization c. self-esteem d. social approval

a. consistence

According to Sternberg, the form of love that only includes passion is referred to as __________ love. a. consummate b. liking c. fatuous d. empty

a. consummate

Elaine is reinforced with a gold star for every math problem on her worksheet that she correctly completes. This is an example of a. continuous reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. partial reinforcement d. positive reinforcement

a. continuous reinforcement

"To reduce the time you spend watching TV, you vividly imagine yourself failing an important exam. This technique is called" a. covert sensitization b. stimulus substitution c. thought control d thought stopping

a. covert sensitization

According to research, prejudice became worse when schools were first integrated due to all of the following factors EXCEPT for the a. creation of mutual interdependence b. competitive nature of the schools c. minority children entering these schools less prepared than the children already attending these schools. d. unequal status contact among students

a. creation of mutual interdependence

Habits are governed by four elements of learning, which include drive, response, reward and a. cue b. goal c. situational determinant d. trait

a. cue

Of the positive personality traits listed below, which was found to be the most strongly associated with life satisfaction? a. curiosity b. fairness c. self control d. appreciation of excellence

a. curiosity

Deidre refuses to believe that she has a drinking problem even though she has had two DUIs. Deidre is using which the defense mechanism? a. denial b. reaction formation c. sublimation d. displacement

a. denial

Gwendolyn is a 34-year-old, unmarried woman, who relies on her parents to take care of her. She refuses to move out because she has an extreme lack of self-confidence and feels that her parents do a better job of structuring her life than anyone else, including herself. Gwendolyn fits the description of a ____ personality disorder. a. dependent b. antisocial c. paranoid d. borderline

a. dependant

If you read an article comparing the value of breastfeeding versus formula feeding on the physical growth of infants, the psychologist who would have written this article is probably a(n) a. developmental psychologist b. learning psychologist c. positive psychologist d. social psychologist

a. developmental psychologist

A person suffering from insomnia has a sleep problem characterized by a. difficulty in going and staying sleep b. sudden, irresistible attacks of sleepiness c. night terrors and sleep talking d. all of the above

a. difficulty in going and staying sleep

Tony asks his friend Clay how he was able to get his mom to give him $10 for the movies. Clay replies that you first ask for a loan of $25. When she refuses, you then ask if she could at least loan you $10. Clay has learned that which approach works his mom? a. door-in-the-face effect b. foot-in-the-door effect c. highball technique d. lowball technique

a. door-in-the-face effect

Mark is very hungry. After class, he leaves the building and sees the signs of the fast food restaurants near the college. After seeing the signs, he gets in his car to satisfy his hunger. Dollard and Miller would describe Mark's hunger as a a. drive b. respond c. reward d. cue

a. drive

The psychological state or feeling we call thirst or hunger corresponds to which element of motivation? a. drive b. respond c. reward d. cue

a. drive

Which of the following mood disorders is characterized by the person being mild to moderately depressed most of the time for at least two years with no psychotic episodes and no mania? a. dysthymic disorder b. cyclothymic disorder. c. multiple personalities disorder. d. cyclic depression.

a. dysthymic disorder

A sense of identity, a purpose in life, and adaptive coping strategies are cited in your textbook as the a. elements of positive mental health. b. goals of somatic therapy. c. results of deinstitutionalization. d. goals of encounter groups.

a. elements of positive mental health.

As social animals, it would be impossible for humans to live in groups and cooperate in raising children without emotions. This illustrates that a. emotions aid survival. b. emotions are reinforcing. c. emotions are learned. d. humans have little control over their emotions because emotions are like reflexes.

a. emotions aid survival.

Assume that a supervisor tells an employee to falsify information for tax purposes. The employee would prefer not to do anything dishonest but is hesitant to disobey. Milgram's studies suggest the employee will be most likely to disobey if the a. employee knows that another employee has refused b. superior gives the order in person c. supervisor is not a person of particularly high status d. supervisor is only the employee's immediate superior

a. employee knows that another employee has refused

April writes love letters to Brad Pitt everyday. Although she has never met him, she believes that he has read all of her letters and that one day this movie star will marry her. April is exhibiting which type of delusional disorder? a. erotomanic b. bipolar c. histrionic d. persecutory

a. erotomanic

"If people experience repeated or intense trauma, then after this stressful event the person is likely to" a. experience symptoms associated with stress disorders. b. try to elicit sympathy from others. c, show no symptoms of distress after two months. d. reimmerse themselves into the event in order to completely resolve i

a. experience symptoms associated with stress disorders.

Which type of thirst is caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells? a. extracellular b. hypothalamic c. homeostatic d. hypothalamic

a. extracellular

John was a POW in Vietnam. He was placed in a tiny cell and was beaten and verbally abused on a daily basis. This treatment is a part of which phase of brainwashing being utilized by his captors? a. freezing b. unfreezing c. change d. dissonant

a. freezing

After Phineas Gage experienced serious damage to the ____ lobe, he underwent dramatic personality changes. a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. temporal lobe

a. frontal

People are more likely to aggress when their goals are blocked, according to the a. frustration-aggression hypothesis. b.instinctual aggression hypothesis. c. cognitive dissonance theory. d. cognitive dissonance theory.

a. frustration-aggression hypothesis.

When members of a group show more mutual affection and when their behavior tends to be more closely coordinated, the members are demonstrating a. group cohesiveness b. group compliance c. group structure d. groupthink

a. group cohesiveness

"Lindsey is a ""stay-at-home"" mother, who applied for her first job in ten years. The interviewer tells Lindsey that she did not get the job because of her lack of computer skills. Lindsey decides not to apply for anymore business positions, although she could take a computer short-course at the local community college to attain these skills. In regards to attaining a position at a company, Lindsey" a. has created an imagined barrier. b. has created a real barrier. c. is exhibiting compensation. d. is exhibiting reaction formation.

a. has created an imagined barrier.

Three-year-old Josh has been classically conditioned to salivate to a bell by pairing the sound of the bell with a squirt of lemon juice into Josh's mouth. We now clap our hands and then ring the bell. Little Josh will soon learn to salivate when we clap our hands through a. higher order conditioning b. instrumental conditioning c. response chaining d. the law of effect

a. higher order conditioning

Freud became interested in the study of personality when he realized that a. his patients lacked physical causes for their problems. b. the treatment of psychological disorders was more advanced than those for physical disorders c. many of his patients were faking symptoms. d. no comprehensive theories of the mind were widely accepted.

a. his patients lacked physical causes for their problems.

Which part of the brain is responsible for hunger, thirst, sex, body temperature, and endocrine secretion? a. hypothalamus b. midbrain c. pituitary gland d. cerebellum

a. hypothalamus

A puppy has begun to cry and bark in order to be let into the house. To extinguish this response, you would a. ignore the crying, letting the puppy in when quiet. b. let the puppy in the house. c. let the puppy in when it cries, then swat it with a newspaper. d. swat the puppy with newspaper whenever it cries

a. ignore the crying, letting the puppy in when quiet.

The effects of meditation include all of the following EXCEPT a. increased breathing rate. b. lowered heart rates c. increased muscle relaxation. d. decreased blood pressure.

a. increased breathing rate.

The legal definition of ____ means the inability to manage one's affairs or to be aware of the consequences of one's actions. a. insanity b. nervous breakdown c. neurosis d. psychosomatic

a. insanity

Motivation is defined as a. internal processes which initiate, maintain, and direct behavior. b. an internal deficiency that energizes behavior. c. the goals which reward our behavior and maintain behavior. d. needs associated with impulses for self-actualization.

a. internal processes which initiate, maintain, and direct behavior.

A substance capable of altering attention, judgment, perception, and emotions a. is classified as a psychoactive drug. b. is classified as a narcotic. c. is an addictive drug. d. produces withdrawal symptoms.

a. is classified as a psychoactive drug.

the human sex drive a. is not necessary for individual survival, but is necessary for the survival of the human species. b. refers to one's sexual orientation and the type of sexual behaviors one engages in. c. is cyclic and homoeostatic d. shows a clear relationship to deprivation, that is, the amount of time that has passed since the drive was last satisfied.

a. is not necessary for individual survival, but is necessary for the survival of the human species.

The purpose of free association is to a. lower defenses so that unconscious thoughts and feelings will emerge. b. create a psychological safe environment for the client. c. reflect the client's thoughts and feelings so the client can see them more clearly. d. challenge irrational beliefs of the patient so that constructive changes can be made.

a. lower defenses so that unconscious thoughts and feelings will emerge.

Which of the following would NOT be a solution to the problem of burnout? a. motivational seminars that encourage workers to double their efforts b. building a social support system among the employees c. redesigning requirements, work loads, and responsibilities required on the job d. increasing the amount of control people have in their jobs

a. motivational seminars that encourage workers to double their efforts

The power of the brain arises from the cooperation of large numbers of neurons connected together into a. neural networks b. synaptic vesicles c. neural nodes. d. neurilemmas.

a. neural networks

The brain consists of approximately 100 billion nerve cells called a. neurons b. protons c. electrons d. nerves

a. neurons

____ theorists believe that hypnosis involves a blend of conformity, relaxation, imagination, obedience, and role-playing. a. nonstate b. state c. hidden observer d. Dissociative

a. nonstate

Too little ____ can cause the shaking and muscle tremors of Parkinson's disease, while too much of this neurotransmitter can cause schizophrenia. a. nonrepinephrine b. dopamine c. estrogen d. endorphins

a. norepinephrine

Which of the following is considered an anxiety disorder? a. obsessive compulsive disorder b. panic disorder c. PTSD d. phobia

a. obsessive compulsive disorder

If your thoughts make you extremely nervous and compel you to rigidly repeat certain actions or routines, you would mostly likely have a(n) a. obsessive-compulsive disorder b. panic disorder c. post traumatic stress disorder d. mood disorder

a. obsessive-compulsive disorde

The safest sleep position for most infants in order to prevent SIDS is a. on their backs b. on their sides c. on their stomachs d. none of the above.

a. on their backs

Shaping, time out, and extinction are three principles of a. operant conditioning. b. Gestalt therapy. c. classical conditioning d. existential therapy.

a. operant conditioning.

Mel believes that people are spying on him and plotting against him. A stranger that comes to his door asking for directions is "really trying to get information," while static sounds during a telephone conversation is "really someone recording the phone call." So, Mel feels like he must be on guard at all times. Mel is suffering from a. paranoid psychosis b. schizophrenia c. the erotomanic type d. the histrionic type

a. paranoid psychosis

According to Stanley Schachter, the emotions we feel are affected by a. perceptions, attitudes, judgment, and experience. b. the feedback we receive from our facial expressions. c. the suppression of the arousal felt. d. hypothalamic and thalamic activity.

a. perceptions, attitudes, judgment, and experience.

If we describe Dan as being sociable, orderly, and intelligent, we are referring to his a. personality traits b. personality type c. personality style d. temperamental character

a. personality traits

One of the primary principles of punishment states that a. punishment must be given contingently to be most effective. b. punishment is much more effective than reinforcement. c. punishment is really just another form of negative reinforcement. d. punishment must never be given contingently.

a. punishment must be given contingently to be most effective.

Clarence suffered a stroke that destroyed his lateral hypothalamus. This damage is likely to cause him to a. refuse to eat b. never feel full c. overeat d. experience massive weight gain without overeating.

a. refuse to eat

You are asked by a psychologist to describe what you see in a set of ten inkblots that vary in color, shading, form, and complexity. This psychologist is using the a. Rorschach. b. 16 PF. c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. d. Thematic Apperception Test.

a. roschach

"A behavior therapist wants to reward a developmentally delayed child for saying a word, but settles at first for getting her to say its first letter sound and then another letter sound, and so on. The therapist is using" a. shaping b. nonreinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. punishment

a. shaping

Which factor in interpersonal attraction is most related to the term homogamy? a. similarity b. physical attractiveness c. proximity d. reciprocity

a. similarity

Allison believes that her body is "rotting away" on the inside, her hair is falling out, and her skin is completely drying out. Allison is experiencing a. somatic delusions b. delusions of persecution. c. delusions of reference d. erotomanic delusions.

a. somatic delusions

According to Gordon Allport, characteristics that are shared by most members of a culture are termed a. source traits b. common traits c. central traits d. surface traits

a. source traits

You want to stop your cat from clawing your new sofa by spraying a stream of water on the cat as punishment for clawing the furniture. If you are to be successful, you must a. spray the cat every time he begins to claw the sofa. b. use intermittent punishment by spraying the cat every now and then. c. take the cat to each clawed mark and then hold and spray him. d. spray the cat until he is completely wet and uncomfortable.

a. spray the cat every time he begins to claw the sofa.

A cat caged in complete darkness learns to press a lever to briefly turn on a light. In terms of the cat's motivation, the light serves as a(n) a. stimulus motive b. homeostatic drive. c. primary motive d. external cue.

a. stimulus motive

The autonomic nervous system contains two branches called the a. sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. b. somatic and spinal systems. c. spinal nerves and cranial nerves. d. parasympathetic and spinal systems.

a. sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

The "amazing similarities" of identical twins may be a result of a. the fallacy of positive instances. b. deliberate deceit by the twins. c. deliberate deceit by the researchers. d. the Barnum effect.

a. the fallacy of positive instances.

