Psychology of aging

an older woman who has been diagnosed with alzheimer's disease is having significant memory problems and occasionally seems confused about where she is. she is no longer driving and needs help with some errands such as grocery shopping. given this information, she is likely in the ___ stage of dementia A. early B. middle C. late D. end

B middle

A major new study reports that sexual interest dimities as people get older. However, as you read the article in more detail, you realize that the study only compared people of different ages. You know that because this study was ____ it could not report conclusions about age changes A. cross-sectional B. prospective C. cross-sequential D. observational

A cross-sectional

which of the following best describes dementia? A. a terminal, progressive disease process B. a chronic but stable set of cognitive symptoms C. a temporary disruption of cognitive abilities D. a degenerative disease process that is not necessarily fatal

A. a terminal, progressive disease process

The term ______ captures the concept that aging involves an interaction among processes such as physical changes, cognition, and social context: A. biopsychosocial B. Physiocultural C. multidirectional D. Transformatinal

A. biopsychosocial

Classifying groups of people studied in developmental research based on when they were born involves distinctions based on which type of categorization? A. cohort B. age C. sectional D. time of measurement

A. cohort

classifying groups of people studied in developmental research based on when they were born involved distinctions based on which type of categorization? A. cohort B. age C. sectional D. time of measurement

A. cohort

an older woman who has been diagnosed with alzheimer's disease is having trouble recalling particular and sometimes repeats questions in the same conversation but does not need assistance with daily tasks. given this information, she is likely in the ___ stage of dementia due to alzheimer's A. early B. middle C. late D. end

A. early

which of the following is an example of an activity of daily living (not instrumental)? A. getting dressed B. cooking a meal C. driving D. all of these are examples of activities of daily living

A. getting dressed

85-year-old ms. our is legally blind due to cataracts. her friend ms. hesperus, also 85, has only mild problems with vision. however, ms hesperus' arthritis makes it difficult for her to walk, while ms our is still an active member of the YMCA. this example illustrates which principle of aging? A. inter-individual differences B. normal aging is different from disease C. survivors are an increasingly select group D. changes are continuous over the life span

A. inter-indidvual differences

75-year-old Mrs. A. has difficulty with her vision due to cataracts but her friend Mrs. B., also 75, can see perfectly. However, Mrs. B.'s arthritis makes it difficult for her to walk while Mrs. A. recently ran a senior marathon. This example illustrates which principle of adult development and aging? A. interindividual differences B. normal aging is different from disease C. survivors are an increasingly select group. D. changes are continuous over the life span

A. interindividual differences

A person using the process of identity balance as proposed in the multiple threshold model would have which reaction to age-related changes in physical functioning? A. maintaining a stable view of self despite the change B. becoming upset and disturbed over any sign of loss or decline C. pretending that the change has not occurred D. giving up entirely on any form of physical exercise

A. maintaining a stable view of self despite the change

The greatest emphasis on the environment is associated with which model of development? A. mechanistic B. Organismic C. reciprocal D. interactionist

A. mechanistic

an approach to research that compiles and analyzes the results of other studies on a particular topic is called a(n): A. meta-analysis B. archival study C. focused analysis D. descriptive study

A. meta-analysis

random error theory is best explained by what neuronal process? A. necrosis B. semiosis C. apoptosis D. ketosis

A. necrosis

the ____ and ____ of taste buds decreases with age, contributing to less intense taste A. number, sensitivity B. number, location C. number color D. number, connectivity to motor neurons

A. number, sensitivity

which of the following is not true when it comes to psychological assessment with older adults? A. sensory changes and physical health are rarely issues that need to be considered when conducting assessment B. assessment can have purposes other than diagnosis, such as determining competency to make medical decisions C. assessment can provide important information about daily functioning and help to plan appropriate levels of care D. assessment tools are not often created with older adults in mind and may be biased toward detecting symptoms in young and middle-aged adults

A. sensory changes and physical health are rarely issues that need to be considered when conducting assessment

a 59-year-old man begins to exhibit personality changes, notably making inappropriate comments to co-workers and spending money he does not have. you are asked to diagnose this person. which of the following diagnoses seems most likely, given no other information? A. the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia B. the semantic variant of frontotemporal dementia C. alzheimer's disease D. hormone imbalance

A. the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia

According to research on reminiscence bump, adults should remember the most from: A. their own teen and early adult years B. historical events that happened in their youth C. past experiences that affected their loved ones D. their earliest years of childhood

