Psychology

describe naturalistic observation

"real world" going out and observing people without them knowing A Problem: reactivity- everything changes when they know your observing

headline claims you need

-scientific studies -connections -large sample sizes -manipulate controls -statistics

list all 6 cognitive biases

1.cognitive dissonance 2. conformation Bias 3. availability cascade 4. availability heuristic 5. semmeiweis reflex 6.false consensus effect

positive correlation

A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction. exmore you exercise strong you will be

third variable problem

A problem that occurs when the researcher cannot directly manipulate variables; as a result, the researcher cannot be confident that another, unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the variables of interest. drinks more coffee, more stress- you don't know if the coffee is causing the stress it might be from the amount of homework you get

In order to maximize the likelihood that different groups in an experiment (e.g., the people assigned to drug versus placebo) are very similar to each other at the beginning of an experiment (e.g., age, gender, beginning depression levels), the research will use:

A. Convenience sampling B. Population sampling C. Sample statistics D. Random assignment

Dr. Stevens is interested in the effect of screens before bedtime on sleep quality. She randomly assigns her participants to either refrain from using screens in the hour before bed or to use them freely, and then has them wear a FitBit to bed and measures the number of awakenings over the night. The number of awakenings over the night in this study is the:

A. Dependent variable B. Independent variable C. Confounding variable D. Experimental control

Dr. Birk is interested in the effect of room color on test anxiety. He has one group of participants take an exam in a brightly lit yellow room, and one in a muted blue room. The color of the room is the:

A. Dependent variable B. Independent variable C. Confounding variable D. Third variable

If random assignment is used, researchers assume that the differences in group performance (e.g., drug versus placebo having different effects on depression) are not due to:

A. Experimenter expectancies about the experiment B. Subject expectancies about the experiment C. The conditions that are intentionally manipulated in the experiment D. Differences in the personal characteristics of subjects in each group (e.g., age, gender)

Which technique is used to ensure that the sample accurately depicts the nature of the overall population (selecting a representative sample)?

A. Naturalistic observation B. Participant observation C. Random selection D. Voluntary, self-selection by participants

Which of the following indicates the strongest correlation?

A. r = .5 B. r = .09 C. r = - .6 D. r = .22

Which of the following indicates a significant correlation whereby as Variable A increases, Variable B substantially decreases?

A. r = 0.5 B. r = -0.009 C. r = - 0.6 D. r = 0.22

double-blind study

An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo

M1-What is the difference between basic and applied science?

Basic science, such as understanding how cells work, is research aimed at understanding fundamental problems. Applied science, such as the medical field, is the application of basic scientific knowledge to solve practical problems. Applied science uses and applies information obtained through basic science.

nonverbal cues

Communication without words using techniques such as eye contact, body language, gestures, and physical closeness.

What is cognitive dissonance?

Feeling of mental discomfort caused by new information that conflicts with current knowledge or beliefs. examples- "I am a good student" then "I just failed an exam" in that sit u would feel then you would want to get rid of that feeling coping, rationalizing you know smoking is bad and causes cancer . contradicts

does including a period in a text make the text feel less sincere? what is IV,ID, and operation definition?

IV-text with or without period ID- how person feels after receiving the text Operational definition- body language, rate how sincere you think the expresser was, response

negitive correlation

One data set decreases as the other increases more you exercise, then less you will weigh

M42-What is social contagion?

