Psychology Midterm Study Guide Chapter 4

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

Instincts

In ________________________, organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence.

Operate conditioning

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

Partial

Bandura's aggression experiments showed that we watch and learn, and that this learning can have both _____________ and __________ effects.

Prosocial (positive) and Antisocial (negative)

_________________ are a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment.

Reflex

___________________ means you are increasing a behavior, and punishment means you are decreasing a behavior.

Reinforcement

A _________________ has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer.

Secondary reinforcement

Bandura and other learning researchers proposed a brand of behaviorism called ________________________________.

Social learning theory

When an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus, it is called ______________________.

Stimulation generalization

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

Stimulus generalization

____________________ experiments with rats demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

Tolman's

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable interval

In a ______________________________, the number of responses needed for a reward varies.

Variable ratio

If you observed a person being punished, you would be less motivated to copy their behavior. This is called ________________.

Vicarious

Some studies suggest that _____________television shows, movies, and video games may have antisocial effects on viewers.

Violent

What is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

Your pupil contracting in the presence of bright light

A factory worker getting paid for every x number of items manufactured is an example of a _________________________schedule?

Fixed ratio

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Fixed ratio

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

Acquisition

_____________________ occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.

Associative learning

Bandura conducted research on children's aggression with a ___________ doll.

Bobo

What is an example of stimulus discrimination?

Classical and operate conditioning

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called ____________________________.

Continuous reinforcement

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of _______

Extinction