A. their own teen and early adult years

Research on adaption to aging suggests that the most important factor determining your health, happiness, and longevity may very well be your ______ age. A. Chronological B. Subjective C. Biological D. Sociological

B. Subjective

Older adults are less likely to seek outpatient mental health services because many of them harbor negative views toward the profession, this is best explained by: A. the lack of good psychologists B. a cohort effect C. poor medicaid coverage of mental health services D. the media

B. a cohort effect

the general slowing hypothesis proposes that older adults experience slowing in their cognitive processes primarily due to: A. decrease in motivation B. changes in the brain C. problems in vision D. increases in anxiety

B. changes in the brain

During a psychological assessment, the clinician may use a(n) ___, which involves a flexible series of questions designed to gain initial information A. mental status examination B. clinical interview C. standardized screening tool D. intelligence test

B. clinical interview

Changes with age in the dermis layer of the skin are associated with age-related alterations in which protein, also found in connective tissue throughout the body? A. melanin B. collagen C. insulin D. statin

B. collagen

the telomere theory proposes that the cause of aging is due to: A. release of free radicals B. destruction of the ends of chromosomes C. deterioration of the mitochondria D. cross-linking of long ends of proteins

B. destruction of the ends of chromosomes

The increased population of adults 65 and olde run the U.S. can be attributed specifically to the higher life ____ being achieved by current generations A. length B. expectancy C. growth D. span

B. expectancy

which of the following types of aging is paired with the correct definition? A. chronological age: the age that an individual feels B. functional age: the age at which an individual's performance in a given areas places them C. Social age: the age at which an individual's performance on cognitive measures places them D. Psychological age: the aging effects of an individual's exposure to the environment over time

B. functional age: the age at which an individual's performance in a given areas places them

The pikes peak model is a set of guidelines of professional competence in the area of: A. gerontology B. geropsychology C. geriatric medicine D. mountain climbing

B. geropsychology

The development of PTSD in older individuals is linked to risks of which physical health condition? A. emphysema B. heart disease C. arthritis D. sarcopenia

B. heart disease

the number one cause of death in the United States, primarily because it is suffered by older adults, is: A. arthritis B. heart disease C. cancer D. stroke

B. heart disease

The view that development is best viewed as continuous throughout life is referred to as the ____ perspective A. gerontological B. Life span C. Contextual D. Sociocultural

B. life span

a documentary film maker followed a group of adults every 5 years starting when they were 50 years old and continuing to track them down through age 75. This film comes closest to which type of developmental research design? A. cross-sectional B. longitudinal C. cross-sequential D. time-sequential

B. longitudinal

the greatest emphasis on the individual is associated with which model of development? A. mechanistic B. organismic C. reciprocal D. interactionist

B. organismic

in generalized anxiety disorders, individuals experience which of the following symptoms? A. hand tremors B. restlessness C. irrational fears D. sense of guilt

B. restlessness

which of the following types of aging is paired with a correct example? A. primary aging: poor health B. secondary aging: heart disease C. tertiary aging: skin cancer D. biological aging: becoming a grandparent

B. secondary aging: heart disease

older adults who have a low sense of memory ____, the feeling that they cannot perform well on a memory test, are likely to have poorer scores when their memory is actually tested. A. assimilation B. self-efficacy C. threat D. predictability

B. self-efficacy

Central vision is affected but peripheral vision is maintained in which cause of blindness in later life? A. age-related presbycusis B. glaucoma C. age-related macular degeneration D. cataract

C. age-related macular degeneration

In which health condition does the individual develop general thickening and hardening of the arteries? A. arteriogenesis B. myocardial infarction C. arteriosclerosis D. coronary heart disease

C. arteriosclerosis

Which of the following would be considered a "social" age-related factor in the biopsychosocial perspective? A. improving in wisdom B. losing muscle strength C. becoming a grandparent D. increasing in conscientiousness

C. becoming a grandparent

which of the following is a reason for changes seen in aging? A. wear and tear due to the environment B. genetic hard-wiring C. both of these are potential explanations for the changes seen in aging D. neither of these are potential explanations for the changes in seen in aging

C. both of these are potential explanations for the changes seen in aging

Age cannot be true independent variable in developmental research because: A. people usually lie about their birthdate B. there are no statistics to analyze age-based data C. it cannot be manipulated by the experimenter D. there are no good theories about aging

C. it cannot be manipulated by the experimenter

age cannot be a true independent variable in developmental research because: A. people usually lie about their birthdate B. there are no statistics to analyze age-based data C. it cannot be manipulated by the experimenter D. there are no good theories about aging