Which region of the mind holds repressed memories and emotions, plus the instinctual drives of the id? a. unconscious d. preconscious c. subconscious d. conscious

a. unconscious

"In order to help a young boy to overcome his fear of dogs, he is shown films of friendly dogs, and later he is exposed to another child playing and petting a friendly dog. This type of therapy is called" a. vicarious desensitization b. EMDR c. transference d. rational-emotive behavior therapy.

a. vicarious desensitization

In the experiment in which college students breathed air with increased amounts of carbon dioxide through a mask, the students found it much LESS stressful if they a. were told which trial would contain an increased amount of carbon dioxide. b. were surprised by the trials that contained the increased amount of carbon dioxide. c. experienced repeated trials of the "surprise whiffs" of carbon dioxide in increased amounts. d. did not have to control the amount of carbon dioxide entering the mask.

a. were told which trial would contain an increased amount of carbon dioxide.

Advertisers often try to use higher order conditioning by a.pairing images that evoke good feelings with pictures of their products b.sounding loud tones at key points in the advertisement c.reducing fear or anxiety as they repeatedly show the same commercial d.associating the unconditioned stimulus with a cognitive response

a.pairing images that evoke good feelings with pictures of their products

In the nervous system, electrical charges are set up because of unequal concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell. This state is known as a(n) a.resting potential. b.equilibrium potential. c.state of potential nerve energy. d.action potential.

a.resting potential.

*The term for the initial phase of conditioning when the CS and US are paired is termed

acquisition

A(n) ____ listener is a person who knows how to maintain attention, avoid distractions, and skillfully gather information from class lectures.

active

In mild dosages, barbiturates have an effect similar to a. alcohol b. cocaine c. heroin d. marijuana

alcohol

The use of cocaine produces feelings of

alterness euhphoria well being

Megan suffers from a phobia of kittens and cats. Even though she consciously understands that she does not have to be afraid of such small creatures, she still exhibits nervousness as she watches her daughter petting a neighbor's gentle cat. Which part of the limbic system causes this fear response that Megan does not understand? a. amygdala b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus d. thalamus

amygdala

*Juanita is conducting research to find which light and sound intensity levels are best used in helping to calm drug-addicted newborns. Her research would be considered

applied research

In most people, the left hemisphere of the brain is in charge of

art

"According to Vaillant and Mukamal, the health habits that people have by the time they are ____ will greatly affect their health, happiness, and life expectancy years later." a. 10 to 12 years of age b. 18 to 19 years of age c. 25 to 30 years of age d. 40 to 45 years of age

b. 18 to 19 years of age

Regarding Jane Elliot's demonstration with blue-eyed and brown-eyed children, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Two days later, the roles of the children were reversed with the brown-eyed children now mistreating the blue-eyed children. b. Although the brown-eyed children were being mistreated by Jane Elliot, their academic performance and test scores did not suffer. c. According to genetic evidence, judging people on skin color is just as superficial as judging people based on eye color. d. Two days later, the roles of the children were reversed with the brown-eyed children now mistreating the blue-eyed children.

b. Although the brown-eyed children were being mistreated by Jane Elliot, their academic performance and test scores did not suffer.

Coping with traumatic events is a necessity if one is to recover. In these types of situations psychologists recommend a number of coping strategies, including which of the following? a. Emotionally deal with all your feelings immediately after the event so you never have to think about the event again. b. Get support from others and talk about the feelings you are experiencing. c. Leave the physical area where the event occurred immediately and never return again. d. Change your daily patterns of behavior so that you begin a new routine.

b. Get support from others and talk about the feelings you are experiencing.

Which of the following is NOT one of the recommendations for social-recreational drinkers to "pace" their drinking? a. Drink slowly and eat while drinking. b. If drinking hard liquor, make every other drink a beer or a glass of wine. c. Limit drinking primarily to the first hour of a party. d. Practice how to politely but firmly refuse drinks.

b. If drinking hard liquor, make every other drink a beer or a glass of wine.

Jasmine enjoys cooking and dreams of opening her own restaurant, while Jacob cooks at a local restaurant and dreams of the day he can save enough money to quit his job and go back to college. Jasmine is exhibiting ____ to cook, while Jacob is exhibiting ____ to cook. a.extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation b. Intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation c. primary motives; stimulus motives d. stimulus motives; primary motives

b. Intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

You are walking down a deserted alley late at night; and you hear a sudden noise to your left. Your sympathetic nervous system prepares your body for fight or flight, and you experience fear. Just before you turn to run, however, you see a cat race away from the trash can he was digging in. "Oh, that was the noise," you think. Instead of experiencing fear, you laugh wildly at what you had imagined was coming after you in the alley. This set of events is best described by which theory of emotion? a. You are walking down a deserted alley late at night; and you hear a sudden noise to your left. Your sympathetic nervous system prepares your body for fight or flight, and you experience fear. Just before you turn to run, however, you see a cat race away from the trash can he was digging in. "Oh, that was the noise," you think. Instead of experiencing fear, you laugh wildly at what you had imagined was coming after you in the alley. This set of events is best described by which theory of emotion? a. You are walking down a deserted alley late at night; and you hear a sudden noise to your left. Your sympathetic nervous system prepares your body for fight or flight, and you experience fear. Just before you turn to run, however, you see a cat race away from the trash can he was digging in. "Oh, that was the noise," you think. Instead of experiencing fear, you laugh wildly at what you had imagined was coming after you in the alley. This set of events is best described by which theory of emotion? a. the James-Lange theory b. Schacter's cognitive theory c. attribution theory d. the common sense theory

b. Schacter's cognitive theory

While you are watching TV, your mind begins to drift and you become increasingly drowsy. You know the television is on, but you cannot distinguish which program is on. Then, your friend says, "You're asleep." You quickly state, "No, I'm not," but you really were. The sleep stage described would be a. REM sleep. b. Stage 1 of NREM sleep. c. Stage 2 of NREM sleep. d. Stage 3 of NREM sleep.

b. Stage 1 of NREM sleep.

Which statement concerning stimulus drives is FALSE? a. Animals will work at tasks where no visible reward is given. b. Stimulus drives are considered non-homestatic. c. The drive for stimulation is already present during infancy. d. Your level of arousal is closely linked with your motivation.

b. Stimulus drives are considered non-homestatic.

When stress causes physical damage to the body in the form of stomach pain, asthma, migraine headaches, hives, or hypertension, the person is experiencing a. a conversion disorder b. a psychosomatic disorder c. a somatoform disorder d. hypochondriasis

b. a psychosomatic disorder

In its most basic form, response cost can be described as a. aversive stimulation. b. a removal of a reinforcer c. negative reinforcement. d. positive reinforcement

b. a removal of a reinforcer

Which of the following is most closely associated with surgical removal of parts of the brain? a. clinical studies b. ablation c. MRI scan d. electroencephalography

b. ablation

Which of the following occurs when ordinary stresses, such as losing a job, intense marital strife, and chronic physical illness, push people beyond their ability to cope with life? a. acute stress disorder b. adjustment disorder c. generalized anxiety disorder d. moderate depression

b. adjustment disorder

"In the ____ stage the body mobilizes its resources to cope with added stress by producing more adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol." a.activation b. alarm c. resistance d. defensive

b. alarm

Roger is trying sky-diving for the first time. The pilot signals that they are in the jump area, but Roger is unable to move. At the same time, he does not want to return to the airport. Roger is experiencing a. the stage of resistance. b. an avoidance-avoidance conflict. c. a stereotyped response pattern. d. an approach-approach conflict.

b. an avoidance-avoidance conflict.

One thing that reinforcement and punishment have in common is that both a. act as generalized rewards for learning. b. are less effective if they are delayed c. are necessary for biofeedback training to be effective. d. produce positive transfer.

b. are less effective if they are delayed

The perception of an emotion in any situation can depend on what a person thinks has caused his or her feelings of physical arousal. This illustrates which theory of emotion? a. Schachter's two-factor theory b. attribution theory c. James-Lange theory d. Yerkes-Dodson Law

b. attribution theory

Beta waves are characteristic in the EEG of a person who is a. asleep but not dreaming b. awake and alert c. dreaming d. in Stage 2 sleep

b. awake and alert

"____ is the use of learning principles to make constructive changes in behavior and includes aversion therapy, desensitization, and token economies." a. Brief psychodynamic therapy b. behavior therapy c. Existential therapy d. Person-centered therapy

b. behavior therapy

A psychologist whose viewpoint is psychodynamic a. focuses on self-image and self-actualization to explain behavior. b. believes behavior is directed by forces within one's personality which are often unconscious. c. emphasizes the study of observable behavior. d. is usually eclectic in his practice.

b. believes behavior is directed by forces within one's personality which are often unconscious.

Which of the following would you recommend to an individual who would like to learn to lower his or her high blood pressure? a. alpha brainwave control b. biofeedback c. computer assisted instruction d. """mental practice"""

b. biofeedback

Calvin has been on a "pleasure binge" for the last three days. He has cleaned out his bank account spending the money on anything that gains his attention. He would be described as loud, elated, and hyperactive. A week ago he was feeling like a failure and was withdrawn and unhappy. Calvin would most likely be diagnosed with a. schizophrenia. b. bipolar disorder c. dysthymic disorder. d. dissociative disorder.

b. bipolar disorder

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic ethical principles in the Belmont Report? a. making observations b. common sense c. proposing a hypothesis d. theory building

b. common sense

Cognitive dissonance theory is based on the human need for a. internal cause. b. consistency c. distinctiveness. d. situational demand.

b. consistency

Nerves that leave the brain directly are called __________ nerves. a. spinal b. cranial c. sympathetic d. peripheral

b. cranial

Ron has many deeply held false beliefs. For instance, he believes he is the most famous psychologist in the world. He also believes that very sexy, intelligent, and beautiful women are vying for his attention and affection. In fact, they do not even notice he exists. He often gets extremely jealous if these women speak or look at other men. It seems that Ron is most likely suffering from a. dysthymic disorder. b. delusional disorder c. catatonic schizophrenia. d. dissociative identity disorder

b. delusional disorder

The goals of psychology are a. develop effective methods of psychotherapy and cure mental illness. b. describe, understand, predict, and control behavior. c. compare, analyze, and control human behavior. d. research, infer, summarize, and publish.

b. describe, understand, predict, and control behavior.

The subtype of schizophrenia marked by incoherence, grossly disorganized behavior, bizarre thinking, and flat affect or grossly inappropriate emotions is called a. catatonic b. disorganized c. paranoid d. undifferentiated

b. disorganized

The type of schizophrenia marked by incoherence, grossly disorganized behavior, bizarre thinking, and flat affect or grossly inappropriate emotions is called a. catatonic b. disorganized c. multiple personalities d. paranoid

b. disorganized

Grace's actions resemble movie stereotypes of "crazy" behavior. Her personality disintegration is extreme. She engages in silly laughter, bizarre mannerisms, and obscene behavior. Her diagnosis is probably a. paranoid psychosis b. disorganized schizophrenia c. catatonic schizophrenia d. multiple personalities

b. disorganized schizophrenia

Which of the following is NOT related to optimism? a. dealing with problems head-on b. effective use of defense mechanisms c. less stress and better health d. hardiness and happiness

b. effective use of defense mechanisms

An EEG records a. the number of neurons in the brain. b. electrical impulses from the brain. c. chemical activity in the cranial nerves. d. the amount of glucose being utilized by the brain.

b. electrical impulses from the brain.

You have worked very hard, putting in a great deal of overtime at work. Your boss not only does not notice your hard work but comments on the "messiness" of your office. You have been slighted and demeaned and feel anger. Lazarus would say that your feeling of anger occurred because of your _____, regarding this situation. a. individual attribution b. emotional appraisal c. cognitive distinction d. facial feedback

b. emotional appraisal

You are about to make a speech. Your hands tremble, your posture tenses, and your voice has a slight quiver as you begin. These outward signs represent which component of emotions? a. emotional behavioral symptoms b. emotional expression c. emotional feelings d. physiological changes

b. emotional expression

Jeanie tends to be comfortable in any situation and has the ability to make others feel the same way. She knows how to comfort her friends when they are feeling down, to encourage them in their struggles, and to share their joy when they succeed. Jeanie exhibits a great deal of a. creative thinking. b. emotional intelligence c. kinesic sensitivity. d. intuition

b. emotional intelligence

Which theory of emotion BEST explains how "putting on a happy face" can actually make you feel better? a. Cannon-Bard theory b. facial feedback hypothesis c. Schachter's cognitive theory d. common sense theory

b. facial feedback hypothesis

Of the common specific phobias listed, which is the most common among Americans? a. fear of airplanes b. fear of storms, thunder, and lightning c. fear of crowds d. fear of closed spaces

b. fear of storms, thunder and lightning

Information about the effects of a particular response is called a. branching b. feedback c. primary reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

b. feedback

Jason's parents reward him with a play break after he has worked on his homework for 20 minutes. After 20 more minutes of study, Jason receives another play break. Jason is on a ____ schedule of reinforcement. a. continuous b. fixed interval c. fixed ratio d. variable interval

b. fixed interval

People are more likely to aggress when their goals are blocked, according to the a. cognitive dissonance theory b. frustration-aggression hypothesis c. instinctual agression hypothesis d. social learning theory

b. frustration-agression hypothesis

A group of researchers used an electronically activated recorder to track people's conversations and counted the number of words spoken in a day by women and men. In determining whether women talk more than men, these researchers' used the recorder during which step in the scientific method? a. defining the problem b. gathering evidence to test the hypothesis c. proposing the hypothesis d. theory building

b. gathering evidence to test the hypothesis

The beneficial effects of biofeedback in the treatment of psychosomatic disorders may be the result of a. a dramatic placebo effect. b. generalized relaxation. c. increased blood flow to the head. d. stimulation of the CNS.

b. generalized relaxation.

