psychology study questions 2

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Place theory explains how people hear high-pitched sounds, while frequency theory explains how people hear low-pitched sounds.

What happened after "Little Albert" was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat?

Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.

_____ is due to conscious deliberate forgetting as _____ is due to unconscious forgetting.

Suppression; repression

Arielle found the ISBN number of the book she wanted to order in the Books in Print Catalog. To remember the eleven-digit number, 19772552901, she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Arielle was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the ISBN number.

chunking

The letters on the flashing neon sign actually read: CPEN FOR BUSINESS! But because of the law of _____, Joe never noticed that part of one neon letter was burned out and perceived it as reading: OPEN FOR BUSINESS!

closure

Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, and punishment _____ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

increases; decreases

The visceral sensory system involves _____, while the vestibular system involves

internal organs; balance

Which part of the brain is thought to regulate the emotional response to odors?

the limbic system

When psychologists refer to the visible spectrum, they mean:

the narrow range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that are visible to the human eye.

While trying to recall a list of items in correct order, the tendency to remember the first items in the list is called _____ while the tendency to remember the last items in the list is called _____.

the primacy effect; the recency effect

In psychology, the term sensation formally refers to:

the process of detecting a physical stimulus.

Which of the following researches would be most likely to believe that we learn to do things by seeing others receive rewards or punishments for their actions?

Albert Bandura

The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____.

Albert Bandura; observational learning

Which of the following statements best captures the basic idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences.

When it comes to the learning theories of conditioning, which psychological perspective has had the most influence?

Behaviorism

Which of the following alternatives to punishment represents the BEST method for reducing a problem behavior?

Corby is reinforced for working quietly in class instead of being punished for talking in class.

How do glasses correct visual problems?

Glasses correct vision by intercepting and bending incoming light waves so that they are focused properly on the retina.

_____ is the process of accessing information stored in long-term memory.

Retrieval

Which of the following statements best captures the flavor of Thorndike's law of effect?

Rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated, while unrewarded behaviors are less likely to be repeated.

What happens to information in short-term memory that is not further processed or rehearsed?

The information fades or decays.

Which of the following statements is correct?

The process of accomodation requires only one eye

If you shine a bright light directly into a person's eye, the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict. Using Pavlov's terminology, the bright light would be termed the _____, and the pupil constricting would be termed the _____.

UCS; UCR

According to _____, whether we can detect a change in the strength of a stimulus depends upon the intensity of the original stimulus.

Weber's law

Christopher can recall very specific and vivid details of the day his son was born. Christopher's memory of this very emotional, personal event in his life is an example of what is called:

a flashbulb memory.

Psychologists formally define learning as:

a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that is due to past experience.

Feedback from the muscles of the eye can help us judge the distance of an object, because the lens of the eye thickens when we change our focus from a distant object to a nearby object. This visual cue is called:

accommodation

In contrast to sensation, the term perception is formally defined as the:

active mental process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory data.

Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as:

addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of an aversive stimulus.

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision:

afterimages

Loudness is to _____ as pitch is to _____.

amplitude; frequency

Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of learning:

an association between two stimuli.

Distance cues that involve both eyes are called __ cues, while distance cues that involve only one eye are called___.

binocular; monocular

Smell and taste receptors respond to what type of stimulus?

chemical

The sensation of taste results from the activation of receptor cells by what kind of stimuli?

chemical substances dissolved in saliva

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate. At this point, the sound of the bell is a(n):

conditioned stimulus (CS).

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of forgetting described in your textbook?

consolidation

The clear membrane that covers the outside of the eye and helps gather and direct incoming light is called the:

cornea

As light waves enter the eye, which three structures do they pass through first?

cornea, iris, lens

Identify the sequence that correctly represents the path taken by light signals through the eye.

cornea, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve

Another name for explicit memory is _____ memory.

declarative memory

The smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected is called the:

difference threshold, or just noticeable difference.

Rods are used for vision in _____ light, and cones are used for vision in _____ light.

dim; bright

Carlyle vividly remembers when he had to go to the emergency room for stitches on his left thigh. This is an example of which type of long-term memory?

episodic memory

After a dog had been conditioned to salivate at the sight of meat powder, the meat powder was presented to the dog every three minutes and held just out of the dog's reach. Over the course of several trials, the amount of saliva secreted by the dog decreased to zero, indicating that _____ had occurred.

extinction

What was the unconditioned response (UCR) in Watson and Rayner's famous "Little Albert" study?

fear in response to the loud clanging sound

According to one important perceptual principle, when we look at a scene we automatically tend to separate the elements of that scene into an object and its background. This principle is called:

figure-ground relationship

A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced for the first bar press it makes after one minute has elapsed. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-interval

A rat in a Skinner box receives a food pellet every ten times the bar is pressed. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio

Cones are most concentrated in the:

fovea

Essay tests are to _____ as matching tests are to _____.

free recall; cued recall

An influential theory for explaining the experience of pain is called the _____ theory of pain, which holds that the sensation of pain is controlled by a series of _____ in the spinal cord.

gate-control; gates

Andrea is determined to ace her microbiology final. Which of the following strategies would be LEAST likely to improve her memory for the material covered in her microbiology textbook?

going without sleep the night before the exam and studying right up until she takes the test

As Awais watched Amyee wave the 4th of July sparkler back and forth, he noticed that the sparkler seemed to produce a trailing afterimage that faded within a split second. Which type of sensory memory can account for the quickly fading afterimage of the sparkler?

iconic memory

Visual sensory memory is to auditory sensory memory as _____ is to _____.

iconic memory; echoic memory

By definition, stimuli that are perceived subliminally are:

inaccessible to conscious awareness.