C. it cannot be manipulated by the experimenter

an older woman who has been diagnosed with alzheimer's disease does not seem to recognize her family members and does not attend to her own hygiene without prompting and assistance from others. she is likely in the ____ stage of dementia A. early B. middle C. end D. end

C. late

____ is the average number of years a person is believed to live given their birth cohort, which differs from ___, which is the maximum length of years the human species can live. A. life span, life expectancy B. life expectancy, health expectancy C. life expectancy, life span D. health expectancy, life expectancy

C. life expectancy, life span

sarcopenia is associated with age-related changes in the ______ A. bones B. Lungs C. muscles D. Kidneys

C. muscles

Which of the following is not true of normal age-related changes observed in the sleep pattern of older adults? A. on average, older adults wake up earlier B. younger adults spend less time awake in bed C. older adults normally develop sleep apnea due to cardiovascular changes D. adults typically get less REM sleep in old age

C. older adults normally develop sleep apnea due to cardiovascular changes

The disease that involves an abnormal thinning of the bones is: A. osteoarthritis B. tendonitis C. osteoporosis D. sarcopenia

C. osteoporosis

Compared to younger adults, older adults with major depressive disorder are more likely to have symptoms involving: A. visual changes B feelings of guilt C. physical pain D. low self-esteem

C. physical pain

the "good genes gone bad" theory suggests that aging genes take over in post-reproductive years and lead to decline and, eventually, the destruction of organisms. which category of biological theory discussed in class does this theory best fit into? A. genetic theories B. random error theories C. programmed theories D. subtractive age theories

C. programmed theories

when studying variables such as age, which cannot be randomly assigned, researchers conduct _____ type of design A. true experimental B. Bidirectional C. quasi-experimental D. semi-structured

C. quasi-experimental

In the condition known as sleep apnea, the older adult experiences which symptoms during the night? A. constant leg movements B. frequent need to urinate C. restricted airflow in the throat D. disturbing nightmares

C. restricted airflow in the throat

task that require the individual to watch out for the appearance of a target in a series of shapes and respond only when they see it, makes demands on ____ attention and appear to be more difficult for older individuals. A. multiple B. divided C. selective D. sustained

C. selective

which of the following is a sociocultural contributor to suicide risk in older adults? A. depression B. memory loss C. social isolation D. chronic pain

C. social isolation

Identity can be thought of as being made up of 3 broad factors. which of the following is not of these factors? A. sociocultural factors B. psychological factors C. technological factors D. biological factors

C. technological factors

which of the following is true of chronic diseases? A. they are typically genetic and rarely influenced by lifestyle choices B. they are life-long but do not typically impact a persons day-to-day living C. treatment of chronic illnesses usually focuses on symptom management D. chronic diseases can all be cured

C. treatment of chronic illnesses usually focuses on symptom management

the selective optimization with compensation model proposes that older adults engage in what type of behavior when faced with losses? A. seeking help from younger adults to do those tasks for them B. continuing to try to achieve their goals, even if they seem out of reach C. trying to put more energy into the abilities that they care about the most D. disengaging from as many social roles and obligations as they can

C. trying to put more energy into the abilities that they care about the most

the life span perspective in development emphasizes: A. decline in later adulthood due to biological changes B. psychological rather than biological influences on the individual C. understanding development as continuous from childhood to old age D. childhood as the most important period of an individual's life

C. understanding development as continuous from childhood to old age

Changes over time in an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as they cope with the physical changes involved in aging fall into which domain of aging? A. Sociocultural B. Biological C. Gerontological D. Psychological

D. Psychological

older adults may be affected by negative stereotypes in the following ways: A. They may internalize stereotypes to the point that their won aging process is affected B. they may experience poorer health outcomes associated with negative beliefs about aging C. they may experience discrimination in employment and medical treatment due to age D. all of the above are potential outcomes of negative age stereotypes

D. all of the above are potential outcomes of negative age sterotypes

which of the following is an example of an instrumental activity of daily living? A. making a telephone call B. going grocery shopping C. house cleaning D. all of these are examples of instrumental activities of daily living

D. all of these are examples of instrumental activities of daily living

Which of the following is a potential reason that exercise benefits memory functioning? A. exercise impacts metabolic functioning, and some metabolic factors lead to increased risk for diseases impacting memory functioning B. exercise improves blood flow to the brain, which improves brain functioning C. exercise helps to manage stress and mood symptoms, which can both have a negative impact on cognitive functioning D. all of these are potential mechanisms by which exercise improves memory functioning