The neurotransmitter ____ has been shown to be related to schizophrenia and is also affected by PCP use. a. histamine b. glutamate c. acetylcholine d. schizotoxin

b. glutamate

Jeffery has just taken a substance that alters his sensory impressions. Which type of drugs did he most likely consume? a. depressant b. hallucinogen c. sedative d. stimulant

b. hallucinogen

Damage to which part of the limbic system would most likely impair memory? a. cerebellum b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus d. thalamus

b. hippocampus

Blanche is always overly dramatic when discussing her "troubles" to anyone who will listen. She enjoys being the center of attention and being catered to by everyone, especially men. Blanche fits the description of a(n) ____ personality disorder. a. borderline b. histrionic c. dependent d. paranoid

b. histrionic

Critical thinking does NOT involve which of the following questions? a. has any other independent researcher duplicated the findings? b. how are the findings related to common sense beliefs? c. how good is the evidence? d. what was the nature and quality of the tests?

b. how are the findings related to common sense beliefs?

Which of the following is an approach to psychology that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals and stresses subjective factors, such as one's self-image, self-evaluation, and frame of reference? a. behavioral b. humanism c. psychodynamic d. structuralism

b. humanism

Threats to one's self-image are a key element in the ____ approach to understanding anxiety attacks, conversion reactions, and similar symptoms. a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. behavioral

b. humanistic

Rogers calls the image of the person you would like to be the a. ego ideal b. ideal self c. self archetype d. reinforced self

b. ideal self

Hypochondriacs suffer from a . feelings of inferiority. b. overactive endocrine glands. c. stress-induced diseases. b. imaginary diseases.

b. imaginary diseases.

Helen is suffering from caffeinism. Her symptoms may include all of the following EXCEPT a. an elevated body temperature b. increased appetite c. increased heart rate d. insomnia

b. increased appetite

The chief characteristic of hypnosis is a. heightened arousal. b. increased suggestibility. c. enhanced creativity. d. increased clairvoyance.

b. increased suggestibility.

Kimara intentionally excludes Abby from her little group of friends at school and has even spread rumors about Abby. These negative experiences would be described as __________ bullying. a. direct b. indirect c. neglectful d. restrictive

b. indirect

Creation of superordinate goals has been shown to be effective in reducing a. cognitive dissonance. b. intergroup conflict. c. groupthink. d. cult conversion.

b. intergroup conflict.

Feelings of connectedness and affection for another person are known as a. attraction b. intimacy c. comparison d. exchange

b. intimacy

Feelings of connectedness and affection for another person are known as a. commitment b. intimacy c. romantic love d. passion

b. intimacy

After eating a salty fish dinner you are very thirsty for plain water, a condition described as a. extracellular thirst b. intracellular thirst c. primary thirst d. secondary thirst

b. intracellular thirst

Wundt observed stimuli of various kinds and then used a process called ____ to probe his own reactions to the stimuli. a. dialectical autonomy b. introspection c. self assertion d. self disclosure

b. introspection

The electrically charged molecules that are involved in a nerve impulse are called a. electrons b. ions c. neutrons d. protons

b. ions

Superstitious behavior a. are learned patterns of behavior that consistently predict future events. b. is based upon an apparent connection between a response and a reinforcer. c. is due to the occurrence of a spontaneous recovery. d. is observed only in people.

b. is based upon an apparent connection between a response and a reinforcer.

Regarding sensitivity, more of the primary somatosensory cortex is devoted to the a. feet b. lips c. legs d. shoulder

b. lips

A "male-chauvinist" boss who vows to change his attitudes quickly reverts to his earlier sexist attitudes because of a. chance conditioning b. long-standing habits c. the evaluation of his actions d. the belief component of his attitudes

b. long standing habits

A "male-chauvinist" boss who vows to change his attitudes quickly reverts to his earlier sexist attitudes because of a. immediate consequences of our actions b. long-standing habits c. atypical stereotyping d. expectations regarding how others will evaluate our actions

b. long-standing habits

Virginia is insecure, anxious, lacking in confidence, and overly self-critical. Virginia is experiencing a. high self-esteem b. low self-esteem c. self-imposed periods of time-out. d. self-reinforcement

b. low self-esteem

"According to recent research, people who have some control over unpleasant events tend to show ____ than those who have no control." a. higher stress levels b.lower stress levels c. more ulcers d. higher blood pressure

b. lower stress levels

The best predictor of long-term health two years later are a. frequent and severe headaches b. major life events c. the balance of stressful and non stressful periods of time d. the number of challenges in one's life

b. major life events

A degree of uniformity is necessary if we are to interact comfortably with others and to anticipate their behaviors in schools and businesses and when driving on the highways. This degree of uniformity is due to a. harmless stereotyping. b. mutual affiliation c. conformity d. passive compliance.

b. mutual affiliation

Decreases in one measure are matched by increases in the other measure in a a. casual b. negative correlation c. positive correlation d. zero correlation

b. negative correlation

According to Freud, when impulses from the id overwhelm the ego, the person experiences a. incongruence. b. neurotic anxiety c. moral anxiety. d. organismic valuing

b. neurotic anxiety

Acceptable behavior in most situations is defined by society, as a whole, through the broadest set of a. rules b. norms c. structures d. standardization

b. norms

In ____, new behavior patterns are molded by changing the probability that various responses will be made. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. respondent conditioning d. vicarious conditioning

b. operant conditioning

____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement. a. Operant stimulus discrimination b. operant stimulus generalization c. Operant disinhibition d. spontaneous recovery

b. operant stimulus generalization

Imagine standing in line at a store and having a stranger in front of you say, "Lately I have been thinking about how I really feel about myself. I think I am pretty well-adjusted, but I occasionally have some questions about my sexual adequacy." This person has just illustrated a. mutual exchange b. over-disclosure c. social comparison d. the actor-observer bias

b. over-disclosure

"Tabor, an ex-addict, now works in the mental health program that he once attended. For the new clients coming to this drug program, Tabor , who has ""been there,"" tends to be more approachable than the doctors. Tabor is a" a. psychiatric orderlies b. paraprofessional c. psycholinguist d. psychiatric social workers

b. paraprofessional

Your instructor has just decided not to give the pop test that was announced at the beginning of class. The class breathes a collective "sigh of relief." This relief is best explained by which nervous system? a. nervous b. parasympathetic c. peripheral nervous d. sympathetic

b. parasympathetic

Sharon has a friend who has been suicidal. To help her friend get through this difficult time, Sharon has been making daily contact with her friend and scheduling daily activities like meeting for coffee to talk, having lunch, and going to the movies. Sharon's commitments to her friend are a. dangerous because Sharon is playing psychologist. b. possibly enough to prevent her friend from attempting suicide. c. too minor to make a difference. d. just temporarily delaying a suicide attempt.

b. possibly enough to prevent her friend from attempting suicide.

The principal assumption of behavior modification is that a. all types of therapy are ultimately based on classical conditioning. b. problems in behavior are learned and can be changed. c. symptoms cannot be alleviated until the causes are determined. d. unconscious conflicts can be uncovered and unlearned.

b. problems in behavior are learned and can be changed.

"Jay's mother is always fussing at him about his messy room, his disorganized study habits, and his tendency to wait until the last minute to complete an assignment. Interestingly, when you observe Jay's mother, she also has these same shortcomings. By focusing on her son's bad habits, Jay's mother does not have to focus on her own bad habits. She is using the defense mechanism known as" a. compensation. b. projection. c. reaction formation. d. sublimation.

b. projection.

The chief function of the control group in an experiment is that it a. allows mathematical relationships to be established. b. provides a point of reference against which the behavior of the experimental group can be compared c. balances the experiment to eliminate all extraneous variables. d. establishes causation.

b. provides a point of reference against which the behavior of the experimental group can be compared

"Jon is a salesman, who keeps a hostility log in which he records what happened each day, what he thought and felt, and what actions he took. He is also learning to be more assertive and to trust others and not blame them for his failures. Jon is using strategies to" a. become a Type A personality. reduce hostility. b. reduce hostility. c. persuade other people and change their attitudes in order to become a more successful salesman. d. become more achievement-oriented and aggressive rather than being passive-aggressive.

b. reduce hostility.

Dr. Nelson enters the classroom, sits on top of the desk, and leans back slightly with one arm casually draped over the podium that is to the side of the desk. A person who studies kinesics would most likely say that Dr. Nelson is displaying a. a rejection of the class. b. relaxation c. unpleasantness and frustration at having to teach the class. d. none of these

b. relaxation

"To prevent disease, health psychologists first try to" a. compensate for genetic predispositions. b.remove behavioral risk factors. c. use maintenance doses of medication. d. use quarantines in alleviate the threat to healthy individuals.

b. remove behavioral risk factors.

When Anthony gets a test paper back on which he earned an A, phrases like, "atta boy" and "good going" pop into his head; and he feels a sense of pride in his accomplishments. This illustrates the social learning concept of a. conditions of worth b. self-reinforcement c. the ego ideal d. unconditional positive regard

b. self-reinforcement

Persons who suffer from paraphilias are categorized as having a. mood disorder b. sexual disorder c. major depression d. dysthymic disorder

b. sexual disorder

The Pons acts as a bridge between the medulla and other brain areas and influences a. activity b. sleep and arousal c. motor behavior d. higher reasoning e. long-term memory

b. sleep and arousal

Kyanna sometimes stops breathing for more than 20 seconds while sleeping. This can happen hundreds of times per night. She likely has: a. narcolepsy. b. sleep apnea. c. REM behavior disorder. d. insomnia.

b. sleep apnea

Dolphins are able to sleep without drowning because they a. have a special opening that allows air in but not water. b. sleep on just one side of their brain at a time. c. have gills like fish do. d. inflate their bodies before sleep, which maintains them floating upright so they can breathe without taking in any water

b. sleep on just one side of their brain at a time

Who is best known for his research on conformity? a. Philip Zimbardo b. Solomon Asch c. Stanley Schacter d. Zick Rubin

b. solomon asch

Aaron has had to reschedule his voice recital four times. Each time on the day before his recital, he loses his voice. Aaron's doctor CANNOT find anything that could physically cause Aaron to lose his voice. Thus, psychological factors appear to underlie Aaron's symptoms, which indicates that Aaron most likely has a(n) a. panic disorder b. somatoform disorder c. anxiety disorder d. obsession compulsive disorder

b. somatoform disorder

Edgar is experiencing severe back pain that has no identifiable physical cause. Edgar's pain disorder would be classified as a(n) a. acute stress disorder b. somatoform disorder c. stress disorder d. dissociative disorder

b. somatoform disorder

In a study by Steele, African-American college students performed poorer on a task than European-American college students when they were told the task was a test of academic ability, while they performed the same as the European-American college students when they were told the task was a laboratory problem-solving task. The results of this study illustrate the concept of a. scapegoating b. stereotype threat c. cognitive dissonance. d. dogmatism.

b. stereotype threat

In a study, a group of women scored lower on math and finance tests after they were reminded that "most women are not good at math." This illustrates the concept of a. scapegoating b. stereotype threat c. cognitive dissonance. d. dogmatism.

b. stereotype threat

Drugs that increase the functioning of the central and peripheral nervous systems are known as ____, while those drugs that have the reverse effect are known as ____. a. narcotics; hallucinogens b. stimulants; depressants c. depressants; narcotics d. hallucinogens; stimulants

b. stimulants; depressants

The tendency of hypnotized subjects to carry out suggested actions as if they were involuntary is called a. the hypnotic reflex factor. b. the basic suggestion effect c. an involuntary trance. d. the relaxation response.

b. the basic suggestion effect

The observation that we are most likely to help someone else when we are able to "feel that person's pain" is referred to as a. a superordinate goal b. the empathy-helping relationship c. the just world belief d. mutual interdependence

b. the empathy-helping relationship

A selection committee was interviewing applicants for a new position in the media department of the college. The psychologist on the committee found it very interesting that a majority of the committee believed that the applicant who was a former beauty queen was the most intelligent, likeable, and socially skilled of all the applicants, although two of the other candidates had considerably more education and experience with college publications. The majority of the committee is exhibiting a. cognitive dissonance b. the fundamental attributional error c. the halo effect d. the social exchange theory

b. the fundamental attributional error

Psychoanalytic theorists believe that the structure of the personality is formed by a. habits and expectancies b. the id, ego and superego c. the ideal self and the real self d. traits

b. the id, ego and superego

Triskaidekaphobia is the fear of a. strangers. b. the number 13. c. peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth. d. clowns.

b. the number 13

Psychology is different than fields such as history, law, and business because of the reliance on a. anecdotal evidence. b. the scientific observation to study behavior. c. the common sense of past generations. d. direct philosophic inquiry.

b. the scientific observation to study behavior.