Social contagion is the spread of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors from person to person and among larger groups as affected by shared information and mimicry. if someone yawns, coughs, stretches, stares at the sky in a group u are more likely to do the same

self report method

a method of data collection in which people are asked to provide information about themselves, such as in questionnaires, surveys, or rating PROBLEMS- response bias- participants are biases about answers Wording Biases- how researcher asks the question changes someones response

M42-What is group polarization?

a powerful principe helps us understand our increasingly polarized world: the beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss them as we discuss them with like-minded others. if someone says wrong answer everyone agrees even though u got a different answer

Steve is extremely concerned about Ebola spreading to his Massachusetts town, and painstakingly tracks every bit of news about the outbreaks. However, he doesn't wear a bike helmet while riding his bike to class, he smokes, and he regularly drives after having a few beers. Steve's concern about Ebola compared to these other safety hazards are reflective of the:

a) "Not me!" fallacy b) False consensus effect c) Cognitive dissonance effect d) Availability heuristic d

Georgina is seriously worried about the effects of genetically modified foods and so joins a number of Facebook books which advocate for strict laws regulating the use of this practice. She is dismayed by the ever-increasing numbers of worrisome reports, and becomes more and more anxious over time. She talked to her friend Tracy, who explains to her about the _________________________ and that she should seek alternative sources of information to balance her perspective and get a true sense of the dangers and/or lack thereof.

a) "Not me!" fallacy b) False consensus effect c) Confirmation bias d) Availability heuristic c

Rosemary's mother is a homeopath and very invested in natural remedies. The family business relies on this model. Rosemary's friend Becca tells her that she learned in Human Biology that there is no scientific support for homeopathy. Rosemary pulls out article after article to show Becca arguing that this is not the case. Becca points out that Rosemary is ONLY reading information for organizations that have a vested interested in homeopathy. Rosemary has fallen prey to the:

a) "Not me!" fallacy b) False consensus effect c) Confirmation bias d) Availability heuristic c

The fact that so many people believe that we only use 10% of our brains despite this having no factual basis is the result of the:

a) Availability cascade b) Cognitive dissonance c) Hindsight bias d) Foot-in-door phenomenon a

"The Fox and the Grapes" by Aesop is a tale in which a fox sees some high-hanging grapes and wishes to eat them. When he is unable to think of a way to reach them, he decides that the grapes are probably not worth eating, with the justification that the grapes are probably not ripe or that they are sour. Which cognitive bias/theory has the fox just experienced?

a) Availability cascade b) Cognitive dissonance c) Media bias d) Foot-in-door phenomenon b

Peter works very hard at a job that offers little pay and little chance of advancement. He looks at his paycheck and workload and decides that since he has made no move to change jobs, he must really believe in the work. He throws himself into his job harder than ever. Peter's experience fits which theory/bias?

a) Availability cascade b) Cognitive dissonance c) Media bias d) Foot-in-door phenomenon b

Which of these is an example of someone coping with cognitive dissonance?

a) Someone who denies climate change reading articles about climate change being a conspiracy b) A teaching assuming students have different learning styles because she's seen that argument on so many websites c) A new homeowner assuming his new neighbors all vote for the same political party he does d) A smoker justifying his habit by saying, 'We'll all die someday d

What is validity?

accuracy, are you measuring something that is real?

M1- What is the empirical approach?

analysis is an evidence-based approach to the study and interpretation of information.

random assignment

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance. experimental group- drugged controlled group- placebo

unconscious

automatic-walking, seeing, attitudes

direct experience

bit by a dog=not a dog person

levels of analysis

brain, person, group

cognitive bias

cognitive- thinking mental processes memory Bias- preference, unfair, incorrect ways we thin about the world

M2-What is the hindsight bias?

common tendency for people to perceive events that have already occurred as having been more predictable than they actually were before the events took place. "i knew that was going to happen"

List your TWO minds

conscious and unconscious

What is reliability?

consistency on repeat measurements, is it reliable, can another researcher do the same research and get the same result?

operational definition

defining concepts in terms of how those concepts are measured ex- seeing if couples will be together in a year you can.. observe their touching observe eye contact measure heart rate when shown a picture of them observe how they react

conscious

deliberate- awake, alert, aware of one's surroundings

Goals of Psychology

describe, explain, predict, control improve quality of human life

What is the availability heuristic?

