Psychology Final Chapters 5,6,7 & 8

The fetal stage of prenatal development begins at approximately _______.

2 months

The embryonic stage of prenatal development begins at approximately _______.

2 weeks

In her research using the strange situation, Mary Ainsworth found that approximately _______ if children have insecure attachments.

33 percent

The stage of middle adulthood includes people who range in age from ______.

40 to 65

Temperament is _______.

All of the answers are correct

Piaget labeled the cognitive development stage that occurs from birth to 2 years the "sensorimotor" stage because during this period infants _____.

All the answers are correct

Which neo-Freudian psychologist emphasized a striving for superiority?

Adler

The biological sex of a person is determined by which of the following?

The 23rd pair of chromosomes

______ was the first intelligence theorist to argue that intelligence test performance is a function of general intelligence and specific intellectual abilities.

Charles Spearman

Freud's background was in the field of _______.

Clinical neurology

To develop his theory, Maslow studied the lives of adults who were _______.

Healthy and creative

_______ is a defense mechanism in which an individual attributes his/her unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others.

Projection

The tendency for most people to try to solve the four-straight-lines version of the nine-circle problem by keeping their lines within the "mental square" illustrates _______.

fixation

A ________ is the basic unit of genetic instruction.

gene

Jean Piaget studied how children think using which of the following methods?

giving children problems to solve and questioning them about their solutions

Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral reasoning using which methodology?

giving people stories involving moral difficulties and asking if the actor behaved appropriately and why

An individual at the preconventional morality stage of Kohlberg's theory would emphasize _________.

punishment

Research suggests which of the following is one of the BEST ways to remember information about memory in your textbook?

relating it to yourself

In studying children, Jean Piaget paid particular attention to which of the following?

scores on the Binet-Simon intelligence test

The initial stage of memory is somewhat comparable to______, involving input that _____.

sensation; has not been recognized

According to James Flynn, which of the following has likely contributed to the increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over the past century?

societal changes, which led people to get smarter in abstract, scientific thinking

Which is the MOST well-defined problem?

solving a mathematics problem

Mental set is to _____ as fixation is to ______.

solving the problem; interpreting the problem

Storage is ______.

the process of maintaining information in a memory stage

Processing information to solve problems, reason, and make judgments and decisions is called _________.

thinking

According to Erikson, the first crisis of phychosocial development is ______.

trust versus mistrust

Harlow's studies that involved monkey's reactions to _______ were similar to the ______ procedure used by Mary Ainsworth with human mothers and children.

unfamiliar rooms with various toys; strange situation

A test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of _______.

validity

One explanation for infantile/child amnesia is that _____ is (are) not fully developed.

The hippocampus

Retrieval is ____.

The process of bringing information stored in long-term memory to the conscious level in short-term memory

Identical twins are to _____ as fraternal twins are to _____.

monozygotic; dizygotic

long-term memory is best when a persons mood state is the same at encoding and retrieval, an effect known as _______.

mood-dependent memory

Which of the following is NOT one of Thurstone's seven primary mental abilities?

musical ability

To reduce alcohol's negative effects on the developing fetus, pregnant women are advised to consume _______.

no alcohol at all during pregnancy

When it pertains to memory processes, the term "chunk" means _______.

A meaningful unit in memory

The development of mental orthopedics by_____ was consistent with his view that intelligence was influenced primarily by ______.

Binet; Nurture

H.M.'s performance on the mirror-tracing task revealed that he ______.

Could encode new procedural memories

The two main personality attitudes proposed by Jung were ________.

Extraversion and introversion

Heritability indices indicate which of the following?

For a given population, 50 percent to 70 percent of the variation in intelligence is due to heredity

Which intelligence theorist assumed that more intelligent people would have more acute senses and faster reaction times?

Francis Galton

The intelligence theorist responsible for the eugenics movement was_______.

Galton

The primary skill children acquire in the formal operational stage of cognitive development is __________.

Hypothetical-deductive thinking

_____ memory is to the visual sensory register as ______ is to the auditory sensory register.

Iconic; Echoic

Remembering how to type on a keyboard is an example of which type of memory?

Implicit memory

Which neo-Freudian psychologist emphasized the personality attitudes of extraversion and introversion?

Jung

When we need to use information previously stored, it flows from______ memory into_______ memory.

Long-term; short-term

Which of the following describes iconic memory?

Memory for all incoming visual information that lasts for less than 1 second

Which statement about personality traits and theories is FALSE?

None of the answers is false

Which theorists are associated with the social-cognitive approach to personality?

Rotter and Bandura

With respect to intelligence, eugenics is _____.

Selective reproduction to enhance the mental capacities of the human race

According to The three-stage model of memory, in what sequence does incoming information flow through memory?

Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Which theoretical approach to personality is primarily a descriptive approach?

Trait

______ are the relatively stable internally based characteristics that describe a person.

Traits

Psychoanalytic theories of personality emphasize _______ and humanistic theories of personality emphasize _______.

