Psychology-Final
Use your information to answer questions 5-7. You may NOT use a calculator or software programs for these questions. You may jot down the numbers on a piece of paper to calculate by hand if you wish. A group of students obtained these scores in a quiz: 10,6,8,6,5 What is the mean of these scores? (a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 6 (d) 5 (e) 8
(a) 7
Which of the following is NOT TRUE of systematic desensitization? (a) it reinforces avoidance coping (b) it was developed by a psychiatrist (c) it is effective for treating phobias (d) it is a type of behavior therapy) (e) all of these statements are true
(a) It reinforces avoidance coping
You read a headline on BuzzFeed that says..."More time spent on online dating leads to greater reports of heartbreak..." Your friends share this article with each other and say that they will spend less time engaging in online dating. You go and look up the actual research study and notice that is was a correlational study. You think to yourself--"Well maybe people who had been through a break up and experienced more heartbreak got on online dating websites and spent more time on them." Your explanation is an example of a __________ (a) reverse casualty explanation (b) confound explanation (c) third variable explanation (d) Spurious correlation explanation (e) Significance explanation
(a) Reverse casualty explanation
According to the lecture, men are considered to have fewer work options than women, due to the expectation that men should work full-time (a) True (b) False
(a) True
Early pubertal maturation has more negative consequences for girls than for boys (a) True (b) False
(a) True
Implicit memory is also called non-declarative memory (a) True (b) False
(a) True
Observer effect is the tendency for participants to modify their behavior because they are aware they are being observed. (a) True (b) False
(a) True
Women are more likely than men to de depressed (a) True (b) False
(a) True
Which of the following is TRUE about the human visual system? (a) When light enters eye and light is bent to form retinal image, the image is upside down (b) The iris decrease in size when we dim light (c) After leaving the eye, the visual information reaches a brain region called amygdala (d) Variation in light frequency determines brightness (e) Light waves are constant in amplitude, a concept referred to as perceptual constancy
(a) When light enters eye and light is bent to form retinal image, the image is upside down
The first psychology experiment was conducted by (a) Wilhelm Wundt (b) John B. Watson (c) Sigmund Freud (d) Mary Whiton Walkins (e) William James
(a) Wilhelm Wundt
The case study is a research method is which (a) a single individual is examined individually, in great depth (b) organisms are carefully observed in a laboratory environment (c) a representative sample of people are questioned regarding their opinions or behaviors (d) an investigator manipulates one or more variables that might affect behavior (e) observations take place in settings that make participants more comfortable
(a) a single individual is examined individually, in great depth
The first time that 10-year-old Sarah saw her older brother play a flute, she thought it was simply a large whistle. Sarah's initial understanding of the flute best illustrates the process of (a) assimilation (b) maturation (c) accommodation (d) conservation (e) schema
(a) assimilation
_____deliver messages away from the cell body to another neurons, muscles, or glands (a) axons (b) dendrites (c) neurotransmitter (d) myelin sheath (e) glial cells
(a) axons
As opposed to automatic processing,_____ refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious effort (a) effortful processing (b) consciousness (c) conditioned response (d) implicit memory (e) emotion activation
(a) effortful processing
Marlee was robbed at gunpoint is a parking garage. The robber was wearing strong cologne, and she refuses to go through the male fragrance departed at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction best illustrates. Select one: (a) generalization (b) shaping (c) operant conditioning (d) limitation (e) observational learning
(a) generalization
A positive correlation between college students' sleep duration and life satisfaction would indicate that: (a) longer sleep duration is associated with greater life satisfaction (b) experimental methods were used in the study (c) at least one case study is needed (d) college students are sleep deprived (e) sleeping longer causes greater life satisfaction
(a) longer sleep duration is associated with greater life satisfaction
