Psychology Final

Whenever Mr. Redding catches himself saying, "This pain is ruining my life," he is supposed to immediately tell himself, "STOP! I am in control of my pain." This pain management technique is known as _____ restructuring.

cognitive

Counseling psychologists are more likely than clinical psychologists to practice in:

colleges

_____ are light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina that are responsible for sharp focus and color perception, particularly in bright light, and are concentrated on the part of the retina called the fovea.

cones

Darnell underwent surgery to control his severe epilepsy. Now, however, Darnell cannot form new memories of his experiences, although he does remember events in the past. Most likely, the surgery destroyed a portion of the _____ in Darnell's brain.

hippocampus

Kendra is combining the results of a number of experiments to yield an overall conclusion. Kendra is performing a _____.

meta-analysis

You are sitting in a stationary train at a busy station. Suddenly, you feel like you are slowly sliding backward as the train next to you begins to pull out. This illusion reflects the operation of the _____ cue of _____.

monocular; motion parallax

From the window of an office on a skyscraper's 90th floor, taxis on the street look tiny. Of course, you know they are not toy cars; you are just really far up. This example illustrates the _____ cue of _____.

monocular; relative size

The bones of the middle ear include each of the following EXCEPT the:

pinna

A key component of the endocrine system is the tiny _____ gland, which is found near—and regulated by—the _____ in the brain.

pituitary; hypothalamus

A hypothesis is best defined as a

prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested

Anna is reading her psychology text. The activation of receptors in her retina by a source of physical energy is called _____.

sensation

According to the text, _____ may play a role in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

sleep apnea

_____ constancy is a phenomenon in which physical objects are perceived as unvarying and consistent despite changes in their appearance or in the physical environment.

Perceptual

Which of the following statements concerning the representation of racial and ethnic minorities among American psychologists is TRUE?

The number of minority members entering the field is higher than it was 10 years ago

_____ such as dexedrine and benzedrine, are popularly known as speed.

Amphetamines

Why are control groups included in experiments?

To ascertain cause-and-effect relationships

Which of the following most closely approximates the meaning of the term noise as psychophysicists use it?

Any distraction

Which of the following structures is especially important for carrying messages received by the dendrites to other neurons?

Axon

Which of the following descriptive research methods is incorrectly matched with an advantage?

Case study— it controls any of the factors of interest

Which of the following areas is CORRECTLY matched with its description?

Clinical neuropsychology: focuses on the biological origin of psychological disorders

_____ psychology focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language.

Cognitive

Which of the following subfields of psychology is CORRECTLY matched with a sample topic?

Cognitive psychology: the influence of on event on people's thinking

Which of the following treatments for pain is most effective for people who continually say to themselves, "This pain will never stop," "The pain is ruining my life"?

Cognitive restructuring

Which of the following is the final step in the scientific method?

Communicating the findings

Irving has noticed a pattern: The more alcohol people drink, the more aggressive they seem to be. Which research method is aimed at verifying a relationship between two variables?

Correlational research

A positive correlation indicates that:

as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other increases.

For men, binge drinking is defined as having _____ drinks in one sitting

five or more

Clinical neuropsychology:

focuses on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors

Compare your forearm, palm, knuckles, and fingers to a neuron. In such an analogy, the axon would be your:

forearm

Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species was published in:

1859

Wundt began operating the first psychology lab in _____.

1879

Of the NREM sleep stages, stage _____ is the longest.

2

How many basic types of taste are there?

4-5

According to the text, the DARE program is used in approximately _____ of the school districts in the U. S.

80%

Which of the following is not a component of informed consent?

A detailed explanation of the study and its procedures

Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between a theory and a hypothesis?

A theory is broader than a hypothesis

Which of the following is an advantage of archival research?

Data collection is easy because data already exists

Dr. O'Malley is informing participants before he begins the experiment that their participation is completely voluntary and that they can stop taking part at any time. Dr. Hensley is providing a detailed explanation of the study to participants who have just completed participating in the study. Which of the following statements is true?

Dr. O'Malley is obtaining informed consent from his participants. Dr. Hensley is debriefing her participants

Central State University's Department of Psychology is considering expanding its doctoral program to include an additional specialty. The department wants to focus on a "growth" area likely to attract federal research funding, as well as up-and-coming new faculty and bright, passionate graduate students. Which of the following specialties should the department consider most closely?

Evolutionary psychology

_____ is an early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments.

Functionalism

Which of the following locations is associated with the formal beginning of psychology?

Germany

Which of the following statements is most accurate with respect to the role of gestalt psychology in contemporary psychology?

Gestalt psychology no longer plays a prominent role, but the Gestaltists' focus on the organization of perceptual elements remains influential

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of events in an experiment?

Informed consent → experiment → debriefing

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges structures from the largest and most inclusive to the smallest and most specific?

Inner ear → semicircular canals → otoliths

_____ is a procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus.

Introspection

Which psychologist is INCORRECTLY matched with an associated perspective?

Karen Horney; cognitive

Using a sample of young adolescents, Dr. Nguyen finds a correlation of +.55 between scores on a measure of neglectful or uninvolved parenting and scores on a measure of delinquent behavior. Which of the following might Dr. Nguyen legitimately conclude?

Parenting that is more neglectful is related to a higher degree of delinquent behavior

Regarding mirror neurons, which of the following statements is ACCURATE?

Mirror neurons are involved in empathy and language acquisition, but not in face recognition.

Four-year old DeMarcus falls asleep shortly after his 8:30 p.m. bedtime. At about 9:45, he suddenly sits up in bed, breathing rapidly and appearing to be in a state of sheer panic. DeMarcus is experiencing:

Night terrors

Which of the following ear structures is correctly matched with an auditory or body sense?