Unconscious forces and childhood experiences; personal growth motives

Who emphasized that our cognitive abilities develop through interactions with others and represent the shared knowledge of one's culture?

Vygotsky

For a male fetus, the father contributes a(n) _______ chromosome and the mother contributes a(n) _________ chromosome.

X; Y

The availability heuristic is______.

a rule of thumb that the more easily we remember an event, the more probable it is

Which is NOT one of Gardner's multiple intelligences?

abstract reasoning

Which would be expected to have a teratogenic effect?

alcohol consumption, tobacco inhalation, and malnutrition

The steps used to solve long division and multiplication problems represent the use of ______ in problem solving.

algorithms

What are the three types of intelligences in Sternberg's triarchic theory?

analytical, creative, and practical

When infants and children interpret new experiences in terms of present schemas, they engage in the process of _______.

assimilation

Cross-cultural research on parenting styles reveals that _______ parenting may be best for African-American girls and _______ parenting may be best for Chinese children m.

authoritarian; authoritarian

Mary Ainsworth focused on which behavior of a child in the "strange situation"?

exploration of the environment when the mother was present or absent

According to Erikson, between the ages of 1 and 2, children learn to develop _______, but if unsuccessful, they experience _______.

autonomy; shame and doubt

If a test has been standardized, it has _______.

been given to a representative sample of the relevant population

What is the tendency to cling to one's beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence?

belief perseverance

Piaget's cognitive theory incorporated two of his interests, _______.

biology and philosophy

The MOST important factor in determining the attachment relationship is _______.

caregiver personality

The preoperational child has difficulty with conversation tasks because he or she has a tendency to use a thinking style known as ______.

centration

Molecules of DNA that hold the genetic instructions for every cell in the body are called _______.

chromosome

Harlow's study of attachment in infant monkeys revealed that ________.

contact comfort and nourishment were equally important to attachment formation

Erickson's theory is similar to Vygotsky's because both considered the impact of _______ on development; however, Erickson's places a greater emphasis on _______ development then did Vygotsky.

culture; social and personality

Heritability is an index of the _____.

degree of variation in a trait within a population that is due to heredity

The scientific study of how and why humans change as they get older is called ______.

developmental psychology

Binet and Simon developed an intelligence test for the French school system to _______.

diagnose children who were subnormal and likely to experience problems in school

In Kohlberg's dilemma about Heinz stealing a drug, someone who indicated that it was OK for Heinz to steal the drug because it was his duty to protect his wife's life, given his marriage vows, would be classified as _____________.

displaying postconventional morality

Major structures and organs of the body complete development during the _______ stage of prenatal development.

embryonic

The fact that most Americans cannot easily recall exactly what a U.S. penny looks like is BEST explained by which of the following?

encoding failure

People are likely to use ________ to solve anagrams.

heuristics

In an effort to quickly solve puzzles we might use _______, but to guarantee solutions we should use _____.

heuristics; algorithms

Secure attachments have been linked to _________.

higher levels of cognitive functioning

According to Freud, which of the psychic forces of personality is (are) present at birth?

id

According to Erikson, the primary crisis during adolescence is ________.

identity versus role confusion

Knowing how to ride a bike requires the use of ______ memory, whereas knowing the name of a state capital requires the use of ______.

implicit; explicit

Which is the correct ordering of the successful resolutions to the later stages of Erickson's psychosocial theory?

industry, identity, intimacy, generativity

In Ainsworth's strange situation, Michael explores the room, showing little distress when his mother leaves and neglecting her when she returns. Michael is displaying signs of ________ attachment.

insecure-ambivalent

In the strange situation, and infant who acts disoriented, seems overwhelmed by the situation, and does not demonstrate a consistent way of coping with the strange situation, would MOST likely be classified as exhibiting a(n)_______ attachment style.

insecure-disorganized

According to Erikson, the final crisis of adulthood is _______.

integrity versus despair

Which is NOT on of the three types of intelligence proposed by Sternberg?

interpersonal

Iconic memory in the visual sensory register is believed to last for ______.

less than 1 second

Iconic memory duration is to ______ as echoic memory duration is to ______.

less than 1 second; 4 to 5 seconds

Galton's major contribution to intelligence testing was the development of the ______.

mathematics underlying the correlation statistic

A problem-solving strategy that makes use of subgoals in reducing the distance between start states and goal states is______.

means-end analysis

The formula used when calculating an intelligence quotient is ______.

mental age/chronological age x 100

Fetal alcohol syndrome contibutes to which terotogenic effects?

mental retardation

The finding that average intelligence scores have increased over the past century in the United States and other industrialized countries illustrates which of the following?

the Flynn effect

Lewis Terman is responsible for developing the ______.

the Stanford-Binet rest of intelligence

Regarding theories of intelligence, Charles Spearman believed that ______ was(were) MOST important and Thurstone believed that _______ was(were) MOST important.

the g factor; specific mental abilities

According to Adler, the basic motivational force, "striving for superiority," is the result of ________.

the helpless state into which everyone is born