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory examples- people think they will die from a shark attack but that is unusual

interpersonal communication

how we share what we want from a situation-ways to communicate that compliment

Dr.Krangel is interested in the effect of alcohol on motor performances. she recruits a sample of participants from a local bar and randomly assigns them to either drink a pint of beer or a pint of water and then throw three darts at a dartboard, and measures how close they come to the center. the content (alc vs water) of the drinks is the

independent variable

trying to research levels of depression so we give one group a placebo and the other group prozac and see the results what is the independent and dependent variable

independent- prozac or placebo dependent- levels of depression

Scripts

knowledge about the sequence of events and actions are expected example-going to a restaurant, you know what is going on and what the structure is example-at a funeral, you know what to where, how to act, what to say

indirect experience

media, interpersonal communicators

confunding variable

messing up a study

How to define a variable

mood, depression that can vary or change

list 4 types of research

naturalistic observation case study self-reports survey research

survey research method

need broad samples goes out to random sample by mail etc sample needs to be random and a representation of the population Random sampling- the whole population has a chance to be in the sample ex- taking a list of all assumption students and picking every 20th one on the list

zero correlation

no relationship between variables

attitude measurements implicit

nonvoulntary unconcious nonverbal cues

EMG

people don't have to make full facial expressions for this to pick up what people are feeling

what is semmelweis reflex

putting blinders on example-if u see an article on why abortion is wrong, you would reject it because thats not what you believe in

which of the following question indicates the weakest correlation?

r=.5 r=.09 r=-.6 r=.22 .09

which technique is used to ensure that the sample accurately depicts the nature of the overall population

random selection

Correlation

range from -1 to 1

What is the availability cascade?

repeated popular belief. if info gets repeated so many times, people will believe it. example- people always say we use only 10% of our brain, we heard it so many times it must be true

M2-What is replication and why is it important?

repetition of a research study, generally with different situations and different subjects, to determine if the basic findings of the original study can be applied to other participants and circumstances.

Research Methods

scientific method, test people, observe peoples behavior, or describe behavior

attitude measurement:explicit

self report ask people to rate experience tell us how you feel

how we measure attitudes?

show pictures of dogs and cats and measure their emotions by nonverbal or verbal cues

M42-What is social loafing?

social loafing tendency makes it likely that you would put less effort into the project. Instead of assuming responsibility for certain tasks, you might just think that one of the other group members will take care of it.

social rules

socially defined, expected patterns of behavior

M3- What is "statistical significance?"

statistical significance is the probability of some result from a statistical test occurring by chance. The point of doing research and running statistical analyses on data is to find truth.

single-blind study

study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group

describe case study

study one person in depth revealing underlying behavioral principles Problem: not all people are the same as the one you are studying

What do psychologists do?

teach, research, therapy, work in hospitals, government

Academic Psychology

teaching, research

false consensus effect

tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which others agree example-how did this guy get elected you think more people agree with you than you think

Barnum effect

tendency to give high accuracy, ratings to over-general descriptions of personality cold reading- jumping all over the place and then focusing in on one thing

What is confirmation bias?

tendency to search for or interrupt info in a way that confirms ones preconceptions, people are not seeing other information you believe what you believe and if you read a story you focus on what you believe rather than believing the other side -have an opion, seek out other info you are gonna seek info that you agree in . confirming what you believe

M3-What are three measures of central tendency and what do they tell us?

the mode, the median and the mean.

what are the elements of psychology

the person, the situation, the person and situation interact

Attitude Formation

the result of a number of different influences with only one thing in common: they are all forms of learning how attitudes come to be

What is psychology?

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

expiremental control

try to make . everything controlled researchers must make sure that they only variable changing is the IV confounding variable will change the experiment ex- having all grumpy people in one group and having all happy people in another the confounding variable is the mood because its messing up your experiment

independent variable

variable that is manipulated we have control over it variable that will have an effect on your dependent variable practice research studies

dependent variable

what we are measuring the outcome

Implict Association

when people are associated with social groupings. thinking high paying jobs are men

Applied Psychology

working for government, court system, jury section