Powerful and uncomfortable stress reactions are most likely to occur when a stressor is viewed as a ____ during ____. a. challenge; primary appraisal b.threat; primary appraisal c. challenge; secondary appraisal d. threat; secondary appraisal a

b. threat; primary appraisal

Which two of the following theories view human nature as being neutral? a. behaviorist and psychoanalytic b. trait and social learning c. trait and humanistic d. psychoanalytic and humanistic

b. trait and social learning

If a personality test measures what it claims to measure, we say that the test is a. projective. b. valid. c. objective. d. reliable.

b. valid.

Regarding prejudice and direct experiences, which of the following statements is FALSE? a.By the time they are three years old, many children show signs of race bias. b.Prejudices that occur when members of another social group are perceived as a threat to one's own interests are referred to as group prejudices. c.Once prejudices are established, they prevent us from accepting more positive experiencesthat could reverse the damage. d.Subtle influences, such as parents' attitudes, the depiction of people in books and on TV, and exposure to children of other races, can have an impact on one becoming prejudiced.

b.Prejudices that occur when members of another social group are perceived as a threat to one's own interests are referred to as group prejudices.

The "all-or-nothing event" refers to the fact that a.nerve cells are continuously active. b.action potentials occur completely or not at all. c.an electrical current crosses the synapse completely or not at all. d.all the neurons in a particular "lobe" of the brain fire or none of them fire.

b.action potentials occur completely or not at all.

Common reactions to a traumatic experience include a. depersonalization and mania. b.insomnia and nightmares. c. food-bingeing and bulimia. d. overworking and job burnout.

b.insomnia and nightmares.

According to ____, personality is acquired through classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and discrimination.

behavioral personality theorists

*___________ is defined as downing five or more drinks in a short period of time for men and four or more drinks for women.

binge drinking

Brain mechanisms involved in hunger and thirst would most likely be studied by a

biophsychologist

In one classic experiment, children learned to hit a "Bo-Bo Clown" doll by

by watching an adult model

Psychologists define learning as ______. a) repeated exposure to a stimulus b) an awareness of both internal and external events c) a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. d) a change in response to a stimulus

c) a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

Regarding stress and the immune system, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Stress management has been shown to reduce the severity of cold and flu symptoms. b. Support groups, relaxation exercises, and guided imagery have been shown to boost immune system functioning. c. Anger and hostility tend to strengthen immune system response. d. As part of the body's self-protective response, the body releases substances that increase inflammation.

c. Anger and hostility tend to strengthen immune system response.

Which of the following statements is/are FALSE regarding the Type A personality? a. Hundreds of studies have supported the validity of the Type A concept. b. One study on Type A personality found that 15 percent of a group of 25-year-old doctors and lawyers who scored high on a hostility test were dead by age 50. c. "While Type A behavior appears to promote heart disease, time urgency and overwork may be what triggers a heart attack." d. Seething with anger but not outwardly expressing it increases pulse rate and blood pressure and puts a tremendous strain on the heart.

c. "While Type A behavior appears to promote heart disease, time urgency and overwork may be what triggers a heart attack."

Hardy people (those unusually resistant to the effects of stress) are characterized by a(n) a. attitude of just going with the flow. "sense of personal commitment to self, work, and family." b. feeling of no control over their lives. c. "sense of personal commitment to self, work, and family." d. tendency to avoid extra responsibilities.

c. "sense of personal commitment to self, work, and family."

Gerry is an undergraduate at the local community college. He has just taken the College Life Stress Inventory and received a high score. This suggests that Gerry a. has a Type A personality b. is socially more active than the average college student. c. .has been exposed to health-threatening levels of stress d. "has a high rate of satisfaction with life, in general."

c. .has been exposed to health-threatening levels of stress

"To alleviate bed wetting, special sheets connected to an alarm are placed on the child's bed. When the child's full bladder releases the first droplets of urine onto the special sheet, the alarm will sound and awaken the child. Through this pairing of a loud alarm with a full bladder, the child will learn to awaken to the full bladder. This illustrates the use of ____ in alleviating a problem behavior." a. Rational-emotive behavior therapy b. Operant conditioning c. Classical Conditioning d. Social learning

c. Classical Conditioning

Ben was usually in the hospital at least 15 times a year. He was taking 19 different medications, and his mother said that she desperately wanted him to be healed. The doctors discovered that there was nothing wrong with Ben. However, his mother was eventually diagnosed with ____ because she had a pathological need to seek attention and sympathy from medical professionals by "keeping her child sick." a. a conversion disorder b. an obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Munchausen syndrome by proxy d. Prader-Willi syndrome

c. Munchausen syndrome by proxy

Regarding research on sleep and dream deprivation, which of the following was NOT one of the findings? a. If deprived of REM sleep, people will dream extra amounts if allowed to sleep undisturbed. b. Missing any sleep stage can cause a rebound for that stage. c. People who are deprived of REM sleep are at greater risk of developing a mental illness. d. Daytime disturbances are related to the total amount of sleep lost, not to the type of sleep lost.

c. People who are deprived of REM sleep are at greater risk of developing a mental illness.

____ is given only when a particular response is made. a. Cue-dependent reinforcement b. negative intention seeking c. Response-contingent reinforcement d. Successive approximation

c. Response-contingent reinforcement

You are asked by a psychologist to describe what you see in a set of ten inkblots that vary in color, shading, form, and complexity. This psychologist is using the a. Thematic Apperception Test. b. 16 PF. c. Rorschach. d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2.

c. Rorschach.

_____ involves repetition and memorization; while _____ involves insight and understanding. a. Antecedent learning; instrumental learning b. Discovery learning; antecedent learning c. Rote learning; discovery learning d. Rote learning; instrumental learning

c. Rote learning; discovery learning

Phototherapy is used primarily to treat a. seasonal affective disorder (SAD) b. dysthymic disorder c. SAD d. dissociative interim depression (DID)

c. SAD

Which of the following is FALSE regarding social support? a."People with close, supportive relationships tend to be happy, hardy, optimistic, and healthy." b. Support from family and friends serves as a buffer to cushion the impact of stressful events. c. Sharing negative events with others tends to amplify these emotions and decrease social support. d. The sharing of good news is an important means by which positive events contribute to individual well-being.

c. Sharing negative events with others tends to amplify these emotions and decrease social support.

8. Carla's sleep is being monitored in a research lab The assistant notices that Carla's EEG shows a high presence of sleep spindles. It can be concluded that Carla is likely in: a. REM sleep. b. Stage 1 of NREM. c. Stage 2 of NREM. d. Stage 3 of NREM.

c. Stage 2 of NREM.

A psychologist is administering a projective test in which his client looks at several pictures and tells a story about each one. The psychologist will interpret the content of his client's stories. For example, he will count the number of times the central figure in each story told by his client is angry, overlooked, apathetic, jealous, or threatened. The projective test being used by this psychologist is most likely the a. MMPI-2. b. Rorschach Test. c. Thematic Appreciation Test. d. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

c. Thematic Appreciation Test.

According to which dream theory does the cortex of the brain combine random brain activity into stories and visual images that form your dreams? a. psychodynamic b. gestalt c. activation synthesis hypothesis d. neurocognitive

c. activation synthesis hypothesis

The functionalists were interested in how thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and habits help people and animals a. form meaningful Gestalts. b. introspect and experience the phi phenomenon. c. adapt to their environment. d. form connections between stimuli and responses.

c. adapt to their environment.

According to your text, sensory deprivation is defined as a. a loss of vivid and accurate memories for events. b. a loss of perceptual consciousness. c. any major reduction in the amount or variety of sensory stimulation. d. splitting consciousness into two streams of mental activity.

c. any major reduction in the amount or variety of sensory stimulation.

When the children of schizophrenic parents are raised away from their chaotic home environment, these children a. are significantly less likely to develop the more severe types of schizophrenia. b. are less likely to develop psychosis but still exhibit some neurotic tendencies. c. are still more likely to become psychotic. d. do not develop schizophrenia.

c. are still more likely to become psychotic.

"In terms of its approach, which of the following types of psychotherapy is considered a non-directive therapy?" a. existential b. Gestalt c. client-centered d. psychoanalytic

c. client-centered

After Phineas Gage's accident in which a metal rod entered his brain, the doctors kept notes on his behavior, used tests to measure various responses, and interviewed Phineas and those who knew him. His brain injury was studied using a(n) a. educational case study b. psychological study c. clinical case study d. obedience case study

c. clinical case study

According to Gordon Allport, characteristics that are shared by most members of a culture are termed a. individual traits b. cardinal traits c. common traits d. central traits

c. common traits

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell (during and after conditioning) was the a) an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b) an uncondtioned response (UCR) c) a conditioned stimulus (CS) d) a conditioned response (CR)

c. conditioned stimulus

Comparing hairstyles, habits of speech, dress, eating habits, and social customs in two or more cultures makes it clear that the members of each society tend to a. affiliate with only those who follow social norms. b. apply direct pressure to others to passively comply to social norms. c. conform to social norms d. obey social norms.

c. conform to social norms

Comparing hairstyles, habits of speech, dress, eating habits, and social customs in two or more cultures makes it clear that the members of each society tend to a. apply direct pressure to others to passively comply to expected behaviors. b. affiliate with only those who follow cultural expectations. c. conform to social norms d. obey social restrictions

c. conform to social norms

"In desensitization, a person" a.attempts to discover the reasons why she or he is fearful of a particular stimuli and then to face these fears one by one b. is exposed to response-contingent shocks whenever they try to engage in a bad habit, such as smoking or drinking alcohol c. constructs a hierarchy, is taught exercises that produce deep relaxation, and then tries to perform the least disturbing item on the list. d. is taught exercises that produce deep relaxation and then is exposed to the highest fear-producing stimulus

c. constructs a hierarchy, is taught exercises that produce deep relaxation, and then tries to perform the least disturbing item on the list.

Activity levels in the ____ are lower than normal in marijuana abusers, which may explain why chronic marijuana users tend to show some loss of coordination. a. cerebellum b. cerebrum c. corpus callosum d. hippocampus

c. corpus callosum

According to research, prejudice became worse when schools were first integrated due to all of the following factors EXCEPT for the a.competitive nature of the schools. b.minority children entering these schools less prepared than the children already attending these schools c. creation of mutual interdependence d. unequal-status contact among students.

c. creation of mutual interdependence

Taking your clients' cultural beliefs and values into account when making diagnoses and before beginning therapy illustrates the importance of a. social accommodation b. ethonocentrism c. cultural relativity d. cultural assimilation

c. cultural realtivity

Scientists destroyed a tiny area of a cat's limbic system by inserting a tiny electrode into this target area and then passing an electric current through the electrode. The technique used is known as a. ESB b. neural induction c. deep lesioning d. FMRI

c. deep lesioning

Depressive, somatic, grandeur, persecution, influence, and reference are types of a. obessions b. compulsions c. delusions d. phobias

c. delusions

As she sits on her front porch, Carol believes that she is receiving coded messages from the hummingbirds flying around the feeder. Carol is experiencing a. somatic delusions b. delusions of persecution. c. delusions of reference d. erotomanic delusions.

c. delusions of reference

Assume that a supervisor tells an employee to falsify information for tax purposes. The employee would prefer not to do anything dishonest but is hesitant to disobey. Milgram's studies suggest the employee will be most likely to disobey if the a. supervisor is only the employee's immediate superior. b. supervisor gives the order in person. c. employee knows that another employee has refused. d. supervisor is not a person of particularly high status.

c. employee knows that another employee has refused.

Which contemporary view of behavior is considered reductionistic and mechanistic and seeks to explain behavior through the process of natural selection? a. behavioral b. evolutionary c. humanistic d. psychodynamic

c. evolutionary

In Nazi Germany, obedient soldiers, who had once been average citizens helped slaughter more than six million people in concentration camps. When confronted with this atrocious act, many of the soldiers rationalized that they were just following orders, that is they a. exhibited false attribution to their country b. exhibited passive compliance to the nazi command c. exhibited excessive obedience to an authority d. succumbed to legitimate persuasion from their superiors

c. exhibited excessive obedience to an authority

Juanita worries excessively about her children, her job, her house, and her finances to the point that she stays so nervous that she cannot get anything done. This continuing sense of foreboding has interfered with her ability to sleep, eat, and enjoy life for at least six months. Juanita suffers from a__________ disorder. a. cyclothymia b. dissociative c. generalized anxiety d. somatoform

c. generalized anxiety

If you show a negative attitude toward members of another group only because your friends or co-workers expect you to think about this group as they do, you are exhibiting a. cognitive dissonance b. discrimination c. group prejudice d. personal prejudice

c. group prejudice

Scapegoating refers to a. a tendency to blindly repeat an unsuccessful response. b. use of apathy as a means of dealing with conflict. c. habitual redirection of aggression to some person or group. d. the act of attributing personal frustration to external causes.

c. habitual redirection of aggression to some person or group.