Which of the following is NOT one of the required diagnostic criteria for autism (a) mental retardation (b) problems in social relationships (c) problems in social-emotional reciprocity (d) problems in social communication (e) restricted repertoire of interest/activities
(a) mental retardation
A key element that defines the field of psychology is (a) science (b) intuition (c) beliefs (d) mind reading (e) therapy
(a) science
Children lose teh ability to discriminate non-native phonemes by (a) 18 months (b) 2 months (c) 12 months (d) 6 months (e) 4 months
(b) 12 months
Use your information to answer questions 5-7. You may NOT use a calculator or software programs for these questions. You may jot down the numbers on a piece of paper to calculate by hand if you wish. A group of students obtained these scores in a quiz: 10,6,8,6,5 What is the mode of these scores? (a) 10 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 5 (e) 7
(b) 6
The term that refers to the idea that people's biological clocks may be set differently (morning-type vs evening-type) is: (a) Circadian rhythm (b) Chronotype (c) Climate habituation (d) Superchiaismatic nucleus (e) Latency
(b) Chronotype
According to lecture, men and women face different Eriksonian issues-men face the issue of work, and women face the issue of loving (a) True (b) False
(b) False
Approximately 10-20% of young adults who leave college prior to graduation do so because of a mental health condition (a) True (b) False
(b) False
Heuristics are less error-prone than algorithms (a) True (b) False
(b) False
In obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), obsession refers to unwanted, repeated actions/behaviors (a) True (b) False
(b) False
People with severe mental disorders are more likely to be perpetrators than victims of violent crime (a) True (b) False
(b) False
Placebo (fake pill to produce psychological effect) works just as well as actual medication in treating patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) (a) True (b) False
(b) False
The Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is currently in its third version (DSM-3) (a) True (b) False
(b) False
Titi is interested in researching whether taking a stretch break in the middle of class enhances student concentration in a 75 minute class. Titi comes into our psychology class and divides the student's into two groups to either engage in stretching and to not stretch. She tells the students who are sitting in the first 10 rows to stretch and those who are sitting in the last 10 rows to not stretch. This is an example of random assignments to groups. (a) True (b) False
(b) False
True or false? : Boredom makes you feel sleepy, even if you have had enough sleep? (a) True (b) False
(b) False
What is teh name of the first woman to be awarded a Ph.D in psychology? (a) Mary Whiton Calkins (b) Margaret Washburn (c) Patricia Greenfield (d) Cecilia Rogers (e) Frances Cecil Summer
(b) Margaret Washburn
Which scientific method of research is widely used to learn about a large number of people's opinions, behaviors, and attitudes? (a) observation (b) Survey (c) case study (d)interview (e) experimental
(b) Survey
5 year old Juan complained to his mom that the pizza was not big enough. Juan's mom cut the pizza into smaller slices. This made Juan happy, as he believed the pizza had become larger. Juan lacks the concept of (a) egocentrism (b) conservation (c) attachment (d) object permanence (e) assimilation
(b) conservation
Which of the following is true of the findings from Tsai et al's (2013) 8-year longitudinal study on family relationship from 9th grade to 4-year post high school? (a) family relationship changed during transition from high school to post-high school years (b) family relationship changed during transition from high school to post-high school years (c) sense of cohesion was stronger for fathers than for mothers (d) family relationship worsened after high school (e) family relationship changed linearly across the years
(b) family relationship changed during transition from high school to post-high school years
Shaping is a method used by Skinner to (a) explain how classical conditioning works (b) guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations (c) condition taste aversions in rats (d) promote emotional responses (e) decrease an undesirable behavior
(b) guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations
Which of the following is NOT TRUE of antidepressant medication? (a) it is more effective than cognitive behavioral therapy (b) its most common target is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (c) it is used to treat depression (d) it has unpleasant side (e) all of these statements are true
(b) it is more effective than cognitive behavioral therapy
