Psychology Online Class V
According to the lecture, the two guiding philosophies of the sociocultural approach are
individualism and collectivism.
A person with a(n) ____________________ is motivated by feelings of inadequacy and insecurity.
inferiority complex
Identify the innate tendencies that determine behavior.
instincts
Locus of control refers to our beliefs about how much control we have over certain situations. If you believe that you do have control over situations, you have an internal locus of control. If you think that your fate is determined by forces beyond your control, you have an external locus of control. To find a person's locus of control, behaviorists and social learning theorists might ask a person if he believes the following: Most tests are fair if a student is prepared. If the person agrees with this statement, which type of locus of control is he displaying?
internal
Self-satisfaction is a(n)_______________ reward that might motivate a person to tackle an unpleasant task.
intrinsic (internal)
A students drive to get good grades would be described by behaviorists as the result of
parental and societal reinforcements.
On the topic of acculturation and self-esteem, sociocultural theorists have found unusually high self-esteem among
people who are bicultural.
Specific goals that motivate a person to succeed are known as___________ goals
performance
Which of the following is NOT part of Raymond Cattell's personality theory?
personal construct
People will identify their self-concept by recognizing their
personal values and needs to develop relationships.
Patterns of feelings, motive, and behavior that set people apart from one another.
personality
Psychological influences of hunger can include everything EXCEPT
sugar levels.
The ____ theory is a homeostatic theory of emotional reactions.
opponent-process
For every trait identified by Cattell, there is a corresponding ___ trait.
opposite
A fixation such as nail biting, is due to unresolved issues from the ___ stage.
oral
Sixteen Trait Theory also identifies observable behavior traits, referred to as
surface traits.
trait
tendency to act in a certain way
Culture, gender, and ethnicity contribute to the development of personality according to the sociocultural approach.
true
Differences in personality can be due to different life experiences.
true
Members of ethnic groups that have traditionally held power are more likely to have a positive self-concept.
true
Most theories about emotions include the influence of physiological components.
true
Physiological theories of emotion focus on bodily processes and functions.
true
Reinforcement of behaviors often may come in the form of parental approval or social customs.
true
Research indicates that there is no connection between emotions and their impact on motivation.
true
Social and cultural factors affect the self-concept and self-esteem of the individual.
true
The humanistic approach to personality development has gained interest because of its focus on the conscious experience.
true
The major schools of personality theory are all concerned with understanding differences among people.
true
The opponent-process theory of emotion claims that opposite emotions may both occur in response to a specific event.
true
The sociocultural perspective allows us to appreciate the rich quality of human behavior as part of a bigger picture than the individual alone.
true
Theories are used to guide research so that we can understand why people act in certain ways.
true
When we see that a person has made the decision to go to college and observe whether the person is confident or hesitant, then we are predicting their response to life's demands.
true
Maslow stated that people must follow their path to
self-actualization.
An individual's__________ gives a person a sense of who she or he is as an individual.
self-concept
While developing his trait theory, Raymond Cattell first identified _____ surface traits of observable behavior.
46
There are _____ major traits everyone has, just at varying levels of intensity.
5
What is the difference between a need and a drive?
A need is a condition in which a person requires something that is lacking, either biologically or psychologically. A need gives rise to a drive, which is the motivator that causes a person to take action to fill that need.
Channeling basic impulses into socially acceptable behavior
sublimation
The need for self-actualization is part of the theory proposed by
Abraham Maslow.
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the learning approach?
According to the learning approach behavior relies heavily on the nature, personality, and beliefs of an individual.
Which of the following is not a Nature of Emotions?
Activity
LeDoux in 1977 researched what based around emotions?
Activity in Autonomic Nervous System
Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group.
acculturation
Which of the following situations could influence a person to eat or feel hungry?
All of the above.
Discuss and compare the physiological and cognitive theories of emotion.