"Marian describes her typical day. She has to deal with carpooling, traffic delays, finding a parking place at her job, working through lunch, and then coming home to cook, clean, and help with homework. Marian has stated a number of" a. burnouts. b. conflicts. c. hassles. d. regressions.

c. hassles.

Margo dreams of stealing her friends' wedding ring and placing it on her hand. According to Freud, Margo's dream probably represents a. her desire to own "pretty" and expensive things. b. her plan to steal her friend' c. her sexual attraction to her friend's husband. d. a carryover from ordinary waking events.

c. her sexual attraction to her friend's husband.

A detached part of the hypnotized person's awareness that silently observes events is known as the a. actualized self. b. Phantom observer c. hidden observer d. alter ego.

c. hidden observer

In the Freudian view of personality, which part of the personality is totally unconscious and dominated by biological instincts? a. ego b. super ego c. id d. ideal self

c. id

To determine whether attendance at sports events is an operant reinforcer for a teenager, such attendance would have to a. be demonstrably related to a basic biological need. b. be demonstrated to be universally rewarding. c. increase the probability of recurrence of the behavior it followed. d. meet a long list of criteria that includes adaptability and reliability.

c. increase the probability of recurrence of the behavior it followed.

Kimara intentionally excludes Abby from her little group of friends at school and has even spread rumors about Abby. These negative experiences would be described as __________ bullying. a. neglectful b. restrictive c. indirect d. direct

c. indirect

Although Ken uses unethical and deceptive business practices during the work week, he is known as a hardworking volunteer by his church and his community on the weekend. By keeping these two sides of himself in "logic-tight" mental compartments so they do not come in conflict, Ken will experience very little anxiety because he is using the defense mechanism known as a. compensation b. identification c. isolation d. intellectualization

c. isolation

Milgram's study of obedience to authority, where subjects thought they were shocking another subject, raised questions about which two ethical concerns? a. deception and invasion of privacy b. invasion of privacy and lasting harm to subjects c. lasting harm to subjects and deception d. none of these

c. lasting harm to subjects and deception

A glass of industrial sludge removed from a polluted river would probably not be desirable to you, even though you were very thirsty, because the glass of sludge is a. high in incentive value. b. high in motivation c. low in incentive value d. low in stimulus motivation

c. low in incentive value

The term for mild depression lasting from one to two days after childbirth, marked by crying, fitful sleep, tension, anger, and irritability is a. postpartum depression. b. mothereres c. maternity blues d. childbirth-related dysthymia.

c. maternity blues

"Gordon has been feeling fatigued at work and has been experiencing more backaches and neckaches. He goes to his doctor, hoping he can diagnose his condition and prescribe some medicine that will alleviate his problems. Gordon's view of health fits the" a. biopsychosocial model. b. hypochondriasis perspective. c. medical model. d. mind-body perspective.

c. medical model.

The reflex control centers for vital life functions like heart rate and breathing are found in the a. cerebrum b. cerebellum c. medulla d. temporal lobe

c. medulla

Regarding what people look for when considering potential dating partners, Goode conducted a study in which personal ads were placed in newspapers. The four ads included a beautiful woman who was a waitress, an average-looking female lawyer, an average-looking male lawyer, and a handsome male cabdriver. Results of the study showed that in choosing a potential dating partner, the majority of a. both men and women were more influenced by success. b. both men and women were more influenced by physical attractiveness. c. men were more influenced by physical attractiveness, while women were more influenced by success. d. men were more influenced by success, while women were more influenced by physical attractiveness.

c. men were more influenced by physical attractiveness, while women were more influenced by success.

Which of the following would NOT be a solution to the problem of burnout? a. building a social support system among the employees b. increasing the amount of control people have in their jobs c. motivational seminars that encourage workers to double their efforts d. redesigning requirements, work loads, and responsibilities required on the job

c. motivational seminars that encourage workers to double their efforts

Voluntary muscle movement originates in an area of the cortex called the ____, which is located on the ____ lobe. a. cerebral cortex; parietal b. cerebral cortex; frontal c. motor cortex; frontal d. somatosensory cortex ; occipital

c. motor cortex; frontal

A degree of uniformity is necessary if we are to interact comfortably with others and to anticipate their behaviors in schools and businesses and when driving on the highways. This degree of uniformity is due to a. conformity b. harmless stereotyping c. mutual affiliation d. passive compliance

c. mutual affiliation

As gas prices increase we see a decline in the number of travelers on the highway. This is an example of ____ correlation. a. zero b. casual c. negative d. positive

c. negative

According to Barbara Fredrickson, _____ emotions are associated with actions that helped our ancestors save their lives; a. both positive and negative; both positive and negative b. both positive and negative c. negative; positive d. positive; negative

c. negative; positive

A(n) ____ test gives the same score when different people score it. a. subjective b. projective c. objective d. validity

c. objective

The problem with television violence is that children may become more aggressive through a. increased frustration b. negative transfer. c. observational learning d. positive transfer

c. observational learning

Using hidden cameras or concealing the observers can be used to minimize the a. double blind effect b. effects of extraneous correlations c. observer effect d. single-blind effect

c. observer effect

Annabelle is in the grocery store when she notices her heart is racing, and she becomes very dizzy. She is shaking so that she is barely able to stand up, and she cannot seem to get enough air and begins to hyperventilate. Annabelle thinks that maybe she is having a heart attack or going insane. She was fine a few minutes ago. Annabelle is exhibiting symptoms of a(n) a. acute stress disorder b. dissociative fuge c. panic disorder (without agoraphobia) d. generalized anxiety disorder

c. panic disorder (without agoraphobia)

You are running the water for your bath and place your hand under the faucet to "feel" and adjust the temperature of the water. The temperature of the water registers in which brain area? a. the temporal lobes b. the frontal lobes c. the parietal lobes d. the occipital lobes

c. parietal lobes

Abe and Sandy have deep emotional and sexual feelings for each other, which Sternberg referred to as a. affiliation b. intimacy c. passion d. commitment

c. passion

Physical cravings for a drug and unpleasant reactions when the drug is withheld are signs of a. psychological dependence b. associative learning c. physical dependence d. withdrawal

c. physical dependence

"If a child whines and gets his parents' attention, he will tend to whine more frequently in the future because he has experienced which principle of operant conditioning?" a. shaping b. nonreinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. punishment

c. positive reinforcement

Tony has frequent, intrusive recollections of his combat experiences in Vietnam almost 40 years ago. He has episodes of insomnia due to frequent nightmares about his experiences. Tony also avoids particular situations, like war movies and firework displays because he becomes so tense. It is most likely that Tony is suffering from a. acute stress disorder b. generalized anxiety disorder c. post-traumatic stress disorder d. dissociative fugue disorder

c. post-traumatic stress disorder

When current knowledge about an individual and his or her environment can be used to accurately forecast behavior at another time or in another setting, the scientific goal of ____ has been achieved. a. control b. description c. prediction d. understanding

c. prediction

Which of the following personality assessment techniques seek to uncover deeply hidden or unconscious wishes? a. structured and unstructured interviews b. direct observation using rating scales c. projective tests d. personality questionnaires

c. projective tests

Which theory holds that depression is caused by repressed anger turned inward as self-blame? a. behavioral theory b. existential theory c. psychoanalytic theory d. cognitive theory

c. psychoanalytic theory

The term ____ refers to the scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and to the disorders, themselves. a. psychology b. phobia c. psychopathology d. manic episode

c. psychopathology

According to Freud, the ego is governed by the a. pleasure principle. b. ego ideal c. reality principle d. partial ego principle.

c. reality principle

Sieta wants to teach her daughter to say "Please" when she asks for something, so she decides to only comply with her daughter's request for something when her daughter says "Please." Thus, Sieta's compliance to her daughter's request is a. a token b. a negative reinforcer c. response-contingent d. the CS

c. response-contingent

An experiment is performed to test the effects of sleep deprivation on rote memory. In this experiment, the dependent variable is the a. number of hours subjects go without sleep. b. number of subjects deprived of sleep in the experimental group. c. rote memory scores d. correlation between hours of sleep and fatigue.

c. rote memory scores

Albert Bandura believes that one of the most important expectancies we develop concerns our capacity for producing a desired result. He called this concept a. congruence b. organismic valuing c. self-efficacy d. self-reinforcement

c. self-efficacy

The fact that James allows himself one play on a video game after studying a half an hour illustrates the concept of ____ in social learning theory. a. gender identity b. sex differences c. self-reinforcement d. incentive value

c. self-reinforcement

A psychologist working in which research specialty might explore how a person is able to recognize someone's voice over the telephone by interpreting pitch? a. comparative b. learning c. sensation and perception d. personality

c. sensation and perception

Aaron flexes his muscles as he shoots a basketball into the basket. His voluntary use of his muscles is controlled by which nervous system? a. autonomic b. parasympathetic c. somatic d. sympathetic

c. somatic

In a car accident, a person sustained major trauma to his brain and the spinal cord region of his neck. Damage, in this case, was mainly to areas of the a. brain and spinal cord. b. central and sympathetic systems. c. somatic and autonomic systems. d. spinal cord and 12 thoracic nerves.

c. somatic and autonomic

Irrational and very specific fears that persist even when there is no real danger to a person are called a. panic disorder b. obsessive compulsive disorder c. specific phobia d. social phobia

c. specific phobia

In a study by Steele, African-American college students performed poorer on a task than European-American college students when they were told the task was a test of academic ability, while they performed the same as the European-American college students when they were told the task was a laboratory problem-solving task. The results of this study illustrate the concept of a. dogmatism b. group prejudice c. stereotype threat d. symbolic prejudice

c. stereotype

In a study, a group of women scored lower on math and finance tests after they were reminded that "most women are not good at math." This illustrates the concept of a. dogmatism b. group prejudice c. stereotype threat d. symbolic prejudice

c. stereotype threat

"Maggie has been frustrated in her attempts to make an A on her psychology quizzes. She has been reading the chapter three times before each of the quizzes. She made a D on the first four quizzes. If she continues using this strategy, psychologists would say that she is exhibiting a" a. displaced response. b. reaction formation. c. stereotyped behavior. d. double approach-avoidance conflict.

c. stereotyped behavior

At intersections, we go when the light is green, not when it is red. This is an example of a. operant extinction b. resistance to extinction c. stimulus control d. stimulus generalization

c. stimulus control

Three-year-old Johnny was classically conditioned to salivate to a bell that was paired with lemon juice. After this conditioned response was extinguished, the experimenter presented the bell the following day, and Johnny responded by salivating again to the bell, at least at first. Johnny's return to the learned response is known as a. operant extinction b. resistance to extinction c. stimulus control d. stimulus generalization

c. stimulus control

Many of the physiological changes during emotion are caused by the activity of the ____ nervous system. a. central b. somatic c. sympathetic d. parasympathetic

c. sympathetic

Juan has claustrophobia; so Juan's therapist gradually exposes Juan to smaller and smaller places while Juan relaxes to each step in the hierarchy, beginning with the lowest fear-producing item. Juan's phobia is being treated with a. aversive conditioning b. confrontation c. systematic desensitization d. rational-emotive behavior therapy

c. systematic desensitization

The desired behaviors a therapist selects for improvement (which are then reinforced) are called a. fears and anxieties. b. unconditioned responses. c. target behaviors d. response contingent punishments.

c. target behaviors

In Freudian theory, ____ refers to a preschool boy's attraction to his mother and feelings of rivalry with his father. a.ego ideal. b. reality principle c. the Oedipus complex d. pleasure principle.

c. the Oedipus complex

The most accurate conclusion that can be drawn from research on the brain is that a. only creative people can use both hemispheres equally. b. most people use the right hemisphere more often than the left hemisphere. c. the activities of both hemispheres of the brain combine to produce most behaviors. d. normal people can be taught to use one hemisphere at a time.

c. the activities of both hemispheres of the brain combine to produce most behaviors.

Bodily sensations such as touch, temperature, and pressure register in which brain area? a. the temporal lobes b. the frontal lobes c. the parietal lobes d. the occipital lobes

c. the parietal lobes

The first step in assertiveness training is to convince yourself of three basic rights. Which of the following is NOT one of these three rights? a. the right to refuse b. the right to right a wrong c. the right to say whatever one feels d. the right to request

c. the right to say whatever one feels

"When participants receive benefits from sensitivity groups, encounter groups, and awareness groups, which of the following would NOT be a reason for these benefits?" a. positive expectations of the participants b. a break in the participant's regular routine c. therapeutic alliance d. the participant having an excuse to act differently

c. therapeutic alliance

Taste aversions are a type of classical conditioning, and if there is a long delay between the CS and US, conditioning is usually prevented. The fact that people and animals can develop taste aversions, even though sickness occurs long after eating, indicates that a. taste aversions are really a type of systematic desensitization. b. taste aversions can be unlearned as well c. there is a biological tendency to associate sickness with any food eaten earlier. d. there is less aversion associated with the actual sickness than with whatever caused the sickness in the first place.

c. there is a biological tendency to associate sickness with any food eaten earlier.

The MMPI-2 was primarily designed a. for use with children under age ten. b. to identify vocational preferences. c. to identify people with particular psychological problems. d. for use with the mentally challenged.

c. to identify people with particular psychological problems.