Which of the following is NOT true of Type A men (a) they tend to marry more educated women (b) they are more likely to have a heart attack than Type B men if their wife works (c) they are more likely to have a heart attack than Type B men if their wife is a homemaker (d) they are assertive, driven, and pressured (e) all of these statements are correct
(b) they are more likely to have a heart attack than Type B men if their wife is a homemaker
Object permanence is the understanding that (a) none of these explain object permanence (b) things continue to exist even when they are not perceived (c) developmental stages occur in a predictable sequence (d) the mass and volume of objects remain the same despite changes in their form (e) biological growth processes enable orderly development
(b) things continue to exist even when they are not perceived
Which of the following are True about marriage? (a) SES has no associations with age of marriage (b) two fo these are correct statements (c) all of these are correct (d) women marry at a younger age than men (e) the age of marriage is increasing
(b) two of these are correct statements
Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into your eye is a(n) (a) conditioned stimulus (CS) (b) unconditioned stimulus (UR) (c) conditioned response (CR) (d) unconditioned stimulus (US) (e) neutral stimulus (NS)
(b) unconditioned response (UR)
Which of the following is NOT one of the DSM-5 criteria for specific phobia? (a) object or situation is actively avoided (b) unpredictable, minutes long episodes of intense dread and accompanying chest pain and choking (c) fear or anxiety causes clinically significant distress (d) marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (e) fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed
(b) unpredictable minutes long episodes of intense dread and accompanying chest pain and choking
Which of the following is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter? (a) serotonin (b) glutamate (c) GABA (d) dopamine (e) None of these is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
(c) GABA
A structure low in the brain that controls vital life sustaining functions--such as breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and many reflexive functions such as coughing or sneezing--is the _____. (a) Pons (b) Cerebellum (c) medulla (d) cerebral cortex (e) reticular formation
(c) Medulla
Let's say you conducted a study to test whether a BMC and Hav students reported different levels of sleep quality. You ran a t-test and found that the results were statistically significant according to the p-value. What is a realistic representation of your p-value? (a) p=0.09 (b) p>.05 (c) p=0.03 (d)p=0.32 (e)p=0.98
(c) P=.3
Somebody tried to hack your email account. Concerned, you changed your password to a completely new one. However, you keep entering your old password, leading to login failure and frustration. This best described (a) anterograde amnesia (b) retrograde amnesia (c) proactive interference (d) flashbulb memory (e) retroactive interference
(c) Proactive interference
How would you calculate the standard deviation of these scores? (a) you cannot calculate the standard deviation of the scores with the given information (b) square the means (c) take the square root of the variance (d) Square the variance (e) Take the square root of the mean
(c) Take the square root of the variance
Which of the following is NOT correct about the National Sleep Foundation's recommend and sleep duration? (a) Too short or too long sleep is not recommended (b) Teenagers are recommended to have more sleep than young adults (c) The guidelines does not recognize individual variability in recommend hours of sleep (d) newborns are recommended to have more sleep than infants (e) They revise their guideline of recommended hours of sleep
(c) The guideline does not recognize individual variability in recommended hours of sleep
In developmental psychology, distinguishing between very gradual and very abrupt developmental changes over the life span is most central to the major issue of (a) nature and nurture (b) gene and environment (c) continuity and stages (d) stability and change (e) prenatal and postnatal development
(c) continuity and stages
Sensory adaptation can be defined as (a) the unconscious activation of associated that are linked with memories (b) the relationship between the intensity of a physical stimulus, such as noise, and the psychological effect of the stimulus (c) diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (d) perceiving events at least 50% of the time (e) the perception of stimuli below conscious awareness