Answers will vary, but students should explain that the physiological theory of emotion suggests that bodily reactions form the basis of labeling and experiencing emotions, whereas cognitive theorists believe that bodily changes and thinking work together to produce emotions.
What is the difference between balance theory and cognitive-dissonance theory?
Balance theory suggests that people try to maintain cognitive balance by holding consistent views and being with people who share their views. Cognitive dissonance theory explains that people try to maintain this balance in order to reduce the tensions caused when cognition and behaviors are inconsistent.
Describe a limitation on behaviorism.
Behaviorism's influence has been limited because it does not take into account the inner human experience or cognitive processes.
What factors cause obesity?
Both biological and psychological factors contribute to obesity. Causes of obesity include a family history of obesity or a genetic predisposition, stress and anxiety, and having an elevated number of fat cells.
Those that are driven to succeed and face challenges have
achievement motivation.
Which purpose of theories looks at someone deciding to change their life because they don't like the way it is?
Determine improvement of life
Which purpose of theories corresponds with the following scenario? A person attempting to set goals for growth and change in their life.
Determine improvement of life.
_____are caused by biological and psychological needs, and they motivate an organism to take action.
Drives
Which of the purposes of theories correspond to the following scenario? The reasons someone robbed a bank is compared to the reason why someone works in a community activity to help people.
Explain differences among individuals
Which of the following purposes of theory describes the scenario of looking at the type of dress a woman wears?
Explain how people behave
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of personality theories:
Explain social group dynamics
List the 5 major traits everyone exhibits and briefly describe each trait.
Extroversion - being warm and energetic. Agreeableness - being sympathetic, kind, and trusting. Conscientiousness - dedicated and dutiful. Open to Experience - open-minded, imaginative, and creative. Emotional Stability - having the ability to cope and being reliable.
___ help us to regulate our actions.
Goals
According to the lecture, the focus on this theorists work was on stability.
Hans Eysenck
Which statement below is self-efficacy centered?
I will make better grades in math if I study harder and smarter
What is the difference between individualists and collectivists?
Individualists usually define themselves in terms of their personal identities and give priority to their personal goals. Collectivists, on the other hand, define themselves in terms of the groups to which they belong and often give priority to the goals of the group.
_________are behavior patterns that are genetically transmitted from generation to generation.
Instincts
____ can be described as people who are thoughtful, passive, and quiet.
Introverts
Personality theorist ____________________ developed the idea of basic anxiety.
Karen Horney
_________________________ are motivators that are based on the love of learning for learning's sake.
Learning goals or Intrinsic rewards
Which of the purposes of theories corresponds to the following scenario? Looking to see what type of music a person listens to.
NOT Explain differences among individuals maybe?????????????Organization of personal charactersitics?????????????
A person's self-concept is reflected in how one believes other people see them. Given this, a person who has experienced discrimination and poverty may have
NOT a clear self-concept.
Examples of extrinsic rewards include everything EXCEPT
NOT being accepted into a university.
The trait theory of personality states that
NOT there is one trait that clearly defines a person.
According to the lecture, humans are unique to other animals for all of the following EXCEPT
NOT they have language abilities.
What research is the following an example of? You meet a person on the first day of school and become good friends. As the school year goes on, other friends of yours tell you that the person you met the first day of school is moving. You are annoyed, but start looking for another friend.
Opponent-Process Theory
Which of the purposes of theories correspond with the following scenario? Looking to see if a person is shy, boring, outgoing, or gloomy.
Organization of personal characteristics
___ are specific goals such as graduating from college.
Performance goals.
Define the term personality and describe the two purposes of the personality theory.
Personality are patterns of feelings, motives, and behavior that set people apart from one another. The purposes of the personality theory are to explian how people behave and to predict responses to life's demands.
What are the purposes of theories, including the personality theory?