Although Jan would be described as very extroverted, she will be more extroverted at a party than when she is attending a church service. This observation supports the concept of a. situational fixations. b. behavioral genetic determinants. c. trait-situation interaction. d. possible selves.

c. trait-situation interaction

External circumstances influence the expression of a personality trait, according to a. behavioral factor analysis. b. behavioral genetics determinants theory. c. trait-situation interaction. d. psychoanalytical theory.

c. trait-situation interaction.

According to the text, dissociations are often triggered by a. drug use b. organic brain damage. c. traumatic events d. nothing that can be clearly identified as a cause.

c. traumatic events

If you want to exercise more, attend more classes, concentrate longer, or read more books, one of the BEST solutions would be to a. attend a Gestalt encounter group b. learn and use self-hypnosis. c. use behavioral self management d. use systematic desensitization.

c. use behavioral self management

A college professor who gives daily quizzes, grades them immediately, and returns them with the errors and corrected answers is a. applying instructional games b. employing the two-factory theory of learning c. using feedback d. using the CAI technique

c. using feedback

"You must study for two tests within the next eight hours. Both tests should require six hours of study time, which is four hours more time than you have. You need to make a good grade on both tests. So, you begin studying for one test and then start thinking about the need to study for the other, so you switch to the other subject. You are experiencing ____ due to this ____ conflict." a. "a reaction known as ""leaving the field""; approach-avoidance" b. freezing; avoidance-avoidance c. vacillation; double approach-avoidance d. indecision; approach-approach

c. vacillation; double approach-avoidance

Under what circumstances do mental problems represent an elevated risk of violence? a. when a person has experienced a mood disorder in the past b. when a person currently has a somatoform disorder c. when a person is actively psychotic (currently experiencing delusions and hallucinations) d. in none of these situations since mental problems never represent an elevated risk for violence

c. when a person is actively psychotic (currently experiencing delusions and hallucinations)

A person trapped in a hotel fire 20 stories from the ground has the choice of jumping window to a sure death or dashing through the flames and almost surely dying of smoke inhalation and burns. This person a. is experiencing a traumatic approach-avoidance conflict. b. will most likely cope with this situation using displacement or sublimation. c. will most likely "freeze," finding it impossible to decide or to take action. d. will most likely deal with this conflict by "leaving the field."

c. will most likely "freeze," finding it impossible to decide or to take action.

"If Arnold is a ""manly man,"" we can predict that Arnold" a. "is able to reduce his body's arousal when stressed, thus, limiting stress-related damage." b. "will tend to be happy, hardy, relaxed, and optimistic." c. will not ask for help from his friends and family when stressed. d. shows all of these characteristics.

c. will not ask for help from his friends and family when stressed.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding meditation? a. Listening to or playing music can be meditations of sorts. b. Meditation promotes relaxation by interrupting upsetting thoughts. c.Meditation is difficult to learn and may require a training course. d. Taking nature walks or enjoying hobbies can be meditations of sorts.

c.Meditation is difficult to learn and may require a training course.

Regarding prejudice and direct experiences, which of the following statements is FALSE? a.By the time they are three years old, many children show signs of race bias. b.Once prejudices are established, they prevent us from accepting more positive experiences that could reverse the damage. c.Prejudices that occur when members of another social group are perceived as a threat to one's own interests are referred to as group prejudices. d. Subtle influences, such as parents' attitudes, the depiction of people in books and on TV, and exposure to children of other races, can have an impact on one becoming prejudiced.

c.Prejudices that occur when members of another social group are perceived as a threat to one's own interests are referred to as group prejudices.

Which of the following is NOT a good test-taking suggestion for taking an objective test? a. Read all the choices for each question before you make a decision. b. Read rapidly and skip items you are unsure of. c.Stick with your first answer on a multiple-choice test; don't change it d. Remember that answers that include superlatives, such as most, least, best, worst, largest, or smallest are often false.

c.Stick with your first answer on a multiple-choice test; don't change it

Which of the following would encourage attitude change? a. Both sides of the argument are presented to an audience that is poorly informed about the subject. b.The message is conveyed simply without a lot of boring statistics. c.The message appeals to the fears or anxiety of the audience. d. The audience is allowed to determine what conclusions should be gained from the message.

c.The message appeals to the fears or anxiety of the audience.

Regarding Jane Elliot's demonstration with blue-eyed and brown-eyed children, which of the following statements is FALSE? a.The blue-eyed children rapidly joined Elliot in criticizing and belittling the brown-eyed children. b.Although the brown-eyed children were being mistreated by Jane Elliot, their academic performance and test scores did not suffer. c.Two days later, the roles of the children were reversed with the brown-eyed children now mistreating the blue-eyed children. d.According to genetic evidence, judging people on skin color is just as superficial as judging people based on eye color.

c.Two days later, the roles of the children were reversed with the brown-eyed children now mistreating the blue-eyed children.

As Albert looks over the village in which he has been living for the last year as a Peace Corps volunteer, he begins to feel a sense of harmony and ecstasy as if he is at one with the universe. According to Abraham Maslow, Albert is experiencing a. autonomy b.spontaneity c.peak experience d.task centering

c.peak experience

According to the textbook, which of the following factors is NOT likely to motivate people to help? a. feeling a connection to the person in need b.previous experiences of helping others c.the perception of yourself as a sad, unfortunate person d. According to the textbook, which of the following factors is NOT likely to motivate people to help?

c.the perception of yourself as a sad, unfortunate person

In a car accident, a person sustained major trauma to his brain and the spinal cord region of his neck. Damage, in this case, was mainly to areas of the

central nervous system

The main divisions of the human nervous system are the

central nervous system peripheral nervous system

Communication between neurons is considered to be a(n) ____ change involving ____. a. physical; neurotransmitters b. physical; heart rate c. chemical; neurotransmitters d. chemical; heart rate

chemical; neurotransmitters

Perception, thinking, language, problem-solving, and creativity are topics of investigation for those interested in a. cognitive psychology b. gestalt psychology c. psychoanalysis d. structuralism

cognitive psychology

In the textbook example regarding "Shaping the Teacher," psychology students looked really interested in her lecture when she was standing on the right side of the room, and they looked bored when she was standing on the left side. The students were shaping the teacher's behavior using

cognitive reinforcers

In response to a client's unrealistic ideas or beliefs, a rational-emotive behavior therapist is likely to use all of the following statements EXCEPT a. "You are placing unreasonable expectations on yourself; no one is perfect." b. "It is not rational for you to think that you can do everything well." c. "What makes you think that life should be fair?" d. "It is rational that you are angry at people who let you down."

d. "It is rational that you are angry at people who let you down."

When looking in the yellow pages, Psychiatrists are generally listed under a. "Mental Health Associations." b. "Counseling Services." c. "Marriage and Family Counselors." d. "Physicians."

d. "Physicians."

Physical symptoms and a tendency to make poor decisions are increased by a.being too relaxed in stressful situations. b. being unrealistically optimistic about situations. c. not focusing intently on your goals. d. "negative thoughts and ""self-talk."""

d. "negative thoughts and ""self-talk."""

Which of the following suggestions would help you handle conflicts more effectively? a. Try out important decisions partially when possible. b. Don't be hasty when making important decisions. c. Look for workable compromises. d. All of these are helpful suggestions.

d. All of these are helpful suggestions.

Regarding bullying, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Adolescent and adult bullying can lead to serious violence, including murder and suicide. b. Bullies tend to deal with everyday situations by resorting to aggression. c. Bullying done online is called cyberbullying. d. Female bullies are more likely to engage in direct aggression, while male bullies tend to specialize in indirect aggression.

d. Female bullies are more likely to engage in direct aggression, while male bullies tend to specialize in indirect aggression.

In real emergencies, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. People have increasing shown an uncaring and apathetic attitude in the last 30 years during emergencies. b. In an emergency, people are more likely to get involved when there are many people to organize and model the appropriate actions. c. In an emergency, people often overestimate the need for action because they realize it to be a "life-or-death" action. d. In an emergency, people often underestimate the need for action because each person attempts to appear calm.

d. In an emergency, people often underestimate the need for action because each person attempts to appear calm.

In view of current research, choose the best summary statement concerning the cause of schizophrenia. a. A by-product of adrenaline called adrenochrome accumulates in the brains of persons with schizophrenia. b. Extremely traumatic experiences early in childhood cause the first split in personality to form. c. Schizophrenia results because a person is unable to adapt to the impossible environmental situations that they experience. d. Inherited potential and environmental stress combine to bring about disruptive changes in brain chemistry.

d. Inherited potential and environmental stress combine to bring about disruptive changes in brain chemistry.

regarding the set point, fat cells and obesity, which of the following is FALSE? a. Roughly 65% of adults in the USA are overweight. b. your set point is the weight you maintain when you are making no effort to gain or loose weight. c. when your body goes below its set point, you'll feel hungry most of the time. d. Leptin is released from fat cells and tells your brain that you need to eat more.

d. Leptin is released from fat cells and tells your brain that you need to eat more.

____ are daily annoyances that are closely linked to immediate health and psychological well-being. a. Conflicts b.Burnouts c. Macrostressors d. Microstressors

d. Microstressors

Which of the following tests measures ten major aspects of personality, has validity scales, and is composed of 567 items to which a test taker must respond "true" or "false"? a. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator b. the Rorschach c. Thematic Apperception Test d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2

d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2

Latoya is using a reading strategy that has been shown to improve learning and grades because it promotes active learning and information processing. Latoya is using the ____ method. a. EMDR b. Keyword c. Lisan d. SQ4R

d. SQ4R

Regarding stress, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Stress can often be managed and controlled. b. Short-term stresses can be uncomfortable, but they rarely do any damage. c. Stress is more often a matter of how we perceive events and react to them. d. Stress is almost always bad for you and should be avoided at all coats.

d. Stress is almost always bad for you and should be avoided at all coats.

Friedman and Rosenman referred to those people who were unlikely to have a heart attack as a. individuals with a psychosomatic illness. b. individuals with hypochondria. c. Type A personalities. d. Type B personalities.

d. Type B personalities.

____ is illustrated by the fact that many Americans were traumatized as a consequence of watching media coverage of the September 11th terrorist attacks and by the fact that people who counsel traumatized victims of sexual abuse sometimes become traumatized themselves. a. higher order acquisition b. Instrumental, or operant conditioning. c. Response chaining d. Vicarious, or secondhand conditioning

d. Vicarious, or secondhand conditioning

When Jess is asked to hand the speech pathologist a spoon, he hands her the cup. The stroke most likely damaged a. broker's area b. the amygdala c. the hypothalamus d. Wernicke's area

d. Wernicke's area

Jan and her husband Dean are going on a vacation to the beach. Jan wants to lie on the beach and read a good book, while Dean wants to scuba dive and surf. Jan appears to be , while Dean appears to be . a. self-actualized; fixated b. fixated; self-actualized c. a high sensation seeker; a low sensation seeker d. a low sensation seeker; a high sensation seeker

d. a low sensation seeker; a high sensation seeker

Rogers emphasized that to maximize our potentials, we must a. experience conditions of worth. b. be true to ourselves even if we have to ignore the feelings of others. c. block, deny, or distort experiences that are threatening to our self-image. d. accept information about ourselves as honestly as possible.

d. accept information about ourselves as honestly as possible.

When a neural impulse is occurring within a neuron, we say that a(n) ____ is occurring. a.resting potential. b.equilibrium potential. c.state of potential nerve energy. d.action potential.

d. action potential

The correct order of the stages in the general adaptation syndrome (G.A.S.) are a. activation, maintenance, resolution. b. alarm, exhaustion, maintenance. c. activation, resistance, resolution. d. alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

d. alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

According to Table 5.3 in your textbook, the drugs that are classified as sedative-hypnotics include which of the following? a. alcohol b. barbiturates c. GHB d. all of these

d. all of these

Autosuggestion can alter a. behaviors b. sensations and perceptions c. thoughts and feelings d. all of these

d. all of these

Conditions that contribute to depression among college students include a. having high aspirations and little prior experience with failure. b. lacking basic skills necessary for academic success and being afraid of failure. c. students leaving their support groups behind. d. all of these.

d. all of these

Consciousness includes awareness of all of the following EXCEPT:* a. external events b. internal sensations c. self d. all of these

d. all of these

Credentials of counselors may be checked and other helpful information can be obtained from local branches of organizations, such as a. the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. b. the National Mental Health Association. c. the Canadian Psychological Association. d. all of these.

d. all of these

In general, helping behavior in emergency situations is discouraged by a.fear of cognitive dissonance. b. low costs associated with helping. c. the presence of a large number of persons. d. all of these

d. all of these

Therapists seek to restore or promote a. the capacity to forgive oneself for mistakes b. adaptive coping skills c. interpersonal communication skills d. all of these

d. all of these

Treatment for anorexia includes a. a medical diet to restore weight and health. b. the use of drugs to relieve obsessive fears of gaining weight. c. helping patients work on the emotional conflicts that led to weight loss. d. all of these

d. all of these

Most stage hypnotists get people to do strange things because a. the "hypnotized" volunteers don't want to "spoil the act" while on stage. b. the volunteers can act silly without fear or embarrassment since they are "hypnotized." c. the audience response tends to bring out the "ham" in the volunteers. d. all of these factors are involved.

d. all of these factors are involved.