(c) diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Judy is a child who has a highly impulsive temperament, unlike her parents and her older sister who are all very low on impulsivity. Her parents implement a more firm parentings style to Judy compared to a more lax parenting style they implemented to her older sister. (a) genotypic reaction range (b) passive gene-environment correlation (c) evocative gene environment correlation (d) active gene environment (e) gene- environment interaction
(c) evocative gene environment
Jeanette's parents yell at her whenever she hits her little brother. This illustrates (a) conditioned action (b) positive reinforcement (c) positive punishment (d) negative reinforcement (e) negative punishment
(c) positive punishment
According to research, sleep duration and exam performance are _____associated (a) no-significantly (b) curvilinearly (c) positively (d) unclearly (e) negatively
(c) positively
5 year old Juan complained to his mom that the pizza was not big enough. Juan's mom cut the pizza into smaller slices. This made Juan happy, as he believed the pizza had become larger. According to Piaget, Juan is in which stage? (a) conventional (b) operational (c) proportional (d) concrete operational (e) sensorimotor
(c) proportional
Which of the following are true of genotypes? (a) all of these are correct (b) a genotype can result in various phenotypes (c) some of these are correct (d) a genotype has a reaction range which depends upon environmental factors (e) a phenotype is something you are born with
(c) some of these are correct
Psychophysics is a branch of psychology that studies (a) the physical basis of motivation, emotion, and other mental proccesses (b) the relationship between the disciplines of physics and psychology (c) the relation between physical stimulation and psychological experience (d) the role of the autonomic nervous system (e) the brain as a physical object
(c) the relation between physical stimulation and psychological experience
Looking inward and reporting your immediate sensations, images and feelings is called: (a) freudian psychology (b) neuroscience (c) introspection (d) behaviorism (e) humanistic psychology
(c)introspection
John is able to perceive just noticeable difference between a 5lb bag and a 6lb bag. Based on the Weber's law, John is able to perceive just noticeable difference between a 10lb bag and a ____lb bag (a) 11 (b) 14 (c) 13 (d) 12 (e) 15
(d) 12
How many stages of sleep are there in humans? (a) 10 (b) 7 (c) 24 (d) 5 (e) 2
(d) 5
According to serial position effect, we tend to recall best items that are: (a) presented in the same context where the items were first presented (b) rehearsed the most (c) read out loud to us while we look at the list (d) presented first in the list (e) presented in positive emotional states (eg. happy, joyful)
(d) Presented first in the list
Food and water are examples of: (a) conditioned reinforcer (b) immediate reinforcer (c) delayed reinforcer (d) Primary reinforcer (e) positive reinforcer
(d) Primary reinforcer
Which approach to psychology attempted to break down experience into its basic elements? (a)Functionalism (b) Psychoanalysis (c) Humanistic psychology (d) Structuralism (e) Behaviorism
(d) Structuralism
Which of the following is NOT a drawback of cast study research? (a) the potential observer bias of the researcher (b) The researcher lacks investigative control over all aspects of the study (c) Focus on a small sample (d) The limited detail that can be gathered (e) All of these are drawbacks of case study research
(d) The limited detail tht can be gathered
You randomly assign participants with mild depression to two group: 1) 3-weeks of running or 2) 3-week of weight lifting. At the end of three weeks you measure the participants depression levels. In this study_____ is the independent variable, and _____ is the dependent variable. (a) weight lifting; running (b) depression; number of weeks (c) depression; form of exercise (d) form of exercise; depression (e) number of weeks; form of exercise
(d) form of exercise; depression
Jeff is always on his toes. Jeff always feels nervous and cannot seem to get rid of the feeling that he does not like. It seems like the only time he is able to feel calm is when he is sleeping. So Jeff spends a lot of time taking a nap and goes to bed early. Jeff is most likely to have (a) PTSD (b) specific phobia (c) panic disorder (d) generalized anxiety disorder (e) OCD
(d) generalized anxiety disorder
Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate their ability to have predicted the election outcome. The best illustrates (a) the placebo effect (b) participant bias (c) random assignment (d) hindsight bias (e) observer effects
(d) hindsight bias
Which of the following describes Erikson's central conflict for young adulthood? (a) industry vs inferiority (b) ego integrity vs despair (c) autonomy vs shame/doubt (d) intimacy vs isolation (e) generatively vs stagnation