Personality theories provide a way of organizing the many characteristics of humans and to discover patterns in the ways people behave. The words we use describe the general ways of behaving. Theorists seek to find out if certain traits always appear together or why a person has some traits and not others. All the theories seek to explain the differences among individuals. Different theorists explain these variations in different ways. They may attribute the behaviors to motives, childhood conflicts, or heredity. Another purpose is to discover how people conduct their lives. They seek to explain how some people deal with difficulties and seem to cope well, while others find coping with day-to-day problems a challenge. Finally, theorists seek to determine how life can be improved.
Identify two possible positive and two possible negative aspects of individualism and collectivism.
Positive aspects of individualism could include freedom of choice and self-reliance, negative aspects could include greed and selfishness. Positive aspects of collectivism could include a greater sense of community and empathy for other people, negative aspects could include a lack of initiative and the tendency to ostracize outsiders.
Which purpose of theories looks at how we respond to change in our life?
Predict response to life's demand
Identify and describe the four main theories of motivation.
Psychologists have offered four main theories of motivation. They include instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, humanistic theory, and sociocultural theory. The instinct theory suggested that human behavior is primarily motivated by instincts. Critics argue that since there is so much variation in human behavior, most behavior patterns are unlikely to be instinctive. The drive-reduction theory suggested that people and animals perceive drives arising from a need as an unpleasant tension. Their behavior is motivated by the need to reduce that tension. Critics argue that drive-reduction theory does not explain all motivation, since at times people do things when they feel no drive to do so and at times do things that increase tension. Humanistic psychologists criticize both the instinct theory and the drive-reduction theory as mechanical and directed only towards survival. The humanistic theory suggests that human behavior is also motivated by the need for personal growth and artistic fulfillment. Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow ranked biological needs at the bottom and the need for self-actualization at the top. Critics argue that this hierarchy does not apply to everyone. Sociocultural theory suggests that cultural experiences and factors influence the behavior that people use to satisfy their drives.
____________ is a defense mechanism that uses self-deception to justify unacceptable behaviors or ideas.
Rationalization
___________ is a defense mechanism that pushes anxiety-causing ideas into the unconscious.
Repression
____________________ experiments showed that removing all stimulation from a person's environment can be very stressful.
Sensory deprivation
Identify and describe the five stages of Freud's theory of personality development. Describe the psychological problems that may arise during the first three stages.
Sigmund Freud believed that an individual's personality developed through a series of five stages. The five stages he identified are the oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages. In the first year of life, infants experience the oral stage. At this stage, an infant explores the world by putting things in his or her mouth. If a child's caregivers do not meet his or her needs during this stage, later on the person may develop habits such as smoking, overeating, excessive talking, or nail biting. The orally fixated person may form clinging, dependent relationships. At the anal stage, children learn to control their bodily functions. A conflict that occurs at this stage may cause anal-retentive traits involving an excessive need for self-control or anal-expulsive traits involving carelessness and messiness. The phallic stage begins at about age three and involves a discovery of physical differences between the two sexes and a greater awareness of the body. Children at this stage may also develop strong attachments to the parent of the opposite sex and see the same-sex parent as their rival. Depression, excessive guilt, and anxiety later in life can have their origins at this stage. By age five or six, children enter the latency stage in which they retreat from conflict with their parents and repress all aggressive urges. The genital stage is the final stage of personality development and occurs at puberty.
What are the two branches of the broader school of psychological thought called the learning approach?
Social-Learning Theory and Behaviorism
___ are considered to be at the core of one's personality.
Source traits
How does the opponent-processing theory explain emotions?
The opponent-processing theory proposes that there is a homeostatic mechanism for emotions similar to that for physiological processes. The sympathetic system energizes the body for activity, while the parasympathetic system calms and relaxes the body. These two systems work together to regulate emotions.
Analyze how the personality theories of Carl Jung, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson drew on and differed from Sigmund Freud's theories.
