Psychology test 2
Allen used to smoke 10 cigarettes per day, but now he smokes 20 per day to get the same effect. This is an example of
Addictions
She will be dissatisfied with her weight and motivated to lose weight.
the timing of when participants yell out that they are afraid relative to when their heart rate begins to increase
Sleep terrors are thought to result from disruption during
the transition from stage 4 N-REM to REM sleep.
How many types of photoreceptors does the human retina contain?
3
The initial neural processing of light is done in the
retina
optic nerve.
Axons from the final layer of cells in the retina leave the back of the eye at the
Marigold would like to decrease her weight by 20 lbs. and has the option of signing up for one of four different programs that promise to help her lose the weight at different rates. Which of the following would be most effective long term for helping her to maintain the weight loss?
A calorie restriction program guaranteed to make you lose 2 lbs. every week
A conditioned stimulus (CS) occurs shortly before the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) occurs.
Acquisition is most effective in which of the following scenarios?
not significant enough.
Adam gets a mean look from his neighbors each time they see him walk off without picking up his dog's waste. Despite these angry looks, Adam continues to not pick up after his dog. This indicates that the punishment is likely
She will consider finding a new salon where she can have new clients and get better at her job.
After ten years as a hair stylist, Bea is fired from her salon. If she generally operates using a growth mindset, how is she likely to respond to this setback?
fear.
Alejandro, who is Brazilian, decides to travel to France even though he is unable to speak French. Despite being from a different culture and being unable to speak the native language, Darwin would suggest that Alejandro will still be able to recognize when people around him are experiencing the emotion of
Sleep deprivation results in poor memory performance.
Alex has been dealing with chronic sleep deprivation since she started her new job position. This new position requires a skills test within the first month of starting. According to research on sleep deprivation, why should Alex be concerned about her performance?
He will store fewer nutrients from the food.
Alton takes a medication for his thyroid gland that increases activity of his metabolism. How will this increased metabolic activity affect what occurs in his body after eating a hamburger?
The lens changes shape to change how light reaches the retina.
Anatomically, what happens when you focus on a distant object?
Annalise is likely sleep deprived and spends most of her nap in REM.
Annalise says she always remembers her dreams when she wakes up from a nap. Based on research on dreams and REM sleep, you know that this indicates that
intersections
Arnie was in a severe car accident while he was turning at an intersection. He now tenses up and grips the steering wheel tightly whenever he approaches an intersection. In this case, what would be the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
uneven surface of the cornea.
Astigmatism is the result
spontaneous recovery.
At a young age, Janie developed a conditioned fear response to heights after falling off of a ladder. As she aged, the fear eventually subsided and she was no longer afraid of being up high. Several years later, the fear returned after her husband asked her to climb a ladder to help him repair their roof. This example best illustrates the concept of
Bernice, a psychiatrist, starts to treat a new patient's alcohol use disorder by prescribing them a drug that makes them ill if they were to drink alcohol. This is an example of
Aversion therapy
Salima works as a dog groomer and has interacted with hundreds of dogs over her lifetime. If Salima is bit by a dog one day during a grooming session, latent inhibition predicts that she will
Be unlike to develop a conditioned fear response to dogs
Ben, because he was paying more attention and thus likely to retain more of the information
Ben and his older brother, Greg, watch videos online of other children beating various video games. Ben stares intently at the videos while Greg often has them on in the background while doing his homework. Given this, which of the boys is more likely to effectively imitate the behavior observed in the online video?
aversion therapy.
Bernice, a psychiatrist, starts to treat a new patient's alcohol use disorder by prescribing them a drug that makes them ill if they were to drink alcohol. This is an example of
arousal levels change.
Besides changing in size when light levels change, pupils may also dilate or constrict when
She will not be as interested in sex.