(d) intimacy vs isolation
Which of the following characterizes abnormal anxiety? (a) embarrassment in awkward situations (b) all of these are characteristics of abnormal anxiety (c) anxiety and sadness immediately after a trauma (d) irrational fear of a situation that poses little threat (e) worrying about major life events
(d) irrational fear of a situation that poses little threat
Susan took a test purported to measure her intelligence in 9th grade, then again in 11th grade. Between the two time points, her scores jumped by 20%, moving her from 30% percentile to 5% percentile. The test she took likely lacks (a) sample size (b) validity (c) standardization (d) reliability (e) power
(d) reliability
Cocktail party effect is a sample of (a) Blindness bias (b) Selective inattention (c) brain injury (d) selective attention (e) Sleep deprivation
(d) selective attention
In Tuesday's class, Prof administered and collected the student's info sheets. This method of gathering information (data collection) is best described as: (a) case study (b) naturalistic methods (c) experimentation (d) survey (e) daily diary method
(d) survey
Which of the following has NOT been found to be true of infants who are "securely attached" in Ainsworth's strange situation? (a) they are better problem-solvers in kindergarten (b) all statements are true (c) their mothers tend to be more responsive and attentive (d) they don't cry when their mother leaves the room (e) they have better peer relations later in childhood
(d) they don't cry when their mother leaves the room
Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be a winning one. This is a _____ schedule (a) fixed-ratio (b) fixed-interval (c) punishment (d) variable-ratio (e) variable-interval
(d) variable ratio
The term that refers to the idea that people's biological clocks may be set differently (morning type vs evening type is) (a) Superchiaismatic nucleus (b) Climate habituation (c) Circadian rhythm (d) Latency (e) Chronotype
(e) Chronotype
Research using rat models demonstrate that (a) Rats prefer social interactions over physical nourishments, suggesting that rats are social beings (b) Rats prefer impoverished environments over enriched environments, suggesting paradoxical patterns in animal models (c) None of these statements (d) Rats' brain cell networks are simple regardless of environments, suggesting that rats' brain cells develop little (e) Rat's brain cells are more complex when they are raised in enriched environment compared to when they are raised in impoverished environment
(e) Rat's brain cells are more complex when they are raised in enriched environment compared to when they ae raised in impoverished environments
Which of the following is NOT a tool to study the brain? (a) Positron emissions tomography (b) functional magnetic resonance imaging (c) Electroencephalogram (d) magnetic resonance imaging (e) actigraphs
(e) actigraphs
The ___ is a small limbic system structure located next to the hippocampus in the brain that plays an important role in the expression of anger, rage, and agressive behavior as well as our fear response (a) hypothalamus (b) Thalamus (c) Substantia nigra (d) Medulla (e) Amygdala
(e) amygdala
Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with (a) opportunity to explore (b) adequate nourishment (c) self-esteem (d) discipline (e) body contact
(e) body contact
Experimental research, as opposed to correlational research, is characterized by which of the following (a) correlations between IV and DV (b) How behavior is measured (c) inability to make casual claims (d) measuring more than two variables (e) control over the research environment
(e) control over the research environment
Which of the following DOES NOT typically occur in PTSD? (a) amnesia for the traumatic event (b) nightmares (c) avoidance of places that remind the traumatic event (d) exaggerated negative thoughts around the trauma (e) decreased reactivity and hypo-vigilance
(e) decreased reactivity and hypo-vigilance
You randomly assign participants with mild depression to two groups: 1) 3-weeks of running or 2) 3-weeks of weight lifting. AT the end of the 3-weeks you measure the participants' depression levels. In this study____is the independent variable, and _____ is the dependent variable (a) weight lifting; running (b) depression; form of exercise (c) number of weeks; form of exercise (d) depression; number of weeks (e) form of exercise; depression
(e) form of exercise; depression
Children with higher intelligence show greater increases in knowledge when exposed to intellectual stimulation than children with less intellectual ability exposed to the same level of intellectual stimulation. This illustrates (a) evocative gene-environment correlation (b) polygene action (c) active environment correlation (d) reaction range (e) gene-environment interaction