The personality theories of Carl Jung, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson drew on the work of Sigmund Freud. Like Freud, Carl Jung believed that people store repressed memories at an unconscious level. But Jung suggested that people also have a collective unconscious in which human concepts shared by all people are stored. Archetypes make up the collective unconscious and form a foundation on which our personalities develop. Jung also differed from Freud in putting more emphasis on conscious thought. Karen Horney agreed with Freud that childhood experiences, especially the parent-child relationship, play a major role in forming the adult personality. Horney agreed with Freud that children repress their hostile feelings toward parents. But she differed from Freud in her belief that genuine and consistent love can help erase the damage of a painful childhood. Like Freud, Erik Erikson focused on the important mother-infant relationship in forming an individual's personality. But Erikson differed from Freud in his belief that people can make real choices. Erikson built on Freud's five stages of personality development and extended them into adulthood.
Discuss the three parts of emotions.
The three parts of emotions are physical, behavioral, and cognitive. The physical aspect has to do with how the emotion affects the physical arousal of the individual. The behavioral part is the outward expression of the emotion such as body language. The cognitive aspect concerns how we think or interpret a situation.
What are the two basic assumptions made by trait theorists, and how are these assumptions reflected in Raymond Cattell's sixteen trait theory?
Trait theorists assume that every trait applies to all people. The traits exist along a continuum, and every person falls somewhere on that continuum. For example, if the trait is "serious," everyone falls along a continuum from "very serious" to "not at all serious." Secondly, trait theorists assume that there are underlying reasons for the consistency of human behavior. For example, an underlying trait of self-confidence might be used to explain more superficial characteristics like social aggressiveness and dependency. If this were true, it would mean that a person would be dependent because he or she lacked self-confidence. Thus, trait theorists seek to identify what behaviors go together. Raymond Cattell identified 16 source traits that he considered to be at the core of personality. He placed these traits on a continuum with the opposites on either end of the continuum. For example, "reserved" is on one end and "outgoing" on the other. He believed that by using this analysis, human behavior could be predicted in certain situations.
Personality theorists most likely strive to understand all of the following EXCEPT ________.
Ways to improve one's memory
According to social-learning theorists, internal variables influence outward actions in certain situations. These internal variables include everything EXCEPT
accomplishments.
The analytic theory developed by Carl Jung stresses that human behavior is influenced by
a collective unconsciousness.
source trait
a stable characteristic that is at the core of personality
Desire to join with others and be part of something larger than oneself
affiliation
People experience hunger as a result of
all of the above
Obesity can often be a result of
all of the above.
The sociocultural perspective focuses on the role of
all of the above.
Personality theories attempt to do all the following EXCEPT
alleviate cultural differences among people.
Defense mechanisms indicate the existence of an inner conflict or
anxiety
The young hero, the fertile and nurturing mother, and the wise old man are examples of
archetypes
Sensation seekers are people who
are at their best when doing something active or adventurous
In contrast to biological needs, psychological needs
are not necessarily based on deprivation.
A cognitive state of________ exists when people feel a sense of well-being because they share similar attitudes with others.
balance
Theory that states that people need to harmonize their perceptions and beliefs
balance theory
When a person successfully integrates two sets of customs and values, they have
become bi-cultural.
When we are looking at a person and determining the type of friends they are choosing, then we are trying to explain how the person __________.
behaves
Which would not explain differences among individuals?
behavior
Instinct theory states that ___ are genetically transmitted from generation to generation.
behavior patterns.
How people act on their emotions is the
behavioral component.
Socialization is a process of learning desirable behaviors described by
behavioral psychology.
Which school of thought believes that a person's actions and choices are shaped by environmental influences and cultural factors?
behaviorism
According to the lecture, Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of
being authentic or real.
Drive-reduction theory explains the motivation to alleviate unpleasant...
biological needs.
When our ___ drop, the hypothalamus will trigger the hunger drive.
blood sugar levels
The hunger drive can be satisfied
by the sensations of chewing and swallowing.
