Psychology Final Review

What percentage of genes are shared by monozygotic twins?

100 percent

The average amount of time it takes to complete each cycle of the states of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about

90 minutes

*****Which of the following plays a significant role in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing. A. Medulla B. reticular formation C. Pons D. cerebellum

A

Identify a true statement about prelinguistic vocalizations A. Babbling is prelinguistic B. During the second month babies begin babbling C. Babbling is not inborn D. Deaf children cannot babble.

A.

Infant-centered speech is characterized by all EXCEPT which o the following? A. Complex sentences to encourage language development B. High-pitched sounds C. Repetitious words to enhance vocabulary D. Exaggerated facial expressions

A.

Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory? A. It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive" B. Long-term memories are always accurate. C. Its capacity to store information is limited D. Long-term memories are lost by displacement

A.

Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning? A. It is involuntary, automatic learning. B. It focuses on what organisms do about their environments C. It involves attaching consequences to behavior D. It is a complex form of learning that uses reinforcement

A.

When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives? A. Behaviorist B. Cognitive C. Functionalist D. Biological

A. Behaviorist

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking? A. Insist on evidence B. Avoid being skeptical. C. Oversimplify problems if necessary D. Choose critical thinking over research ethics if required.

A. Insist on evidence

Which theory related to dreams states that acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming

Activation-synthesis model

***Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby immediately felt pain in his foot. This sensation was transmitted to the spinal cord and the brain through _______. ****

Afferent neurons

Your friend Adelina tells you that she is red-green colorblind. This means that she sees things in_________.

All colors except either red of green

Which type of brain waves are described as rapid, low-amplitude brain waves and have been linked to feeling of relaxation?

Alpha waves

Rani has just consumed a substance that provided an increase in energy that made it difficult to fall asleep. She has a reduced appetite and is suffering from hallucinations and elusions. What did Rani likely ingest?

An amphetamine

Dr. Jackson is often found in class using phrases like, "It is similar to . . ." and "Kind of like . . ." Making connections between similar things is an example of a(n).

Analogy

****A lawyer most likely as _________. ******

Analytical intelligence.

**Which of the following statements is true of neurotransmitters?** A. Neurotransmitters have identical chemical structures that can fit into any receptor site. B. "Loose" neurotransmitters are either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon terminal. C. Once released bu the synaptic vesicles, all the molecules of neurotransmitter find their way into receptor sites. D. "Loose" neurotransmitters are held by synapses before being released into the synaptic fluid.

B

According to the American Associations' Handbooks of Ethics in Psychology, Which of the following criteria must be met for psychologists to use deception in their experiments? A. Only if the names of participants are kept anonymous B. The participants are debriefed afterwards C. They collect stratified samples D. They believe the individuals might not be willing to participate

B

***Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex? **** A. Antidiuretic hormone B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone C. Testosterone D. Melatonin

B.

Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold? A. It is used to measure the intensity of sensory input by using the sensory-adaptation process. B. It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found C. It is determined by measuring the rate at which a person becomes less sensitive to stimuli of low magnitude and more sensitive to stimuli that remain the same D. It is used to represent the minimum difference in the magnitude of tow stimuli required to tell them apart.

B.

Which of the following statements is true of the scientific methods? A. The scientific methods of research begins by testing a hypothesis. B. Psychologist are guided by principals of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collated through the scientific method. C. The scientific method is strict set of guidelines that psychologists must adhere to when conducting research on human behavior D. Psychologists using the scientific method of research always confuse correlations-or associations-between research findings with cause and effect.

B.

Gael suffers from epilepsy. Which type of drug would most likely be prescribed to treat this?

Barbiturates

When you are taking a test, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is currently generating ________.

Beta waves

Sergei is having disturbing thoughts. His therapist suggests doing blood work to measure the level of hormones. Which perspective is Sergie's therapist using?

Biological

The _______ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams-and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species-are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain.

Biological

In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologist agree that ________.

Both heredity and environment are important in determining intelligence.

Which of the following statements is true of applied research? A. It is broad and nonspecific in its approach B. It is categorized as research for its own sake. C. It is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems. D. It has no immediate application to personal or social problems.

C

In the context of the brain's language functions, identify the correct statement. A. Retrograde amnesia impairs people's abilities to comprehend speech and to think of proper words to express their own thoughts. B. The right hemisphere of the brain contains language functions for nearly all right-handed people. C. People with Wernicke's aphasia usually speak freely and with proper syntax. D. Broca's area responds mainly to auditory information.

C.