(e) gene-environment interaction
The resting potential of a neuron: (a) is seen only in the cell body (b) is an all or one conducted potential (c) is about +70mV inside with respect to the outside (d) is seen only in the axon (e) is about -70mV inside respect to the outside
(e) is about -7-mV inside with respect to the outside
According to the behavioral perspective of anxiety disorders, avoidance learning is maintained via (a) negative punishment (b) positive reinforcement (c) positive punishment (d) modeling (e) negative reinforcement
(e) negative reinforcement
In Thursday's class, you and your partner had difficulty agreeing on the count of violent acts in the Tom& Jerry clip. This was because you lacked a concept called (a) Confounds (b) manipulation of variables (c) observer effect (d) correlation (e) operational definition
(e) operational definition
The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to (a) reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested (b) perceive order in random events (c) respect political beliefs that contradict our own (d) all these (e) recognize the errors in our own ideas
(e) recognize the errors in our own ideas
A sampling method in which critical subgroups are represented according to their incidence in the larger population is the definition of: (a) proportional sample (b) convenience sample (c) random sample (d) population sample (e) representative sample
(e) representative sample
A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of (a) recognition (b) relearning (c) recall (d) overlearning (e) retrieval
(e) retrieval
The process of transferring the chemical, mechanical, or light energy into neural activity is called________. (a) transformation (b) conduction (c) psychophysics (d) conversion (e) transduction
(e) transduction
Which of the following is NOtT one of the DSM-5 criteria for specific phobia? (a) fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed (b) fear or anxiety causes clinically significant distress (c) marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (d) object or situation is actively avoided (e) unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread and accompanying chest pain and choking
(e) unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread and accompanying chest paina nd choking
In Atkin and Shiffrin's three-stage processing model we record information in which order? 1_____--> 2_____-->2_____ __Sensory memory __ short-term memory __ long-term memory
1. sensory memory 2. short-term memory 3. long-term memory
Functionalism Name the central figure in this perspective of psychology in 2-3 sentences, write the definition/major ideas central to the perspective of psychology
2 - William James 3-It is the practical psychological process to help humans survive and adapt. This is consistent with darwinism and the idea that mind and consciousness exist due to functionalism.
What is the name of psychological disorder that is characterized b y alternations between depression and mania?
Bipolar Disorder
The process of getting information out of memory storage is called
Retrieval
What was an approach to psychology that attempted to break down experience into its basic elements? (a) Behaviorism (b) Structuralism (c) Functionalism (d) Humanistic psychology (e) Psychoanalysis
Structuralism
Jeanette's parents take away her cell phone when she does not complete her chores like washing dishes and helping to clean the house. This best illustrates (a) negative reinforcement (b) negative punishment (c) positive punishment (d) positive reinforcement (e) conditioned action
both negative punishment and negative reinforcement
Sympathetic:_________:: Parasympathetic :______ (a) neurotransmitters/hormones (b) graded potential/action potential (c) hormones/ neurotransmitters (d) fight or flight/ rest and digest (e) rest and digest/ fight or flight
either fight or flight/ rest and digest
Individuals with multiple sclerosis have degenerative___ (a) synapse (b) action potential (c) neurotransmitters (d) dendrites (e) myelin sheath
myelin sheath
Let's say that you conducted a correlational analysis to examine an association between two variables. You found the p-value indicated that the correlation was statistically significant. What is a realistic representation of your p-value (a) p=.02 (b) p=.10 (c) p=1.00 (d) p=.06 (e) P> .05
p=.02
What is your best estimate for the r-value (correlation coefficient) for this graph? (a) r=.00 (b)r=-.8 (c)r=.8 (d)r=-.05 (e)r=.05
r=.8
Fill in the blank: The definition of psychology is the _____ study of behavior and mental processes.
science
