psychology final exam chapter 13
A principal is looking for advice on how to improve his relationships with the teachers in his school. Carl Rogers might suggest which of the following?
Be genuine with them and show them unconditional positive regard.
Carl Rogers said, "The only question which matters is, 'Am I living in a way which is deeply satisfying to me?'" Critics of Rogers are most likely to object to this statement because:
Critics of Carl Rogers are likely to voice all of these objections.
According to research cited in your text, which of the following individuals is MOST likely to be a successful supervisor?
Deandre, who is introverted but very skilled at his job
In a psychology class debate on the trait perspective on personality, you need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which of the following criticisms of the trait perspective can you cite?
People do not act with predictable consistency, and behavior varies from one situation to the next.
_____ is a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act.
Trait
______________ is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. Carl Rogers believed that this attitude nurtures growth in others.
Unconditional positive regard
Psychology's concern with people's sense of self dates back to:
William James.
Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of:
a positive self-concept.
Carl attributes his failing grade in chemistry to an unfair final exam. His attitude illustrates:
a self-serving bias.
Professor Caste perceives shy, inhibited styles of behavior to be the interactive outcome of cultural expectations, autonomic nervous system reactivity, and unconscious thought processes. The professor's views best illustrate a(n) ________ approach.
biopsychosocial
If self-serving bias is evident in the way an athlete explains her success or failure, she might:
blame her failure on bad officiating.
Which part of the mind contains the superego?
both the conscious and unconscious mind
A partner refuses to believe firm evidence of his loved one's affair. This is an example of which defense mechanism?
denial
Because Brenda is afraid to express anger toward her overbearing and irritating supervisor, she is instead critical of her children. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Brenda's behavior toward her children illustrates:
displacement.
The humanistic perspective of personality:
emphasizes the ways people strive for self-determination and self-realization.
Veronica is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very high on a personality test that measures:
extraversion.
What is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors?
false consensus effect
Laura meets with a therapist because she wants to do something about the path her life is taking. The doctor tells her to lie down on the couch, relax, and say whatever comes to mind. This psychoanalytic method is known as:
free association.
Dr. Bruce sees his own therapist to help him be at his emotional best for his patients. He is open with his feelings and self-disclosing in his own therapy. Carl Rogers referred to this attitude as:
genuineness.
A person with very high self-esteem is more likely to _____________ than a person with low self-esteem
have few sleepless nights
Starke Hathaway is to personality assessment as Alfred Binet is to _____________.
intelligence assessment
Karen got in some trouble and was sent to a juvenile detention center. She has to take a Rorschach inkblot test. She is worried because she heard somewhere that the Rorschach is not a very good test. Critics would agree with Karen and suggest that the Rorschach:
is not very reliable or valid.
Amber remembers a dream in which she boarded a train that entered a dark tunnel. According to Sigmund Freud's theory, the dream images that Angela remembers, such as the train and the tunnel, are called the _____ content.
manifest
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n) _____ test.
objective
Self-esteem refers to:
our feelings of high or low self-worth.
People's behavior can be described in terms of the spotlight effect. This means that they:
overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them.
People with high self-esteem have feelings of high self-worth and tend to:
persist when faced with a difficult task.
In humanistic theories, genuineness, acceptance, and empathy are to ______________ as water, sun, and nutrients are to the growth of healthy trees.
positive growth in humans
Medical students earn higher grades if they have a clear vision of themselves as successful doctors. This best illustrates the motivational significance of:
possible selves.
Even though Clara isn't currently thinking about the events surrounding the day when she graduated from high school, she can easily bring those memories to conscious awareness. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, Clara's memories are stored at the _____ level of awareness.
preconscious
The TAT and Rorschach Inkblot Test are both _____ tests
projective
The _____________ perspective emphasizes the role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders.
psychoanalytic
Unconscious thought processes constitute a(n) _____ influence on personality.
psychological
Which defense mechanism offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions?
rationalization
Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events; that is, they perceive the world as threatening. Their personalities shape how they interpret and react to events. This is known as:
reciprocal determinism.
Lately, Ambrose and Grant cannot get along. Ambrose often expects the worst of people, and yesterday he thought Grant was mad at him. As a result, Ambrose ignored Grant's phone calls and other attempts at conversation, angering Grant. But in truth, Ambrose created the situation to which he was reacting. This is an example of:
reciprocal determinism.
Will, a little boy, has reverted to the oral comfort of thumb sucking on the way to his first day of school. What defense mechanism is he using?
regression
Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open and spontaneous and are not paralyzed by the opinions of others display:
self-actualization.
Your subjective belief about your ability to meet the demands of a particular situation is called:
self-efficacy.
All of David's basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and he feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved. According to Abraham Maslow, he will next seek to satisfy his need for:
self-esteem.
When 7-year-old Paul was caught pocketing a candy bar that he had not paid for, he felt ashamed and guilty. Using Freud's terminology, the sense of shame and guilt that Paul felt was a product of his:
superego.
To assess the extent to which a person is faking it, ____________ include(s) a lie scale that flags socially desirable answers given to make a good impression.
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
According to your textbook, the most widely used personality questionnaire is:
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
When Marla noticed she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates:
the spotlight effect
People overestimate the degree to which others are noticing and evaluating their appearance, performance, and blunders. Thomas Gilovich referred to this as:
the spotlight effect.
When you noticed that you had spilled coffee on your new shirt, you overestimated how much other people at the meeting would notice. Your reaction best illustrates:
the spotlight effect.
Which approach to personality focuses primarily on describing individual personality characteristics?
the trait perspective
Marla comes home with three As and two Bs on her report card, which her mother derides by saying, "Is that the best you could do?" Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as the opposite of:
unconditional positive regard.