Semicircular canals; rotational or angular motion of the body

_____ psychologists concentrate on diverse topics such as human aggression, liking and loving, persuasion, and conformity.

Social

_____ is a condition in which exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one.

Synesthesia

Which of the following is true of "supertasters"?

They find sweets sweeter, cream creamier, and spicy dishes spicier

The trichromatic theory was first proposed by _____. The opponent-process theory was first proposed by _____.

Thomas Young; Ewald Hering

It is the year 2029. At the American Psychological Association's annual conference, a special keynote address commemorates the 150th anniversary of an historic event in psychology's early days. Which of the following is the event celebrated in the address?

Wundt's operation of the first psychology laboratory

Irv can't sleep, so he makes himself a cup of warm milk. Will this work?

Yes. Milk contains tryptophan, which promotes sleep.

Dr. Gigliotti is conducting an in-depth, intensive investigation of a patient with dissociative identity disorder. He uses psychological tests and interviews to better understand the patient. Dr. Gigliotti is undertaking:

a case study

DeAndre is recording instances of physical aggression among children in a schoolyard at recess. DeAndre is undertaking:

a naturalistic observation

A _____ threshold is the stimulus intensity that is detected 50% of the time.

absolute

Caffeine mimics the effects of a natural brain chemical called:

adenosine

Dr. Carruthers is using crime statistics available in a federal database as part of a study. Dr. Carruthers is conducting a

archival research

Research in which existing data, such as census documents, college records, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a hypothesis is known as _____.

archival research

As compared to cones, rods:

are highly sensitive to light

Akira has declared psychology as his major. He will be studying:

behavior and mental processes

Penny is a recovering drug addict. Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of her environment—"people, places, and things"—on her use of her drug of choice. Her program reflects the _____ perspective in psychology.

behavioral

Dr. Schilling is investigating the potential genetic basis of antisocial personality disorder by examining the relative prevalence of the disorder among either identical or fraternal twins, raised either together or in different families. Dr. Schilling is best described as a _____.

behavioral geneticist

Dr. Alvarez studies how the degeneration of certain components of nerve cells in the brain might contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis. Dr. Alvarez's work BEST exemplifies the _____ subfield of psychology.

behavioral neuroscience

Mrs. Simon has learned to lessen the pain associated with her migraine headaches by voluntarily relaxing specific muscles and reducing her blood pressure. This example illustrates:

biofeedback

Race is to ethnicity what _____ is to _____.

biology; culture

Experimental research is to correlational research what _____ is to _____.

cause; association

As an action potential occurs, the neuron's electrical charge:

changes from negative to positive

Amplitude range is measured in _____.

decibels

A cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons is called:

dendrite

In an experiment, the _____ variable is measured and is expected to change due to the experimenter's manipulation.

dependent

A major function of the ganglion cells is to:

detect variations in light and darkness.

Free will stands in contrast to _____.

determinism

A snack manufacturer realizes that he must increase the salt content of his company's chips by 3% in order for a sample of consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before. This example most nearly illustrates the concept of a

difference threshold

In a _____ both the participant and the experimenter who interacts with the participant is unaware of the nature of the drug that is being administered.

double-blind procedure

Dr. Gremillion argues that dreams function to focus on and consolidate memories. They represent concerns about our daily lives, illustrating our uncertainties, indecisions, ideas, and desires. Dr. Gremillion subscribes to the _____ theory of the function of dreams.

dreams-for-survival

Naturalistic observation entails:

examining behavior in the setting in which it typically occurs.

The neurotransmitter dopamine is involved in:

movement, attention, and learning.

Electrical wires are generally protected by a tube of plastic. A similar insulating function is performed in the nervous system by the:

myelin sheath

The approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions is known as the _____ perspective.

neuroscience

The humanistic perspective rejects the view that behavior reflects biological forces, unconscious processes, or the environment. In other words, it rejects the _____, _____, and _____ perspectives, respectively.

neuroscience; psychodynamic; behavioral

In a typical Latane and Darley "bystander" experiment, _____ is the independent variable and _____ is the dependent variable.

number of people present; whether the participant helps

The _____ nerve is a bundle of ganglion axons that carry visual information to the brain.

optic

An experimenter flips a coin for each participant and assigns the participant to one group when "heads" came up and to the other group when "tails" came up. This process is referred to as:

random assignment to condition

In order to study mind and behavior, psychologists:

rely on the scientific method

The part of the brain extending from the medulla through the pons and made up of groups of nerve cells that can immediately activate other parts of the brain to produce general bodily arousal is known as the _____.

reticular formation

The "fight-or-flight" response is associated with the _____ division.

sympathetic

Gustation is to olfaction what _____ is to _____.

taste; smell

The _____ is the part of the brain that is located in the middle of the central core and acts primarily to relay information about the senses.

thalamus

All of the following statements regarding REM sleep are true EXCEPT:

the activity of skeletal muscles increases during REM sleep

Suppose you stare at an illustration of the American flag for a while, then glance at a blank white page. The red stripes look green when you glance at the blank page because:

the receptor cells for the red component of the pairing become fatigued.

The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest is called:

the scientific method.

Currently, women earn _____ of new psychology doctorate degrees in the United States.

three-fourth

Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations is known as _____.

top-down processing

Experimental group is to control group what _____ is to _____.

treatment; no treatment

The _____ states that there are three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responds primarily to a specific range of wavelengths.

trichromatic theory of color vision

Behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change in some way are referred to as:

variables