To assess personality, psychologists tend to use a. interviews. b. observation. c. questionnaires and projective tests. d. all of these in combination.

d. all of these in combination.

Among other things, the scientific method is based on a. a careful collection of evidence. b. accurate descriptions and c. measurements. repeatable results. d. all of these.

d. all of these.

Good health-promoting behaviors include a. not smoking cigarettes. b. no more than two alcoholic drinks per day. c. providing for periods of relaxation every day. d. all of these.

d. all of these.

Charles Darwin and psychologists consider human emotional expressions a. outside of the determining forces of evolution. b. totally unique and different than the expressions exhibited by other species. c. to be learned through classical conditioning. d. an adaptive means of communicating one's feelings to others.

d. an adaptive means of communicating one's feelings to others.

An in-depth focus on a single individual best describes the a. single-blind experiment b. double-blind experiment c. correlation method d. case study

d. case study

Which of the following are area-wide education projects designed that inform people of the risks of stress, alcohol abuse, STDs, etc.; provide role models for people to improve their health; and direct people to services for health screening, advice, and treatment? a. university-based health awareness projects b. longitudinal screening programs c. cross-cultural health promotionals d. community health campaigns

d. community health campaigns

The part of the neuron that specializes in receiving messages from other neurons is the a. axon b. nerve c. neuron d. dendrite

d. dendrite

The negative impact of shortening psychiatric hospitalization has been to a.allow the less severe patients better access to mental health care. b.move patients into situations involving treatment by paraprofessionals. c. cost states large amounts of money for added care in half-way houses. d. discharge many chronic patients into hostile communities without adequate care.

d. discharge many chronic patients into hostile communities without adequate care.

The American Psychological Association urges media psychologists to a. obtain more personal information from the caller before diagnosing the problem. b. stop conducting any kind of call-in shows. c. provide their services for free. d. discuss problems in a general manner, instead of counseling.

d. discuss problems in a general manner, instead of counseling.

Some researchers believe schizophrenia results from brain receptors becoming super-responsive to normal amounts of a. serotonin b. acetylcholine c. schizotoxin d. dopamine

d. dopamine

If you vote for candidates who support environmental causes, this represents which component of your attitude? a. action component b. belief component c. status component d. emotional component

d. emotional component

Assume that a supervisor tells an employee to falsify information for tax purposes. The employee would prefer not to do anything dishonest but is hesitant to disobey. Milgram's studies suggest the employee will be most likely to disobey if the a. supervisor gives the order in person. b. supervisor is not a person of particularly high status. c. supervisor is only the employee's immediate superior. d. employee knows that another employee has refused.

d. employee knows that another employee has refused.

According to Sternberg, the form of love that only includes commitment is referred to as a. companionate love b. empty love b. liking d. nonlove

d. empty love

According to Sternberg, the form of love that only includes commitment is referred to as a. consummate love b. liking c. fatuous love d. empty love

d. empty love

Your niece has a temper tantrum in the store when she is shopping. If you buy her a toy you are a. being kind. b. being practical c. discouraging more destructive behaviors. d. encouraging more tantrums

d. encouraging more tantrums

Person low in sensation seeking tend to a. be more likely to smoke b. be more likely to engage in casual unprotected sex c. prefer sour crunchy foods d. enjoy the company of others

d. enjoy the company of others

In Nazi Germany, obedient soldiers, who had once been average citizens helped slaughter more than six million people in concentration camps. When confronted with this atrocious act, many of the soldiers rationalized that they were just following orders, that is they a. succumbed to legitimate persuasion from their superiors. b. exhibited passive compliance to the Nazi command. c. exhibited false attribution to their country. d. exhibited excessive obedience to an authority.

d. exhibited excessive obedience to an authority.

A psychologist visiting a classroom concludes that one of the children is depressed because the child is quiet and unresponsive. Actually, the child has the flu. The psychologist has made what error? a. failure to distinguish correlation from causation b.failure to use experimental controls c.failure to obtain a representative sample d.failure to distinguish inference from observation

d. failure to distinguish inference from observation

Hypnosis has been shown to be very useful a. as a way of controlling pain. b. in helping people make better progress during therapy. c. as a tool for inducing relaxation. d. for all of these

d. for all of these

Which of the following is NOT one of the three mental structures that Freud stated composed one's personality? a. ego b. super ego c. id d. ideal self

d. ideal self

According to social learning theory, ____ refers to the child's emotional attachment to admired adults, especially those who provide love and care. a. basic anxiety b. immitation c. self- reinforcement d. identification

d. identification

Marla believes herself to be hardworking, conscientious, and a team player; but when she received her job evaluations from her employer and peers, she was shocked to learn that she was not viewed as hardworking or as a team player. According to Rogers, Marla is experiencing a. organismic valuing. b. moral anxiety c. neurotic anxiety. d. incongruence

d. incongruence

In a(n) ____, direct questioning is used to learn about a person's life history, personality traits, or current mental state. a. behavioral assessment b. situational test c. personality questionnaire assessment d. interview

d. interview

"In laboratory situations and elsewhere, helplessness can be reversed by procedures that" a. arrange successful experiences. b. "involve forcibly ""dragging"" subjects into the ""safe"" compartment." c. produce feelings of control over the environment. d. involve all of these.

d. involve all of these.

The mental exercise known as meditation a. focuses attention. b. interrupts the typical flow of thoughts, worries, and analysis. c. reduce physical tensions and anxiety d. is characterized by all of these

d. is characterized by all of these

Sleep a. is an innate biological rhythm b. is necessary for life c. may give way temporarily in times of great danger d. is characterized by all of these

d. is characterized by all of these

If you are overweight or need to quit smoking, you should do all of the following EXCEPT a. decide to start healthier habits and get your friends to join you. b. develop friends in a healthier crowd. c. learn refusal skills. d. isolate yourself from your friends until you completely change your unhealthy behavior.

d. isolate yourself from your friends until you completely change your unhealthy behavior.

According to Freud, children from age six to puberty experience a quiet, settled time when psychosexual development is dormant. This is the ____ period. a.anal b. phallic c. oral d. latency

d. latency

The obvious and visible aspects of a dream comprise its a. conscious core b. latent content c. lucid content d. manifest content

d. manifest content

Gordon has been feeling fatigued at work and has been experiencing more backaches and neck aches. He goes to his doctor, hoping he can diagnose his condition and prescribe some medicine that will alleviate his problems? Gordon's view of health fits the a. biopsychosocial model b. hypochondriasis perspective c. mind-body perspective d. medical model

d. medical model

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is characterized by a. disorientation occurring as each of the four seasons ends. b. exaggerated sensitivity to the temperature extremes of summer and winter. c. a lasting and disabling depression related to decreased exposure to sunlight. d. moodiness during the holiday season.

d. moodiness during the holiday season.

Ashley seems to fall asleep in the middle of a conversation. She has even suffered one of these sleep attacks while standing. She is likely to suffer from the sleep disturbance referred to as a. sleepwalking disorder. b. hypersomnia. c. insomnia. d. narcolepsy.

d. narcolepsy.

Large bundles of axons and dendrites visible to the unaided eye are a. neurons b. protons c. electrons d. nerves

d. nerves

Acceptable behavior in most situations is defined by society, as a whole, through the broadest set of a. comparison levels b. group structures c. standardization levels d. norms

d. norms

Covert behavior is a. anything a person does. b. only those things a person does which you can see. c. only those things which can be recorded by a camera. d. only those things which are not observable by others.

d. only those things which are not observable by others.

The concept that best explains persistence at gambling is a. fixed ratio reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. operant reinforcement d. partial reinforcement

d. partial reinforcement

Abe and Sandy have deep emotional and sexual feelings for each other, which Sternberg referred to as a. a sexual commitment b. intimacy c. romance d. passion

d. passion

Which of the following is NOT a likely factor in the development of schizophrenia? a. biochemical abnormalities b. complications at birth c. father's age at time of conception d. phenothiazines

d. phenothiazines

Which of the following disorders may be added to the DSM-V but is not currently found in the DSM-IV-TR? a. bipolar disorder b. gender identify disorder c. neurosis d. post-traumatic embitterment disorder

d. post-traumatic embitterment disorder

Which of following is a psychological disturbance lasting more than one month following stresses that would produce anxiety in anyone who experienced them? a. acute stress disorder b. agorophobia c. dissociative disorder d. post-traumatic stress disorder

d. post-traumatic stress disorder

"Pam is looking forward to the weekend, but her boss needs her to stay late on Friday and come in on Saturday morning in order to rewrite a report from another employee. This report must get to the main office by Monday. With this unexpected work and short deadline, Pam can be expected to be feeling the element of stress known as" a. burnout. b. conflict. c. eustress. d. pressure

d. pressure.

"If you are facing a controllable stressor, it is best to use" a. defense mechanisms. b. primary process thinking. c. emotion-focused coping. d. problem-focused coping.

d. problem-focused coping.

The tension-release method is another name for a. daily exercise sessions of ten minutes each at least three times a day. b. guided imagery. c. stress inoculation. d. progressive relaxation.

d. progressive relaxation.

In a self-management program, self-recording a. involves setting goals and readjusting them. b. is only effective if extra rewards are utilized. c. is only effective if the Premack principle is utilized. d. provides feedback and lets you know if you are reaching your goal.

d. provides feedback and lets you know if you are reaching your goal.

After reading a small amount of material in her textbook, Juanita pauses and rehearses what she has just read and tries to mentally answer the question, "What is the main idea here?" Juanita also jots down brief notes on what she has just read. Juanita is engaged in which of the six steps of the SQ4R method? a. survey b. sequence c. review d. recite

d. recite

The basic tools a person has available to control simple learning include a. acquisition b. cognitive modeling c. generalization d. reinforcement

d. reinforcement

If a personality test measures consistently every time it is given, we say that the test is a. projective. b. valid. c. objective. d. reliable.

d. reliable.

After Hurricane Katrina, Cindy was found walking by the roadside. She could not remember how she got to this place. She was taken to the local hospital where they found that she had no physical trauma to the brain nor any major injuries besides the emotional trauma she had obviously experienced. According to Freud, the details of her experiences in the hurricane have been a. fixated at the subconscious level. b. physically altered by a rush of endorphins. c. psychogenically blocked within her preconscious mind. d. repressed into her unconscious mind.

d. repressed into her unconscious mind.

A linked series of actions that lead to reinforcement is the definition of which of the following concepts? a. acquisition and recovery b. biofeedback c. fixed action patterns d. response chaining

d. response chaining

Psychodrama participants engage in all of the following EXCEPT a. role reversal. b. role-playing. c. mirror technique. d. role engagement.

d. role engagement.

Sharing your own private thoughts and feelings with others is called a. dialectical autonomy b. introspection c. self assertion d. self disclosure

d. self disclosure

The process of fully developing personal potentials is referred to as the view that a. self-esteem b. self efficay c. self-concept d. self-actualization

d. self-actualization

"After coming to the U.S., Marta continued to speak only Portuguese and only interacted with others who had also immigrated from Brazil. She remains almost completely isolated from the American society in which she now resides. Marta's pattern of acculturation would be classified as ____ and her acculturative stress level as ____." a. assimilation; moderate b. integration; low c. marginalization; high d. separation; high

d. separation; high

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are a. adolescent growth phases that a few women go through and that disappear later. b. classified as psychotic behavior. c. temporary side effects of dieting d. serious health threatening problems.

d. serious health threatening problems.

Teaching your cat to turn on the living room lights would best be accomplished by a. punishment b. negative reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. shaping

d. shaping

CT scans and MRI scans both suggest that the brains of schizophrenics have a. become swelled by excess fluid. b. become overactive in the frontal lobes. c. tightly-packed surface fissures. d. shrunk (atraphied)

d. shrunk (atraphied)

The founder of psychoanalytic psychology was a. Philip Zimbardo b. Solomon Asch c. Stanley Schacter d. Sigmund Freud

d. sigmund freud

Some of the recently popular "reality TV" programs, such as Survivor, American Idol and The Amazing Race, bear some similarity to ____, since the participants' personality characteristics are revealed as they are exposed to frustrations, temptations, pressure, and boredom. a. a projective test b. behavioral assessment c. the MMPI d. situational testing

d. situational testing

Confusion, disorientation, delusions, and hallucinations are characteristic of a. microsleep b. REM sleep c. sleep apnea d. sleep deprivation psychosis

d. sleep deprivation psychosis

You are practicing your guitar alone in your dorm room when your roommate and another student from down the hall walk in and motion for you to keep going. If you are confident in your musical skill, you are more likely to perform better with these two people present, according to the principle of a. indirect obedience b. group conformity c. social compliance d. social facilitation

d. social facilitation

The brief return of an operant response after extinction is known as a. Operant stimulus discrimination b. operant stimulus generalization c. Operant disinhibition d. spontaneous recovery

d. spontaneous recovery

A hour after you go to sleep, a loud noise awakens you. You emerge from sleep totally confused and do not remember the loud noise. You were in which stage of sleep? a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. stage 4

d. stage 4

As a sleep researcher is monitoring you, he notices that your brain waves are showing almost all delta waves. He awakens you at this point, and you awaken in a complete state of confusion. You are most likely in which stage of sleep? a. Stage 1 of NREM b. Stage 2 of NREM c. Stage 3 of NREM d. Stage 4 of NREM

d. stage 4 of NREM

Nicotine is classified as a a. depressant b. hallucinogen c. psychoactive drug d. stimulant

d. stimulant

We pick up phones that are ringing, but rarely answer phones that are silent, and we go when the light is green, not when it is red. These are examples of a. operant extinction. b. resistance to extinction c. stimulus generalization. d. stimulus control

d. stimulus control

In practice, which of the following explains most instances in which people voluntarily seek professional help? a. law enforcement involvement b. parental urgings c. social nonconformity d. subjective discomfort

d. subjective discomfort

As Wundt studied vision, hearing, taste, touch, memory, and time perception, he insisted on the use of measurement and a. common sense reasoning b. comparative phrenology c. intuitive analysis d. systematic observation

d. systematic observation

A doctor activates the surface of the brain by touching it with a small electrified wire and the patient tells the doctor what effect the stimulation had. Which of the following is TRUE regarding this procedure? a. The doctor is using EEG to stimulate brain structures. b. The doctor is performing an ablation. c. This procedure is impossible because patients cannot be awake during brain procedures. d. The doctor is using an electrode to "turn on" brain structures.

d. the doctor is using an electrode to "turn on" brain structures

In an experiment to study the effects of study skills training on academic achievement, the study skills training would be a. the conclusion b. the dependent variable c. the hypothesis d. the independent variable

d. the independent variable

A student can expect the teacher to answer his questions more completely if he comes to her office during her office hours than asking her the questions in the cafeteria. Learning to expect that a particular response will have a certain effect at one time and not another illustrates a. operant desensitization. b. Thorndike's law of association. c. the interactionist view of operant conditioning. d. the informational view of operant conditioning.

d. the informational view of operant conditioning.