Which best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence? A. All abilities and factors are academically oriented." B. There is strong evidence for the general factor (g) in intelligence C. there are multiple intelligences which are influence by different areas in the brain D. Intelligence is three-pronged-with analytical, creative, and practical components.

C.

Which of the following is something that parents and educators can do to tone down the impact media violence is having on children? A. Punish them for watching any violent programing B. Having them talk with their peers about what they have seen as the won't listen to adults C. Explain the real-life consequences of violence. D. there is nothing that they can do as kids are so desensitized that violence on televisions ins't having an impact on them

C.

Which of the following represents your full genetic potential? A. The resting potential B. The action potential C. Genotype D. Phenotype

C.

***In order to better remember the information from his psychology text, Sheldon groups concepts into various categories and then studies those categories one at a time. Sheldon is using what type of memory strategy?***

Categorization

Which of the following statements is true of the nativist theory of language development?

Children bring neurological prewriting to language learning.

If you are in a room full of people conversing but can still pick our the speech of a single person, you are experiencing which phenomenon?

Cocktail party effect

_______ primarily study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan, problem solve, and use language.

Cognitive psychologists

***Peter went out cycling one mornings. He was not wearing a helmet. He fell off a ridge and fell into a steep valley. Apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises he had severely injured his head. the doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected that it was a blood clot. Which of the following did the doctor use to obtain a three dimensional image of peters brain for further investigation?****

Computerized axial tomography

Which brain imaging technology takes several X-rays to reveal deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems?

Computerized axial tomography scan

Chicken salad sandwiches have always been a favorite of Michonne's. Her mom made her one for dinner but was unaware the mayonnaise had sat out on the table for too long and had spoiled. Michonne got very sick after eating that sandwich. Now whenever she goes into the grocery store and sees chicken salad in the delicatessen, she feels sick to her stomach. The sick feeling she gets when seeing chicken salad is _________.

Conditioned response

Visual acuity is highest when images are focused on the fovea because of the high concentration of ______ in the region.

Cones

Which theory offers a possible explanation for why we dream abut memories or problems from our day?

Continuity hypothesis

A dog chews on its toy and with each bite, the toy squeaks. If the squeaking sound is the reinforcer, the dog's response in biting the toy is reinforced with which type of schedule?

Continuous reinforcement

The ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems is also known as __________.

Creativity

__________ is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence

Critical thinking

Julies research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months, .She needs to gather data about the sample group's attitude toward certain situations through a questionnaire, but she has limited time to gather the information. Which of the following methods should Julie use to gather the required information? A. Naturalistic observation B. The experimental methods C. The placebo method D. The survey method

D.

Which of the following is a drawback of case studies? A. Case studies are not descriptive and hence do not offer substantial information about participants B. Case studies do not collect information about small group C. Interviewers are required to disclose personal information about clients. D. Interviewers may influence participants to give responses that suit their expectations.

D.

Which of the following statements about punishment is TRUE? A. The effects of punishment are preferred over reinforcement B. Positive punishment is when an organism receives a small, but pleasant, reward C. Negative punishment is receiving an aversive stimulus D. Punishment is not another term for negative reinforcement.

D.

The loudness of a sound is expressed in _______.

Decibels (dB)

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _________.

Determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

_________ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.

Dissociative amnesia

Derris is a research assistant in Dr. Smith's psychology lab. When the participant asked him what the conditions of the study were, Derris replied, "I do not know." This is an example of a _____ study,

Double blind

What appears to be responsible for regulation circadian rhythms?

Exposure to sunlight.

According to Weber's Law, the absolute threshold for all senses is the same for everyone. T/F

False

Some individuals who use lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have distorted perceptions or hallucinations that mimic the LSD "trip" but occur days, weeks, or longer after usage. What are those experienced called?

Flashbacks

Asha has a fear of darkness. To extinguish this fear, she is placed in a dark room ensuring that she suffers no harm in the process. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce Asha's fear of the dark?

Flooding

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is most likely a(n) _________?

Forensic psychologist

Leila's young son has accidentally locked himself in his room. Leila is trying to figure out how to unlock the door, Unfortunately, she doesn't realize that her butter knife could be used to unlock the door. This illustrates _______.

Functional fixedness

Mina taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. in this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called _______.

Generalization

Being left-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of __________.

Having dyslexia

A mental shortcut, or rule of thumb, for solving problems is called a(n): ________.

Heuristic

In the context of organization in long-term memory, a(n) _________ is an arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common or distinguishing factors.

Hierarchy

If the _______ is damaged, a person has difficulty forming new memories.