Blythe is a heterosexual woman who was prescribed an estradiol supplement as hormone replacement therapy during menopause. However, after learning that it may increase her risk of heart disease, she discontinued the medication. How is her sudden decrease in estradiol likely to affect her sexual behavior?
insula
Both romantic love and sexual desire involve which of the following brain structures?
a person in the early stages of sleep
Brain imaging has shown that people who have practiced meditation for a long time show brain activity similar to which state of consciousness?
fixed ratio (FR)
Bridget takes her son to the park but he keeps running off, getting too close to a nearby road. Each time he does this she scolds him for running off. Bridget is using which schedule of reinforcement to deter this behavior?
rely on internal cues of hunger.
Bristol enrolled in a weight management program to help her lose weight. The instructor teaches her to use a hunger-fullness scal e& to rate how hungry versus how full she feels before deciding to eat any food. This type of strategy is designed to teach her to
reduce predatory behaviors in wolves and coyotes.
Carl Gustavson used principles of classical conditioning to
hypothalamus
Celeste sees a spider and her brain recognizes this as a negative, fear-inducing emotional stimulus. Before her autonomic nervous system can be activated and motivate her to run away, this message will need to travel through which structure?
fixed interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement.
Christina is a babysitter for several small children. If the children are behaving well, she takes them outside to play every day at 1 p.m. If they misbehave, they have to stay inside instead. Christina is reinforcing the children;s good behavior using a
Christine has been practicing mindfulness for several years. After a session, how will Christine most likely respond?
Christine will feel content and rested from relaxation.
It will reduce the behavior because it will no longer be rewarding.
Claude is a biochemist who develops a new drug that blocks the effects of endorphins and increases pain sensations. What effect is this drug likely to have if administered to individuals who engage in self-injurious behavior?
parenting
Contemporary psychologists suggest that the top of Maslow's need hierarchy be replaced with which need(s)?
chaining.
Corey teaches his students geometry by first explaining common geometry terms, then explaining geometry proofs, and finally using the terms to construct their own geometry proofs. This breakdown of a complex behavior is known as
Individual self-protection needs and the desire to flee danger take priority over parenting needs.
Current United States immigration policy mandates forced separations of parents and children seeking asylum in the country. Many are critical of parents who still choose to flee to the United States despite knowing this is a possibility. Which of the following offers the best explanation of this motivation according to the contemporary hierarchy of needs?
He can practice mindfulness to enter a state of nonjudgmental, blissful consciousness.
Desmond has suffered from depression for several years. He does not want to take an anti-depressant medication. Which of the following would help Desmond evoke a positive state of consciousness and also help to treat his depression?
their mental health history and past diagnoses
Dr. Emery is conducting an online study of patterns of emotional expression in American adults. He wants to enroll as large a sample as possible so he decides to enroll any adult interested in participating. He realizes, however, that he will need to collect information on factors that may affect the emotional responses of study participants. Which of the following factors will he want to inquire about?
When dreaming, EEG recordings show that
Dreams have distinct brain waves compared to wakefulness.
previously became scared after hearing a crash and the sound is now a conditioned stimulus (CS) for fear.
Each time Calla hears a loud crash outside she jumps in fright. This response suggests that she
have increased his knowledge of psychology.
Each week while waiting for his therapy appointment, Justin casually reads through the psychology magazines in the waiting area. If this behavior resulted in latent learning, Justin is likely to
She passed her set point for social activity.
Emily, a lawyer, spends several weeks working 16-hour days to prepare for an upcoming case. Although the case is important, she eventually feels a strong desire to take a night off and meet her friends for dinner. Which of the following offers the best explanation for this shift in her priorities?
Sally is seeing a patient for major depressive disorder with seasonal affect. Which of the following would be the most effective treatment for Sally to use with her patient?
Encourage her patient to use bright light for two hours each morning and melatonin supplements at night.
anorexia nervosa.
Eva only consumes about 500 calories per day due to an intense fear of gaining weight. Her body mass index (BMI) is considered underweight but when looking in the mirror she feels disgusted with the size and shape of her body. Given these symptoms, Eva would likely be diagnosed with
heroin, codeine, and morphine
Examples of opioids include which of the following options?