Many people in the United States value
individualism
A characteristic that is so persistent that it can clearly identify a person.
cardinal trait
The trait theory of personality states that traits are______ to all people.
central
One of the best ways to combat obesity is to
change your lifestyle.
Personality describes the unique __________ of an individual.
characteristics
Words describe general ways of behaving that ___________ an individual.
characterize
The way that an emotion is labeled by a person depends on their
cognitive appraisal.
How we think about or interpret our emotion is the
cognitive component.
Psychological need to behave according to one's beliefs
cognitive consistency
Theory that states that people try to reduce cognitive inconsistencies
cognitive-dissonance theory
Which aspect of the sociocultural approach defines the self in terms of a group or association?
collectivism
Many people from Asia or South America tend to be more
collectivist
When priority is given to the goals of the group, a person is exhibiting a ___ mentality.
collectivist
According to the lecture, people turn to food to relieve anxiety and stress because it is
comforting
Which of the following is NOT associated with Hans Eysenck?
conditions of worth
Some behaviorists claim that all of the following are examples of instinctive emotions except __________.
confusion
Consistency between one's self-concept and one's experience
congruence
Stability versus instability is measured by the degree to which an individual has ___ over their feelings.
control
According to the lecture, each stage of Erikson's psychosocial development has a corresponding
crisis
Unconscious methods the ego uses to avoid things that may cause anxiety
defense mechanisms
A person who is in________ refuses to accept the reality of a bad or upsetting situation.
denial
Transfer of an idea or impulse from a threatening to a less threatening object
displacement
Children who set learning goals for themselves have parents who
do all of the above.
The main influence on personality, according to the school of behaviorism is
external forces.
Freud wrote that the_____ "stands for reason and good sense" because it is the part of the mind guided by the reality principle.
ego
Which dimension of personality would be exhibited by the following traits? -playful, easy going, sociable, care-free, and helpful
emotionally stable and extroverted
The sociocultural perspective ___ our understanding of cultural differences.
enhances
Learning theorists emphasize the influence of ___ conditions on behavior.
environmental
According to Eysenck, those who are emotionally unstable and extroverted will exhibit which trait?
exhibitionist
Sociocultural factors are ___ forces that are internalized and affect all of us.
external
According to behaviorism, what is the main influence on how people act?
external forces
Which of the influences that shape people's preferences and behavior listed below would match the claim made by John B. Watson and the behaviorist view?
external forces
Good grades are_________________ rewards that might motivate students to study hard for a test.
extrinsic (external)
All psychologists believe that emotions come from both physical changes and mental processes.
false
Carl Rogers felt that there was too much importance placed on personal values and establishing relationships with other people.
false
Each school of personality theory has the same image of human nature.
false
Hurting other people or acting in antisocial ways reflects an inner confidence with who a person is as an individual.
false
In the James-Lange theory, environmental cues cause emotion.
false
Personalities are not influenced by cultural setting.
false
Seeing loving and tolerant relationships limits a persons ability to have positive relationships.
false
Social-learning theorists believe that learning is a mechanical result of reinforcement.
false
Sociocultural theorists are not interested in the level of individualism or collectivism in a society.
false
Genes help determine the number of ___ a person has.
fat cells
Genes play a role in hunger and obesity by hindering biological signals that hunger has been fulfilled and also by an increase in _____, which can cause a frequent or even constant feeling of hunger.
fat cells
Personality theorist Alfred Adler believed that people are motivated by
feelings of inferiority.
According to the lecture, fad diets and weight control programs usually only work
for a short term.
Psychologist Carl Rogers argued that personality is the result of
free choice and action, based on one's concept of self.
Which aspect of the sociocultural approach gives priority to personal goals?
individualism
According to the lecture, one of the possible influences of obesity is
genetics
Viewing oneself as an individual.
having a self-concept
People who are driven and challenge themselves to meet high personal standards are said to have ____________________ ____________________.
high achievement motivation
Tendency to maintain a state of equilibrium in the body
homeostasis
The humanistic approach stresses the importance of
human freedom.