Hippocampus

When a child utter the word "mama" it may signify meanings as varied as "There goes Mama," "Come here, mama," and "You are my mama." Such single words used by children to express complex meanings are known as __________.

Holophrases

The flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of _______ memory, which can hold visual stimuli for up to a second.

Iconic

Knowing how to play a piano without much conscious effort illustrates ________ memory.

Implicit memory

Rachel came across a question she did not know while taking her psychology exam. She skipped it and moved on, returning to it when she recalled the answer. Which strategy did Rachel use?

Incubation

**In the context of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that:**

Infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events.

Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating __________.

Infinite creativity

Explicit memory is:

Information that can be clearly stated.

Which of these is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience?

Intelligence

Which structure in the front of the eye dilates and constricts to determine how much light will be allowed to get into the eye?

Iris

**Which is the oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration?**

Medulla

Which hormone promotes sleep?

Melatonin

***Brown and McNeil's experiment on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon revealed that:***

Memory storage systems of humans are indexed according to both visual and audio cues.

These neurons help explain why behaviors like yawning and laughter seem to be "contagious"

Mirror neurons

Deliah's older sister is swinging. She watches how her older sister pumps her legs forward then back wile swinging. Deliah gets on the swing next to her and starts to copy her sister's behavior. In this example, the older sister is the ___________.

Model

Max's three-year-old typically says things like "I seed it" and "Mommy sitted down." These examples illustrate ________.

Overregularization

When a patient insists on having cure but physician doesn't believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called?

Placebos

Which of Sternberg's types of intelligence could be referred to as "street smarts"

Practical intelligence

Food and Water are examples of

Primary reinforcers

Because of her poor health, your Aunt B had to take a lot of medication. She usually does a good job remembering to take it but sometimes forgets to failure of what type of memory?

Prospective memory

If college courses would be considered a mental category, then PSY 201c could e considered a/n ___________.

Prototype

In the context of the human eye (as well as little kitties), the size of the _______ is sensitive to emotions.

Pupil

Essay tests are examples of ________.

Recall

Sofia does not like eating vegetables, To ensure that she eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as ______

Reinforcement

After telling the police officer everything she could recall about when she went into the bank, Lucas got to the point that he no longer could recall anymore information. At that point, :Lucas was most likely experiencing ____________.

Reterival cue failure

Clive Wearing could remember how to play the piano, but couldn't remember his birthday party that occurred last year. His inability to remember events from the past is an example of deficits in which type of memory?

Retrospective.

Which theory explains hypnotic events in terms of an individuals ability to act as though they are hypnotized?

Role theory

**Professor Schwiesow is trained as which of the following?**

School Psychologist

After moving to Nebraska, Bobbi didn't notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the cicadas in her back yard. What is this an example of?

Sensory (positive) adaptation

Mihail suffers from a sleep disturbance that repeatedly wakes him up during the night. He frequently stops sleeping fro up to 60 seconds at a time, half wakes up, starts breathing again, and then returns to sleep. What would be the best diagnosis in this case?

Sleep apnea

It is not uncommon for students to stay awake all night to prepare for an exam. If students do this for more than one consecutive night, they may have trouble learning and remembering information. What are they suffering from?

Sleep deprivation

A hypotheis is a:

Statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

Visual stimuli can be flashed too briefly, below our absolute threshold for conscious perception, to enable us to process them. This is an example of _________.

Subliminal stimulation

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

Systematic desensitization

Prior to conditioning, Kofi salivates in response to lasagna being placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, which is the correct labeling of stimuli and responses in this situation.

The food is the unconditioned stimulus; Kofi salivating is the unconditioned response.

The critical factor in state-dependent retrieval is the influence of:

The person's mood at the time of memory is encoded and retrieved.

Which of the following causes Down Syndrome

The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.

Although Crystal had practiced her presentation several times before class, she struggled in the middle part of the speech when she gave it in class. This pattern of forgetting illustrates _______.

The serial-position effect

Paula was out on a date with her boyfriend. the song, "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds by the Beatles came on a Paula and her boyfriend shared their first kiss which she enjoyed very much. Now whenever she hears this specific song, she feels happy and excited. In this instance, what is the conditioned stimulus?

The song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"

Which conditions must be met before an ethic committee will approve an experiment that harm animals.

There must be no alternative, and the benefits justify the harm.

Cochlear implants contain microphones that sense sounds and electronic equipment that transmits sounds past damaged hair cells to stimulate the auditory nerve. T/F

True

the difference between sensation and perception is that sensation, or the stimulation of our senses, is an automated process resulting from sources of energy (light and sound) or the presence of chemicals (as in taste and smell), while perception is an active precess in which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world. T/F

True

Professor Schwiesow has 4 students in her class unexpectedly pop balloons resulting in a startle response in most students. In this situation the sound of the popping balloon would be considered a/n _________.