Realize that his boss is saying this to help him rather than to embarrass him.
Faisal's boss interrupts him during a meeting to inform him that some of the terminology he had been using was incorrect. Faisal was initially offended but decided it would be best to use cognitive reappraisal to modify his emotion. Which of the following best describes how he could use this strategy in this situation?
Amena lives in Syria and faces the daily threat of bombings. As a result, her sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is chronically activated. How is continuous activation of this regulatory system likely to affect her eating behaviors?
Fewer nutrients will be stored when she eats so she will be motivated to eat more frequently.
unique non-associative learning.
Findings from Tolman's maze experiments suggest that cognitive maps are typically formed
Christian's favorite sandwich shop gave him a loyalty card that rewards him with a free sandwich after he purchases nine sandwiches. His sandwich-buying behavior is being reinforced using a
Fixed ratio (FR) schedule
Rotating shifts (e.g., 3 p.m.-11 p.m. one day, then 7 p.m.-3 a.m. the next day, etc.)
Given what is known about the negative impact of disrupted melatonin on health, which of the following is likely to be the most detrimental type of job on one's health?
in happy couples for every one negative interaction there are five positive interactions.
Gottman's 5:1 ratio claims that
Yes, as long as he uses classical conditioning first to associate the marbles with a primary reinforcer.
Hank is a scientist who works in an animal research lab. He would like to recreate Tolman maze experiment but is not supposed to overfeed the rats in his lab. So, instead of food, he plans to have the rats find brightly colored marbles that he places within the maze. Is this substitution likely to be effective for reproducing Tolmans findings?
Timothy is a student with autism spectrum disorder. His classroom aide, Walter, received a very positive email one day causing a huge smile to spread across his face. Given Timothy's diagnosis, how is he likely to respond to Walter's emotional reaction?
He will continue as usual and not ask Walter what he is happy about.
Which of the following is true of age-related hearing loss?
High frequencies are lost first.
What is the most likely relationship between craving and decision-making among people suffering from addiction?
Higher levels of craving are associated with poorer decision- making.
Both involve comparisons of more than one object.
How are motion parallax and occlusion similar as depth cues?
Which of the following best describes how vision in infants differs from that of adults?
Human infants see in less detail and contrast than adults.
is the normal range of speech.
Humans are maximally sensitive to sounds that range from about 80 to 10,000 Hz, probably because this range
lucid dream
If a person is aware that they are dreaming, they would be experiencing which of the following?
On average, college students and infants would not differ in their color perception.
Imagine that your friend conducts a study testing color vision in college students and one-year-old infants. What is the most likely pattern of results?
We would have a decreased frequency range of hearing.
Imagine the basilar membrane was shorter in length from the base to the apex. How would this likely affect auditory perception in humans?
Avoid the use of red and green on the same chart.
Imagine you are creating a presentation to display data from a study you did. Given what you know about color deficiencies in vision, how would you best design your charts and graphs to be most accessible?
Different frequency sounds produce different frequencies of neural firing in the basilar membrane.
Imagine you do a study in which you measure the response of the basilar membrane and auditory neurons to different sounds. If the temporal theory of pitch perception is correct, what pattern of results would you be most likely to see?
the dramatic role culture plays in pain perception.
In India, there is a tradition of hanging a male volunteer from hooks embedded in the skin and muscles. This is a ritual that is believed to help with crops. In relation to pain, this
brain is still very active "behind the scenes."
In contrast with what scientists initially thought about subconscious or unconscious thought, when
generalization.
In post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), individuals often become afraid of stimuli similar to those associated with their traumatic event. This occurrence is best explained by the classical conditioning process of
caffeine.
In the United States, approximately 85% of adults use this psychoactive substance.
thalamus
In the process of taste perception, the medulla coordinates with what part of the brain?
lower rates of depressed mood.
