Psychology test 1:

Which of the following correlations is the strongest?

-.81

Based on the reading about the replicability crisis, studies have shown that about what percentage of psychology studies have been found to replicate previous research?

36%

A good theory includes

An accurate explanation of a real life phenomenon A simple explanation A useful application to real world issues and a positive contribution to current research

Regina is a researcher that studies the intersection of genes and environment, and how they influence behavior. What is her field of research called?

Behavioral Genetics

Jeremy is conducting a study that examines the pain associated with muscle cramps in different parts of the body. He brings in Blake and explains that he will be giving Blake a strong shock to his leg, and gets Blake's informed consent. Then he hooks Blake up to electrodes on his lower leg and turns up the voltage as high as it will go. Blake grimaces and tenses up in excruciating pain. Jeremy lets it continue for about 30 seconds and turns it off just before Blake passes out. When the study is done, Jeremy explains that the study is more out of curiosity and that there are no directly positive impacts that will likely come from this knowledge. It sounds like he is not following which of the following ethical guidelines?

Benefits

If I want to know whether there is a relationship between the average amount of sleep someone gets and her/his GPA, which type of study would probably be the most straightforward and probably require the least resources to conduct?

Correlational

According to Karl Popper, scientific claims should be falsifiable or testable. Which of the following claims is falsifiable?

Death Valley is the driest location in the United States.

Which is a question involving the relationship between nature and nurture?

Do genetics or the home environment contribute more to development of personality traits?

Which of the following is a possible solution to the replication crisis listed in the reading?

Encourage researchers to do more replication studies and publish more replication attempts

Dr. Caw Peekat wants to conduct a study that will use the same methodology as a well-known published study. He follows the procedure in every way and uses the same measures, word for word, to conduct his own study. He wants to follow this previous study in every way possible to see if he gets the same results in a similar sample. It sounds like his study is doing what?

Exact replication

Bernard is designing a study to help children with Autism develop better social awareness. This is a really important area to him and he wants to design his study in a way that it relates to people in other settings and populations, and not just his little city and only in the demographic population he is working with in this study. It sounds like he is really focused on which aspect of his study?

External validity

Who was the first African American to earn a PhD in Psychology?

Francis Cecil Sumner

Jerry sees the big picture when he looks at things. He is a musician and has a hard time understanding the value of a specific note without considering the entire melody. Which psychological movement would best describe his view of things?

Gestalt Psychology

Researchers wanted to know if violent media causes children to become more aggressive. They showed children a cartoon with violent acts and then watched the children play with toys. The researchers measured how many times the children hit a doll in the playroom. Children shown the cartoon hit the doll more than children who did not watch the cartoon. Which of the following is the operational definition of aggression in this study?

He number of times a child hits a doll

This psychological perspective focuses on personal agency and is especially compatible with the Latter-day-saint conception of eternal progression.

Humanistic

Jonathan signed up to participate in a research study. If this study follows the code of ethics, then one of the first things that should happen is that the study should be explained to him and he should be allowed to know what is going to happen to him during the study. That way Jonathan can make the decision to willingly complete the study prior to data collection beginning. This process of making sure that he understands the purpose of the study and the roles that both he and the researchers will play sounds most like which of the guidelines in the code of ethics?

Informed consent

Sophia is studying the effect that playing violent video games has on violent behavior. She brings 100 students into her lab and randomly assigns them to play a violent or a peaceful video game. She then records how students act when her research assistants approach them aggressively. Because this study was conducted in a laboratory, it was high in __________ but low in _________.

Internal validity; external validity

Which of the following reasons accurately describes why a researcher studying stress would choose to use ambulatory assessment and experience sampling methods rather than studying stress in a laboratory?

It allows us to study things like behavior and physiology in a naturalistic setting

Which of the following is a problem with the heritability coefficient?

It treats genetics and the environment as two separate constructs and ignores the ways that they may interact

According to the reading, which of the following is "at the core of science"?

Observing the world in an a systematic and organized way

Monique and her brother Monty are dizygotic twins, which means they most likely have the same:

Parents

What did we learn about people's online behavior from the analysis of blog posts before and after 9/11?

People were less engaged 6 weeks after 9/11 than in the 2 weeks following the attacks, and experienced a social and cognitive weariness in the aftermath after the attacks

Which of the following is true of ethical use of deception in psychological research?

Researchers are required to educate participants about the true nature of the study after it is over.

Jill is a new research assistant in Dr. Hendricks' psychology lab. She explains to Jill that all of her research studies incorporate the idea that we do not know everything, and that we should rely on the best information and arguments to build our conclusions. Jill learns that science is a process of learning through having open discussions and debates, and using the best data to decide which competing theory will win. This sounds MOST like which of the essential elements of science?

Science is democratic

This psychologist started as a medical doctor but began to study the mind and how it might relate to problems which can't be explained by neural phenomenon:

Sigmund Freud

Steven knows that in reality, test scores increase when people engage in more physical exercise. Which of the following would be a type II error?

Steven's statistical results suggest that the relationship between physical exercise and test scores does not exist, even though in reality it does.

Which of the following has MOST likely contributed to the replication crisis?

Studies with small samples sizes were published with statistically-significant results, but similar results were not found when other populations or larger populations were studied using those same methods

Steven wants to examine whether people's test scores are related to how much physical exercise they do. The null hypothesis in this scenario would be:

Test scores have no relation to how much people exercise

Your research question is whether giving someone a hug before they take a test improves test scores. In this study, which would be the dependent variable?

The test scores

Quincy is interested in understanding how much genetics plays a role in intelligence compared to the environment a baby is raised in. She designs a study to test whether nature or nurture plays the larger influence on intelligence. Which of the following popular experimental methods is Quincy MOST likely to use if she wants to get a clear answer for this question?

Twin studies

In a test to determine whether someone has COVID-19, Charlie didn't have the coronavirus, but the test concluded that he did. What type of error was this?

Type I error

Gertrude is a recent graduate of BYU's Psychology program, and earned a PhD in experimental psychology. Dr. G. Nee-us (as she is now known) understands that it is really important for good scientific researchers to be systematic and programmatic in their approach to research. For example, they should do things to encourage the use of the 6 principles of open science. Which of the following would Dr. G. Nee-us be MOST likely to use in her research to follow these principles?

Use large open datasets and make her data available to other researchers to encourage scientific collaboration and scientific integrity

Tracy is usually pretty calm. Her FitBit device shows that her heart rate is healthy when she is at home. Her mom is a nurse, and used her portable blood pressure monitor at home to find that Tracy had a healthy blood pressure of 110/70. However, when Tracy gets a physical at the doctor's office her heart rate is about 50 beats higher per minute and the doctor expresses concern that her blood pressure measures 155/102. Tracy is a Psych 111 student and knows that which phenomenon is occurring in this case?

White coat hypertension

Who is generally considered the father of psychology and was responsible for defining psychology as a separate field which could be studied using scientific methods?

Wilhelm Wundt

Sierra is conducting a study to test academic performance over time. She designs her study to follow college students through their first two years of college to see if their grades change over time as they take more upper-level classes in their majors, compared to general education courses. This type of study that occurs over time is called:

a longitudinal study