Unconditioned stimulus

Ashton works as a server at a local restaurant and he knows that the more tables that he waits on, the better the likelihood of more tips. this schedule is a _________.

Variable-ratio schedule

Which of the following senses are dominant in human beings? A. Touch B. Hearing C. Smell D. Vision

Vision

Dreams experienced during REM tend to be

Vivid

***Which one of these assessments groups test questions into a number of separate subtest measures a different intellectual task?****

Wechsler scale

It seems like every day you experience a decrease in your mental alertness around 2 or 3 o'clock each afternoon. This daily occurrence in your mental alertness is an example of:

a circadian rhythm

Which of the following terms denotes a trick of perceptual constancies on the eye?

a visual illusion

In which of these strategies does the problem solver associate freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course?

divergent thinking

Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of ________.

dopamine

When Angelica studies for her college classes, she actively thinks about the new information, thinks about its applications, and tries to generate her own examples based on her experiences. This could be an example of which concept of memory?

elaboration

Which chemical messenger intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety?

epinephrine

Elijah is a web-content writer. He gets paid $100 for every 5 articles Elijah's payment he publishes. In this scenario, on which schedule of reinforcement is Elijah's payment based?

fixed-ratio

Due to repeated exposure to media violence, viewers' sensitivity to violence may decrease. This is called ___________.

habituation

Alicia was recently in a car accident. Since then, she cannot retain memories of events that occurred after the accident. However she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to the new people of her life. Alecia has most likely sustained damage to her _______.

hippocampus

How to perform different skills and actions is a component of __________.

implicit memory

The blind spot _______.

is insensitive to visual stimulation

As we age and reach our late 30's to mid-40's, what structure in our eyes tends to have difficulty accommodating?

lens

Which of these is best defined as a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generation of gradual selection?

mutation

On his first day s a school psychologist, Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children play. He noticed several patters in the way children behaved with each other, especially when they were playing games. Daniel is most likely using the method of _______?

naturalistic observation

A parent buys their child a toy in order to stop the temper tantrum the are throwing. Next time they go to the store, the child throws another tantrum and the parent buys them another toy so they stop throwing a fit. the parent's behavior of buying the child a toy has been ___________.

negatively reinforced

The _______ conducts sensory input to the brain, where it is relayed to the visual area of the occipital lobe.

optic nerve

According to your text, if you have adequate sight you also have what kind of memory?

photographic

Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be ________.

polygenic

Each kind of neurotransmitter has a unique chemical structure, and each can fit into a specifically tailored harbor, also known as a ______.

receptor site

In the context of operant conditioning, when you keep posting comment in social media to receive more "likes" this is an example of _______.

reinforcement

Jonah is reading a book in a crowded bus. Some boys sitting near him are talking and laughing loudly. Jonah focuses on reading his book and ignores the noise around him. this scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called ________.

selective attention

Exposure to very loud sound can lead to damage of the auditory nerve or hair cells. resulting in ________.

sensorineural deafness

Kira, an eight-year old girl, sometimes walks in her sleep. She also responds to questions while she is up and about. However, when she wakes up in the morning, she does not remember the incident. In the context of sleep disorders, Kira is exhibiting symptoms of ______.

somnambulism

Labib has been having severe epileptic seizures since a very young age. His seizures have become less frequent since he underwent an operation. However, he has problems expressing what he feels. When he feels happy, his facial expressions often show anger. Labib has most likely undergone a(n) _______ operation.

split-brain

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because:

spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur.

Silas has a cold which has caused him to have a stuffy nose, Besides not being able to smell, what other sense may be affected?

taste

Tom was trying to increase his fitness so that he could join some friends on a long-distance hiking trip. He is trying to determine the best exercise plan to get him to that goal. this is an example of ________.

the means-end analysis

What is the term for the habituation to a drug that includes the need for increasingly higher doses of the drug to achieve similar effects?

tolerance

A person with normal color vision is labeled a _________.

trichromat

If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your ________ system.

vestibular

A(n)_______ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables.

correlation coefficient.

The electroencephalograph is a method of _________

detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp.

During a guided meditation session, Rachel was asked to picture a green valley under a clear blue sky. She was asked to "feel" the wind against her face and "hear" the birds chirping around her. Although none of these stimuli were actually present, Rachel felt very conscious of them. Which of the following phenomena best defines Rachel's experience?

direct inner awareness