Individuals who regulate their emotions using cognitive reappraisal more often than suppression tend to have
Participants placed their trust in the researchers and wanted to perform for the experiment.
Initial experiments suggested that people under hypnosis could be coerced to do dangerous things, but this has since been debunked. What process is now thought to underlie those initial results?
Which of the following is true about the default mode network?
Its connectivity is decreased during conscious thought.
achievement motivation.
Jennifer is in graduate school and is determined to be at the top of her class. Even when she is tired or not interested in a subject, she continues to work hard to try to earn higher grades than her classmates. Given these traits, Jennifer likely possesses a high level of
the option of several fitness- and non-fitness-related prizes
Jessica;s workplace is having a competition among employees to see who can walk the greatest number of steps over a three-month period. Which of the following rewards is likely to get the greatest number of employees motivated for this challenge?
binge eating disorder.
Kareem is overweight and often eats when he is not hungry, to the point that he feels uncomfortably full. He also prefers to eat by himself because he thinks others will judge him for eating such large quantities of food. Given this eating pattern, Kareem would likely be diagnosed with
Which of the following is an example of state of awareness?
Katie is paying attention to the lecturer.
Reproduction
Kelly would like to lose weight and her friend recommends a workout video that she found effective. Kelly hesitates, however, and states that she is too out of shape to follow along with fitness models. Her friend informs her that this particular video has a modifier, an actor of average fitness level who shows how to do the exercises at a slower pace. It is likely that the video producers included this actor to directly address which requirement for modeling?
his arousal from playing basketball transferring to and intensifying another emotion.
Kyrie just finished playing basketball and sat down to watch TV. When he turned on his TV, he saw a commercial for a charity that feeds starving children and he began to cry intensely. The Schachter- Singer theory suggests that his reaction is likely the
Serotonin
LSD acts like which neurotransmitter?
Ask participants to perform a serial subtraction task starting with 6233 and subtracting 13.
Margaret is taking EEG recordings of her participants, and she wants to maximize the time they spend with beta waves for her analysis. How should she instruct her participants?
Marsha will perform better than Griselda.
Marsha and Griselda attend a yoga class together. Afterwards, they decide to stop into the bowling alley next door to play a few frames. They are both feeling relaxed and neither cares much about winning the game. If Marsha thinks that bowling is easy and Griselda finds bowling difficult, the Yerkes-Dodson law suggests
She inherited genes from her parents that gave her a higher weight set point and slower metabolism.
Meghans parents were both obese and she herself had been obese since childhood. She had always assumed that she was overweight because of the unhealthy food her parents kept in their house. Now at age 25 and living on her own, Meghan is still overweight, despite making better food choices. Which of the following offers the best explanation for her continued difficulty maintaining a healthy weight?
secondary reinforcer.
Mei wins her schools field day dash by running faster around the schools track than any other student in her grade. As the winner, she was given a ribbon with her name and the word champion. Whenever Mei thinks of this ribbon, she wants to run again and become even faster. In this example, the ribbon is considered a
She will get online and bully the students that made fun of her.
Mira is teased by a group of students at her school. Mira knew that several of her friends liked to get online and tease and mock students they disliked. Given that Mira has observed this behavior in several of her friends, how is she likely to respond to being teased herself?
any behavior that at all resembles washing the dishes.
Murphy wants to use shaping to get his children to wash the dishes after dinner. To begin using this technique, he should reinforce
Given what you know about the sleep cycle, in what sleep stage would you expect a person with sleep deprivation to spend the majority of his or her time?
N-REM stage 4
Patrick says he had a "near-death experience." He says he saw his deceased grandfather, which he can't stop thinking about and it causes him to feel sad and anxious. Based on your knowledge of near-death experiences, which of the following is most likely true about Patrick's experience?
Near-death experiences are common across people, so Patrick may benefit from talking with others with near-death experiences.
sleeping on the stomach.