The strength of the__________ theories is also their main weakness.
humanistic
Abraham Maslow pioneered the study of
humanistic psychology
A student who sacrifices a night out to study for an exam is exhibiting behaviors from which theory of motivation?
humanistic theory
Which theory states that people are motivated by the need for personal growth?
humanistic theory
The "start-eating" and "stop-eating" centers are located in the
hypothalamus
According to Freud, the part of the mind that is governed by the pleasure principle is the
id
Disharmony between two people's views that causes uneasiness
imbalance
Disharmony between two people's views that results in indifference
imbalance
Which one of the following is not an instinctive emotion?
indecisive
Identify the "start-eating" center of the hypothalamus.
lateral hypothalamus
Identify the "stop-eating" center of the hypothalamus.
lateral hypothalamus
From the perspective of the sociocultural approach, adapting to a new or different culture involves everything EXCEPT
learning a new way to dress.
Emotions can ___ behavior or action.
motivate
A(n)______ is a stimulus that inspires a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a specific goal.
motive
Which stimulus will move a person to behave in ways that will accomplish a specific goal?
motive
A(n)____ is a condition in which we require something we lack.
need
The sociocultural approach provides valuable insight into the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in
personality formation.
Cognitive-dissonance can be removed by everything EXCEPT
persuading your self to believe the dissonance is true.
According to Sigmund Freud, unresolved emotions during the ___ stage can lead to depression.
phallic
The bottom of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is
physiological
According to the lecture, motivation can be both
positive and negative.
The main features of trait personality include being______, fixed, and unchanging.
predictable
Expectations are ___ of what will happen in certain situations.
predictions
What two factors influence our biological needs?
psychological and physiological
Trait descriptions must be
quantifiable
Defense mechanism in which people act contrary to their genuine feelings
reaction formation
According to Carl Rogers, congruence is important to one's self-concept because it
reinforces a person's self-concept.
Children who set performance goals are usually
rewarded by parents for good grades
According to the lecture, in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, satisfying the Esteem level will allow a person to feel good enough to take the
risk to fulfill self-actualization.
A person's need to become what he or she is capable of being
self-actualization
The ability to reach one's full potential.
self-actualization
Accepting individuals either conditionally or unconditionally is part of
self-esteem and positive regard.
Examples of biological needs include everything EXCEPT
self-esteem.
Chewing and swallowing food provide ___ that help satisfy the hunger drive.
sensations
What is the absence of stimulation and reactions called?
sensory deprivation
A person who scored low on the openness to experience trait would most likely have which of the following characteristics?
shallowness and lack of perceptiveness
extrovert
sociable, outgoing, active
Basic biological needs include everything EXCEPT
social acceptance.
Which theory of motivation states that people use cultural experiences and factors to satisfy drives?
sociocultural theory
Desire for stimulation
stimulus motive
Identify the main factor in signaling hunger.
the hypothalamus
Abraham Maslow argued that differences in personality are linked to
the search for self-actualization.
Which of the following is not one of the purposes of personality theories as mentioned in the lecture?
to control and/or limit negative behaviors
A drive is a state of tension, produced by a need, that motivates a person
toward a goal or action.
Behaviors that characterize individuals are called
traits
A collectivist sees the self in terms of the relationships they hold with other people.
true
A limitation of the humanistic approach could be its inability to objectively study the conscious experience.
true
According to Stanley Schachter, people use cognitive appraisal to interpret their emotional experiences.
true
According to the learning theories (behaviorism and social learning theory) we have different personalities because we have different experiences in life.
true
An emotion is a feeling provoked by a situation or event.
true
Behaviorists believe people are at the mercy of the environment and social-learning theorists argue that people can influence the environment.
true
Carl Rogers stated that self-expression does not always lead to conflict.
true
The ___ we put on the outcome of a situation will affect how we act.
value
