Psychology Test 1

both biology and experience contribute to language development

the interactionist view of language development emphasizes that" the primary language center and the biological language device are both needed for language to develop both biology and experience contribute to language development language development occurs largely due to positive reinforcement the development of receptive language is universal, whereas the development of spoken language different across cultures

Microsystem

According to Urie Brofenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his/her: Chronosystem Microsystem Mesosystem Macrosystem

The plasticity of the brain is context dependent

According to the neuroconstructivist view of brain development, which of the following is true of the plasticity of the brain? The plasticity of the brain is context dependent The plasticity of the brain is independent of experiences Interactions between experiences and gene expression play a minor role in the plasticity of the brain A child's cognitive development is weakly linked of the brain

The genome-wide association method

Adam, who has a cardiovascular disease, participated in a research study to identify genetic variations linked to cardiovascular disease. His DNA, along with DNA from other patients suffering from the same cardiovascular disease, was obtained. For the purpose of comparison, the researchers also took DNA samples from participants who did not have the disease. Each participant's DNA was assessed to determine markers of genetic variation. The researchers found that genetic variations occurred more frequently in people who had cardiovascular disease. This led them to pinpoint the region in the human genome linked to the disease. Which of the following approaches to gene identification and discovery did the researchers use in this study? Next-generation sequencing Linkage analysis The Thousand Genomes Project The genome-wide association method

Decreased responsiveness

Baby Max watches his mother jingle her keys in front of him. After several minutes, he looks away, no longer interested. This would indicate that he is habituated to it and is showing ____ to the stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus. Decreased responsiveness Increased familiarity Increased interest Decreased anxiety

Embryonic

Cell differentiation intensifies and organs appear in the ____ period of prenatal development. Embryonic Zygotic Fetal Germinal

Mitosis

During the process of _____, a cell's nucleus-including the chromosomes-duplicates itself and the cell divides, resulting in the formation of two cells. Meiosis Osmosis Fertilization Mitosis

During the embryonic period

During which period of development is the unborn baby MOST at risk of developing a structural defect due to the effect of a teratogen? At conception During the germinal period During the embryonic period During the fetal period

eight; late adulthood

Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of ___ stages that last from the first year of life to: Eight; late adulthood Six; adolescence Seven; early adulthood Nine; death

They argue that infant-parent bed sharing might lead to sudden infant death syndrome

Identify a reason why the members of the American Academy of Pediatrics Task force on Infant Positioning and SIDS (AAPTIFIPS) (2000) discourage sharped sleeping They argue that infant-parent bed charing is associated with more marital distress They argue that infant-parent bed sharing might lead to sudden infant death syndrome They argue that infant-parent bed sharing is associated with less night waking for mothers by more infant They argue that infant-parent bed sharing leads to earlier bedtimes and shorter time to fall asleep for infants

Adaptive

If a baboon learns to eat different kinds of fruit instead of relying on only one kind for its nutritive needs, we would argue that this behavior promotes its survival. This, the behavior is _____. Adaptive Aggressive Dominant Submissive

It is a layer of fat cells that insulate axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon

In the context of neurons, which of the following statements is true of the myelin sheath? It is a layer of fat cells that insulate axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon It is a fiber that carries signals way from the cell body of a neuron It is a fiber that carries signals toward the cell body of a neuron It releases chemicals called neurotransmitters into synapses, which are tiny gaps between neurons' fibers

Gradual change; distinct stages

In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to the ____ while discontinuity implies ____ Abrupt change, stability Qualitative change; quantitative change Gradual change; distinct stages Discrete stages; gradations

Biological inheritance; environmental experiences

In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's ___, nurture to its: Acquired traits, heredity Personality traits; abilities Biological inheritance; environmental experiences Attributes; ecological heritage

actively construct their own cognitive world

Jean Piaget believed that children: absorb their knowledge from the environment passively react to their environments gain their view of the world from their parents actively construct their own world