It is wise to remember when listening to phone-in radio psychologists that a. adequate counseling, whatever the problem, can be done very briefly by a talented therapist. b. the solutions given one listener apply to all others who have similar concerns or problems. c. therapy offered on the phone is the same as one receives when talking with any counselor. d. the listener, like any consumer, must beware.

d. the listener, like any consumer, must beware.

A friend asks you to bring dip to a party, and you agree. Then, your friend adds that you need to make at least two quarts of it and bring at least three bowls to serve it in and three bags of chips. This party planner has used which compliance strategy on you? a. the door-in-the-face effect b. the hidden agenda effect c. the highball technique d. the lowball technique

d. the lowball technique

A friend asks you to bring dip to a party, and you agree. Then, your friend adds that you need to make at least two quarts of it and bring at least three bowls to serve it in and three bags of chips. This party planner has used which compliance strategy on you? a. the hidden agenda effect b. the highball technique c. the door-in-the-face effect d. the lowball technique

d. the lowball technique

Sometimes in a drug study, the experimental group given the actual drug and the control group given the inactive substance both initially show improvement. This is due to a. a biased sample b. a random assignment of subjects c. the barnum effect d. the placebo effect

d. the placebo effect

A person has fainted and collapsed on the sidewalk. Latané and Darley suggest that if the sidewalk is crowded, few people will even see the person due to a. most people's view of the person lying on the sidewalk being blocked by others b. people naturally not wanting to get involved c. the dehumanizing effects of contemporary life d. the widely-accepted norms against staring at others in public.

d. the widely-accepted norms against staring at others in public

Placebos have such a strong effect on people because a. their impact is immediate. b. only medical doctors can prescribe them. c. their impact is long-term. d. they alter conscious and unconscious expectations.

d. they alter conscious and unconscious expectations.

Jorge goes to a psychologist who will identify, classify, and analyze his underlying personality factors, that is, his biological predispositions to behave. Jorge's psychologist is utilizing the __________ approach. a. behavioristic b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. trait

d. trait

Drugs with names like Xanax, Halcion, and Valium are a. antipsychotics b. barbiturates c. hallucinogens d. tranquilizers

d. tranquilizers

The unconditioned stimulus, by definition, leads to a(n) a. classic response b. conditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. unconditioned response

d. unconditioned response

John was a POW in Vietnam. He was placed in a tiny cell and was beaten and verbally abused on a daily basis. This treatment is a part of which phase of brainwashing being utilized by his captors? a. change b. dissonant c. freezing d. unfreezing

d. unfreezing

A major disadvantage of projective tests is that a. they are of little use to clinical psychologists. b. they are unstructured. c. scoring is highly involved and overly objective. d. validity and objectivity are typically low.

d. validity and objectivity are typically low.

We spend most of our lives in ____, which is organized, meaningful, and clear. a. altered state of consciousness b. conscious c. sleep d. waking consciousness

d. waking consciousness

"In a technique called mirroring, a wife who was upset about fights with her husband would" a. act out the role of her husband in a therapeutic setting. b. play her typical role in the therapeutic setting. c. re-enact fights with her husband in the presence of other group members. d. watch as another group member acted out her role in the fight.

d. watch as another group member acted out her role in the fight.

What effect do neurotransmitters from one neuron have on the next neuron? a.They have no effect. b.They excite it. c.They inhibit it. d.They may excite or inhibit it.

d.They may excite or inhibit it.

The branching fibers of the ____ end in ____ and link with parts of other neurons. a.soma; somatic membranes b.nucleus; nucleic dampers c.dendrite; dendritic arcs d.axon; axon terminals

d.axon; axon terminals

The technique of stress inoculation a. has been shown to reduce anxiety and depression and increase self-esteem. b. involves practicing a monologue of internal positive coping statements. c. involves learning to identify and monitor negative self-statements. d.is characterized by all of these.

d.is characterized by all of these.

"During the Middle Ages, treatments for mental illness in Europe focused on ____, which blamed abnormal behavior on supernatural forces, such as possession by the devil, and on curses from witches and wizards."

demonlogy

Alcohol, barbiturates, GHB, and benzodiazepine tranquilizers are all classified as

depressants

*"Many psychoanalysts have switched to brief psychodynamic therapy, which uses ____ to reveal unconscious conflicts."

direct questioning

Freud considered the distinction between manifest content and latent content essential for

dream analysis

When drugs like barbiturates or tranquilizers are mixed with alcohol, their effects are multiplied, due to a(n)

drug interaction

If the ventromedial hypothalamus of a rat's hypothalamus is destroyed, the rat will

eat until it becomes obese

You discuss your feelings of loneliness with the psychologist, who responds by having you consider how your own behaviors contribute and reinforce your loneliness, how your early childhood relationship with your parents influences current relationships, and how your distorted self-image may inhibit you from seeking new relationships. This psychologist is most likely

eclectic

*A CER is a(n) ____ response that has been linked to a previously ____ stimulus by classical conditioning.

emotional; non-emotional

The ____ view is considered reductionistic and mechanistic and seeks to explain behavior through the principles of natural selection. behavioristic evolutionary freudian informational

evolutionary

Professional football players watch hours of videos of their game performance analyzed by their coaches. This is an example of the use of ____ to improve performance.

feedback

Juan is paid $5 for every ten bags of "nuts and bolts" that he puts together, according to instructions. Juan is on a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed ratio

*example of a primary reinforcer

food

*According to Martin Seligman, ____ can be cultivated by using the strengths we already possess, including kindness, originality, humor, optimism, and generosity.

happiness

People with drug addiction may find it nearly impossible to resist the temptations for drug abuse in their daily lives without the use of

hospitalization

To be effective, punishment should be

immediate

*The basic tools available to control simple learning work best when used

in combination

Positive reinforcement ____ responding; negative reinforcement ____ responding.

increase; increase

*Whenever you are trying to learn a complex skill, ____ will improve learning and performance.

increased feedback

According to Plutchik, ____ is a mixture of love, anger, and fear.

jealousy

According to the ____, learning is strengthened each time a response is followed by a satisfying state of affairs.

law of effect

There is a rare genetic defect in which a person has reduced ____ levels in his or her body, leading to obesity.

leptin

*External markers like ____ help set 24-hour sleep rhythms.

light and darkness

You are struggling to stay awake while driving and realize that you may have "dozed off" for a few seconds. This shift in your brain activity is called a. a sleep spindle b. a microsleep c. somnambulism d. a sensory deprivation a. a sleep spindle

microsleep

The ____ can be viewed as a link between the forebrain and the brainstem.

midbrain

Arousal is ____ during normal daily activities and ____ at times of excitement, emotion, or panic.

moderate; hight

Zelda is experiencing more and more blind spots in her vision as her inoperable brain tumor increases. The brain tumor would be in her

occipital lobe

*"Those who decide that no one will ever love them again because they have been rejected by a ""significant other"" and are, therefore, unlovable and completely worthless are illustrating"

overgeneralization

John recently took what he thought was a pain reliever and reports less shoulder pain. However, the pill he took was only a sugar pill. This best illustrates the

placebo effect

*In response to experience, new synapses form between neurons, and other connections grow stronger. These changes in the brain due to experience illustrate the brain's

plasticity

If you study to achieve an A, you are studying because of ____, while studying to relieve your fear of making an F involves ____.

positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

*To produce extinction in the traditional Pavlovian experiment, an experimenter would

present the bell alone

*Michael's psychologist believes that Michael's depression is due to unconscious struggles he is experiencing over the relationship he had as a child with his hypercritical but overprotective mother. Michael's psychologist emphasizes the ____ theory of personality.

psychodynamic

*____ is important in psychological research in order to disseminate results to the scientific community.

publishing

After receiving a ticket for speeding, you stop speeding. The reason you stop speeding is due to

punishment

REM is the acronym that stands for

rapid eye movement

*A(n) ____ is a dependable, inborn stimulus-and-response connection.

reflex

*According to evolutionary theorists, mate selection can be attributed to which of the following?

reproductive challenges

A sleepy driver rounds a bend and sees a deer standing in the road. The driver snaps to attention and applies the brakes because his ____ aroused the rest of his brain and helped him avert an accident.

reticular activating system

The ____ is a network of fibers and cell bodies that lie inside the medulla and brainstem and is associated with attention, alertness, and some reflexes, such as sneezing and coughing. a. axon b. hippocampus c. medulla d.reticular formation

reticular formation

Pavlov's most famous experiment involved teaching dogs to ____ to a new stimulus.

salivate

Meridian Community College has a total of 4,000 students. One hundred of these students are surveyed about the programs offered at the college. The 100 students surveyed would constitute the

sample

Limited emotion and a lack of interest in achieving close personal relationships with others is characteristic of what personality disorder? a. antisocial b. avoidant c. paranoid d. schizoid

schizoid

*Brief ____ appears to be one of the surest ways to induce deep relaxation.

sensory deprivation

The most universally recognized facial expression is

smiling

"Patients are randomly assigned to a therapy treatment group, while the other patients are placed on a waiting list. If members of this control group, who were placed on a waiting list and received no treatment, improved at the same rate as those in the experimental therapy group, we could conclude that ____ was responsible for improvement of the patients."

spontaneous remission

*The learned ability to respond differently to various stimuli is known as

stimulus discrimination

Curiosity and exploration are ____ motives, while thirst and hunger are ____ motives.

stimulus; primary

The town of Indianola, Mississippi, wants to know what the community thinks about building a high-tech movie theatre. Increased taxes will be used to pay for the new theatre. Therefore, elected officials are mailing out questionnaires to determine public opinion about the theatre and the use of increased taxes to pay for it. Which type of research method are they using?

survey

Your instructor announces a "pop" test. You have not read the chapter yet. Your heart and breathing rate increases, and your mouth becomes dry. Which nervous system was responsible for this reaction? a.autonomic b. nervous c. parasympathetic d. sympathetic

sympathetic

The tiny gaps separating neurons from one another and across which information must be transmitted are known as

synapses

A person will "hear" a series of sounds when which area of the cortex is electrically stimulated? a. frontal lobe b. occipital lobe c. parietal lobe d. temporal lobe

temporal lobe

The brain structure that is part of the forebrain and acts as a relay to sort and send sensory information to the cerebral cortex is the a. cerebellum b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus d. thalamus

thalamus

A selection committee was interviewing applicants for a new position in the media department of the college. The psychologist on the committee found it very interesting that a majority of the committee believed that the applicant who was a former beauty queen was the most intelligent, likeable, and socially skilled of all the applicants, although two of the other candidates had considerably more education and experience with college publications. The majority of the committee is exhibiting

the fundamental attributional error

Criticisms of Freud's developmental theory have centered on a. the over-emphasis on sexuality in personality development. b. Freud's treatment of father-daughter relationship. c. the need for a stern or threatening mother in the development of conscience. d. the unimportance of the first years of life in the formation of personality.

the over-emphasis on sexuality in personality development.

**Questions about the behavior of large groups of people are often best answered with

the survey method

*An obsession is an unwanted ____, while a compulsion is an unwanted ____.

thought; behavior

____ people have personality traits that increase their chance of suffering a heart attack, while ____ people take a more laid-back approach to life.

type A; Type B

*In psychology, the term personality implies that individual patterns of behavior are both stable and

unique

*A(n)____ is any condition that can change and that might affect the outcome of the experiment.

variable

*According to Freud, if a lonely person dreams of romance and a student who is angry with a teacher dreams of embarrassing the teacher in class, these would examples of

wish fulfillment