Whenever Ashlie and Chase make love, they always play Ravel's classic instrumental work "Boléro" in the background. One day, as Ashlie is walking past a music appreciation class, she realizes that the class is listening to Ravel's "Boléro." As she continues to walk down the hall, she smiles to herself as erotic thoughts of Chase cross her mind. Which of the following best represents the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

intimate physical contact with her partner

The muscle that controls the amount of light entering the pupil is the:

iris.

Punishment is most effective if:

it consistently follows the operant.

In exercise class, your teacher instructs you to close your eyes and touch your toes. Your ability to touch your toes even though you can't see them is due to your _____ sense.

kinesthetic

The tendency to group objects that are close to one another as a single unit is called the:

law of proximity

If exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior, the response of passivity is termed:

learned helplessness

In psychology, the term conditioning refers to:

learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.

The _____ thickens or thins to focus incoming light. This process is called _____.

lens; accommodation

Merely repeating information over and over is called _____ while focusing on the meaning of the information is called _____.

maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehersal

The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories into stable, enduring memory codes is termed:

memory consolidation

According to the multi-store or stage model of memory:

memory involves the stages of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Which of the following would be considered a secondary or conditioned reinforcer?

money

Following the death of his father, Baudilio became extremely despondent for several weeks. During this time, Baudilio seemed to dwell on other unpleasant memories and other sad experiences in his life. Baudilio's recall of other sad memories is an example of:

mood congruence

While a primary reinforcer derives its reinforcing value _____, conditioned reinforcers derive their reinforcing value _____.

naturally; from primary reinforcers

Which of the following statements about long-term memory is FALSE?

one effective strategy for encoding information into long term memory is maintenance rehersal

Separating the middle ear from the inner ear is a structure called the:

oval window

The primary function of the _____ is to catch sound waves and funnel them into the ear canal.

pinna

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of parts of the ear that sound travels in hearing?

pinna, ear canal, basilar membrane, eardrum, cochlea, oval window, anvil, hammer, stirrup, hair cells, auditory nerve

Adam had perfect vision until he was 45, and then he needed to start wearing glasses for reading. Most likely, Adam has developed a visual problem called:

presbyopia, caused by the lens of the eye losing its flexibility.

When old memories interfere with a new memory, _____ is said to have occurred, and when a new memory interferes with an old memory, _____ is said to have occurred.

proactive interference; retroactive interference

Knowledge of how to perform different skills and actions is called _____ memory while knowledge of facts, concepts, and ideas is called _____ memory.

procedural; semantic

The idea of repression is a cornerstone of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud's famous theory of personality and psychotherapy. According to Freud, what gets repressed?

psychologically threatening feelings, emotions, and memories, especially those from early childhood

Which of the following phenomena can be explained by the opponent-process theory of color vision?

red-green color blindness

Classical conditioning involves _____, while operant conditioning involves _____.

reflexive behaviors; voluntary behaviors

Two identical model cars are parked at the far end of the parking lot. You are able to determine that one of the cars is closer to you than the other because it appears to be slightly larger, even though you know it is the same size as the other. This is an example of which perceptual cue?

relative size

If you look at a faraway street sign with first your left eye and then your right eye, the images look virtually identical. But if you look at your finger held just in front of your nose one eye at a time, the two images look very different. This phenomenon is an example of which distance cue?

retinal disparity

Cory was involved in an automobile accident and sustained a serious injury to his head. When asked about the accident, Corey could not remember what happened or how the accident occurred. Corey seems to be suffering from:

retrograde amnesia

The inability to remember past events is _____ as the inability to form new memories is _____.

retrograde amnesia; anterograde amnesia

The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory:

seems to be limitless

The cocktail party effect provides an example of:

selective attention.

Aaron puts one toe into the swimming pool and shivers because the water is so cold. He grits his teeth and dives in anyway. After about ten minutes, the temperature of the water seems quite comfortable to him. This example illustrates the principle of:

sensory adaptation

If you reinforce successively closer approximations of a behavior until the desired behavior is displayed, you are using the operant conditioning procedure called:

shaping

Because of the law of _____, you perceive the following as two groups of Os that are separated by a group of dashes.

similarity

Which of the following helps the process of consolidating new memories?

sleep

Partial reinforcement is to _____ as continuous reinforcement is to _____.

sometimes; always

Our perception of sound is directly related to the physical properties of:

sound waves.

A young child has learned to associate the sight of a nurse's white uniform with the fear and pain of getting an injection. If the young child begins reacting with fear to the sight of any white jacket, what has occurred?

stimulus generalization

The primary tastes include:

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (MSG).

Gustation is to olfaction as _____ is to _____.

taste; smell

The blind spot is caused by:

the absence of rods or cones at the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

The smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimuli that we can detect is called:

the absolute threshold

The inner ear includes which of the following structures?

the cochlea, basilar membrane, and hair cells

Ever since she foolishly drank too much beer at a rock concert and vomited all over her boyfriend, Ana becomes nauseated at the smell or taste of beer. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.

the smell or taste of beer; nausea

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are:

three tiny bones in the middle ear.

The process by which physical energy, such as light, is converted into a coded neural signal that can be transmitted to and interpreted by the brain is called:

transduction.

In response to cutting up an onion, airborne irritants released by the onion body will cause your eyes to tear. Using Pavlov's terminology, the tears would be termed a(n):

unconditioned response (UCR).

In response to a cold temperature, your body will shiver reflexively. Using Pavlov's terminology, the cold temperature would be termed a(n):

unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

The _____ schedules of reinforcement produce behavior that is more resistant to extinction.

variable ratio and variable interval

You are able to maintain your equilibrium and balance because of the:

vestibular sense

Short-term memory is often referred to as _____ memory.

working