Early childhood

Jenny is 4 years old. She becomes self-sufficient and develops school readiness skills. In this scenario, identify the developmental period that Jenny is most likely in ____ Late childhood Prenatal period Infancy Early childhood

first habits and primary circular reactions

Josh is three months old. In which of Jean Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development is Josh? secondary circular reactions tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity first habits and primary circular reactions simple reflexes

Dynamic

Kyle and Amy want their baby to walk early. In order to accomplish that, they take the baby's favorite toy and play it where the child cannot reach it from a crawling position. Kyle and Amy believe that this will motivate the baby to stand upright to retrieve the toy and will, thus, result in him walking sooner. Their belief is most consistent with the ___ systems view of development. Maturational Evolutionary Static Dynamic

receptive; spoken

Kyoko is 13 months old and can understand about 50 words but can say only about 10 words. This demonstrates how Kyoko's _____ vocabulary is more developed than her _____ vocabulary. spoken; expressive receptive; spoken spoken; receptive expressive; spoken

Deferred imitation

Mandy sees a little girl in the grocery store throwing a tantrum for a toy. Mandy screams and cries for some candy the following week at the mall. Mandy is displaying: dishabituation deferred imitation object permanence habituation

sound; meaning

Phonology is to ____ as morphology is to ____ correct word order; appropriate use of language in different contexts meaning; sound sound; meaning appropriate use of language in different contexts; correct word order

Mesoderm

The ____ is a layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system. Endoderm Ectoderm Mesoderm Epidermis

Proximodistal

The ____ pattern of growth is the developmental sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities. Proximodistal Proximocaudal Cephalocaudal Cephalodistal

The same individuals over a long period of time

The longitudinal method of research consists of studying: The same individuals over a long period of time Individuals born in the same year Individuals of different ages Individuals from around the globe

38 to 40 weeks

Typical prenatal development lasts between: 38 to 40 weeks 24 to 30 weeks 28 to 33 weeks 20 to 28 weeks

Life-span

When taking his psychology class, Professor Sharma emphasizes that developmental change occurs throughout adulthood as well as childhood. Professor Sharma is taking a(n) ____ approach to developmental change. Constructivist Life-span Evolutionary Normative

Encoding

Which is the process by which information gets into memory? encrypting enumerating encoding enlisting

Down syndrome

Which of the following is an example of a chromosomal abnormality that occurs when whole chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis? Down syndrome Hemophilia Huntington's disease Sickle-cell anemia

The grasping reflex

Which of the following reflexes is most likely to occur when something touches an infant's palms? The grasping reflex The rooting reflex The sucking reflex The moro reflex

Is is the portion of the brain that is farthest from the spinal cord

Which of the following statements is true of the forebrain? Is is the portion of the brain that is farthest from the spinal cord It includes the tectum, the tegmentum, and the cerebral peduncles It consists of the medulla, cerebellum, and pons It insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon

Frontal

While watching a football game, Martin jumped up to cheer and dropped baby Theresa to the floor. If she later has trouble with higher-order thinking, planning, problem solving, or voluntary movement, it would indicate that the ____ lobe of her brain was damaged> Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal

Lateralization

Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere of the brain and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere of the brain is called Linearity Mastery Lateralization Learning

Cognitive

__ processes refer to changes in the individual's though, intelligence, and language Cognitive Biological Socioemotional Cultural

Psychological

___ age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age Social Physical Psychological Biological

____ is a complex molecule with a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase, and contains genetic information. RNA A chromosome DNA A ribosome

____ is a complex molecule with a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase, and contains genetic information. RNA A chromosome DNA A ribosome

Wernicke's area

____ is an area in the left temporal lobe of the brain that is involved in the comprehension of speech SMA area Broca's area Morton's area Wernicke's area

Implantation

____ refers to the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall. Implantation Conception Fertilization Involution

Psychoanalytic

____ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Evolutionary Social cognitive Psychoanalytic Behavioral

Crying, cooing, babbling

identify the correct sequence of vocalization in infants cooing, crying, babbling crying, babbling, cooing crying, cooing, babbling babbling, crying, cooing

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

schemes refer to: the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge actions or mental representations that organize knowledge knowledge that has been adjusted to fit new experiences group of behaviors