D. all of these are potential mechanisms by which exercise improves memory functioning

which of the following are benefits of physical activity in older adulthood? A. physical activity is associated with reduced incidence of chronic illnesses B. physical activity is associated with reduced incidence of significant cognitive problems C. physical activity can improve sleep quality D. all of these are true of physical activity

D. all of these are true of physical activity

which piece of the biopsychosocial model is not correctly matched with factors that fall into that category? A. biophysical: family history, medication use, cognition B. psychological: perceived stress, depressive symptoms, cognition C. social: social support, financial resources, culture D. all of these are correctly categorized

D. all of theses are correctly categorized

mood disorders, such as depression, may often be missed or misdiagnosed in older adults because: A. older adults may report more somatic symptoms than mood symptoms, leading the healthcare provider to pursue other medical causes B. providers may assume that depression is normal in older adults C. older adults may have a stigma about mental health disorders and be reluctant to tell anyone that they are having a problem D. all of the above

D. all over the above

organismic models of development are most likely to include which types of aging theories? A. sociological B. behavioral C. social-psychological D. biological

D. biological

according to the plasticity principle in development, individuals can alter the course of their own development by: A. seeking genetic therapy B. Accelerating the rate of the social clock C. describing the changes that occur in their bodies D. engaging in physical and mental exercise

D. engaging in physical and mental exercise

a build-up of pressure within the eyeball is involved in which form of blindness that affects older adults? A. cataract B. presbycusis C. foveal degeneration D. glaucoma

D. glaucoma

The behavioral risk factors for chronic diseases in later adulthood include tobacco smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and: A. lack of close relationships B. low income and education C. inaccessibility of transportation D. harmful use of alcohol

D. harmful use of alcohol

attrition in a particular problem for researchers who conduct ____ studies. A. cross-sectional B. observational C. descriptive D. longitudinal

D. longitudinal

The 90+ project is an example of a _____ study using a _____ model of development. A. Cross- sectional: mechanistic B. longitudinal; organismic C. cross-sectional; interactionist D. longitudinal; interactionist

D. longitudinal; interactionist

which demographic category in the U.S. includes the highest age-adjusted suicide rate? A. males ages 15-24 b. females ages 30-39 C.females ages 80-84 D. males ages 75 and older

D. males ages 75 and older

which of the following is not true of dementia? A. can be thought go as a collection of symptoms caused by a number of different disease pathologies B. occurs before age 65 C. people with dementia may need assistance in making decisions and may eventually need a friend or family member to make their life decisions for them D. people with dementia are likely to recover their cognitive functions

D. people with dementia are likely to recover their cognitive functions

according to research on stereotype threat, when older adults are made to feel aware of their age in a memory study, they will: A. refuse to compete the task B. appreciate being respected C. be less likely to ask for help D. perform more poorly than they might have otherwise

D. perform more poorlythan they might have otherwise

blanca peak is a 71-year-old woman who is please that for the first time her life she has finally been able to shed excess pounds without having to diet. in reality, however, blanca's weight loss is probably not so good because it is likely due to: A. loss of articular cartilage B. decrease in collagen C. reductions in glucose D. sarcopenia

D. sarcopenia

Because the ____ are the individuals we study later in life, researchers caution that the findings of aging studies may not be true for everyone born in a given time period A. institutionalized B. less able C. young-old D. survivors

D. survivors

Which of the following things is not true regarding assessment of mental disorders in older adults? A. the clinical interview is an important tool for gathering information B. specific assessment tools may be used to help identify and narrow down the symptoms a person is experiencing C. medical and social history are important areas to assess D. symptoms of mental disorders were frequently written with older adults in mind

D. symptoms of mental disorders were frequently written with older adults in mind

______ is a disorder that causes individuals to hear sounds when auditory cues are not present A. presbycusis B. Presbyopia C. cataracts D. tinnitus

D. tinnitus

The pikes peak model and its training program was created by faculty members by what local university? A. university of the rockies B. colorado college C. pikes peak community college D. university of colorado, colorado springs

D. university of colorado, colorado springs

which group has the highest suicide rate over the age of 65? A. black women B. indigenous/native women C. east asian men D. white men

D. white men

selective attribution

In longitudinal research, _____ is of concern as patterns of dropout may bias results

glaucoma

______ refers to changes in pressure in the optic nerve creating loss of peripheral vision or tunnel vision with some patched blindness

cataracts

______ refers to the gradual clouding of the lens, creating a hazy, blurry, faint image

presbycusis

_______ is decreased ability to hear

Age-related muscular degeneration

_______ refers to damage to the photoreceptors in the retina creating patches of blindness