One common risk factor for SIDS
endorphins
Opioids mimic the function of which type of neurotransmitter?
Visual information crosses the optic chiasm and then goes directly to the thalamus via the
Optic tract
heroin
OxyContin was reformulated in order to reduce the rates of abuse of this medication. However, in response, the use of which substance increased?
Initial experiments suggested that people under hypnosis could be coerced to do dangerous things, but this has since been debunked. What process is now thought to underlie those initial resu
Participants place their trust in the research and want to perform for the experiment
She will fight back despite any danger.
Patient S.M's amygdalae were damaged because of a rare genetic disorder. While walking home one day, someone attempts to threaten her and steal her purse. Given the loss of her amygdalae, how is she likely to respond?
split-brain patients whose left and right hemisphere connection has been severed.
Patrick wants to study how the brain produces consciousness versus unconscious actions. For this research, the best population to study would
Instruct the participants to identify things they can see and hear in their immediate environment.
Peter wants to study how individuals with depression differ in their content awareness compared to individuals without depression. To achieve this, what should Peter ask his participants to focus on?
No, because it would be unethical to conduct an experimental study where that brain region is manipulated to examine the effect on orientation.
Prior research has identified a correlation between the size of the INAH-3 brain region and sexual orientation in men. Dr. Chandran wants to conduct a study where they will manipulate this brain region in order to determine its effect on sexual orientation. Could this experiment be conducted?
the subsequent feelings of relief and calmness are reinforcing.
Psychologists suggest that individuals who continue to deliberately self-injure, despite the pain, likely do so because
significance, immediacy, and consistency.
Punishment is most effective under the conditions
Compared to cigarettes, the nicotine will stay in her bloodstream for a longer time and will help with long-term cravings.
Quinn wants to quit smoking cigarettes, so she asks her doctor for nicotine substitutes. Her doctor prescribes nicotine patches, which take 2 hours to reach a peak in the blood stream. Which of the following is likely to be true about Quinn's experience with the nicotine patches?
Cindy is about to cross the street when a car comes speeding in her direction. Without thinking, she jumps back to narrowly escape being hit. This response is an example of a(n)
Reflex
a consequence that increases behavior.
Reinforcement is best defined
deep-sea diving
Research has shown that changing one's environment can alter their state of consciousness. Which of the following would be the best way to achieve this process?
were face-to-face with their teacher.
Research with babies suggests that they were able to learn a language better when they
an animal altering its sleep pattern in a group.
Researchers claim that self-aware consciousness is exhibited by complex social behaviors. An example of a complex social behavior is
immediacy.
Rhonda's dog is not yet housebroken and often has accidents in the house while Rhonda is away at work. Each time this occurs, Rhonda punishes the dog by loudly yelling & bad dog & and pointing to the area where the accident occurred. The dog, however, continues to have accidents in the house, likely because the punishment lacks
basal ganglia
Roger was waiting in the airport to welcome his wife home after her military deployment. As she exited the plane, he became overjoyed and started running in her direction. Which area of his brain was primarily responsible for coordinating this emotion-driven movement?
Encourage her patient to use bright light for two hours each morning and melatonin supplements at night.
Sally is seeing a patient for major depressive disorder with seasonal affect. Which of the following would be the most effective treatment for Sally to use with her patient?
Tyler will be more likely to run for office again.
Samiyah and Tyler have both run for student office for each of the past three years. Samiyah has won her election each year, while Tyler has only won once. If both Samiyah and Tyler lose their upcoming elections, how are their respective schedules of reinforcement likely to affect their future behavior?
no longer having tantrums when they are in the checkout line.
Sandra's son begs for candy each time they are in the checkout line at the grocery store. When she refuses, he begins to scream loudly and demand that she give him the candy. Although she feels embarrassed, Sandra begins ignoring her son's tantrums and not responding to this behavior. According to Skinner, her response to his tantrums will likely lead to her son
Which of the following best describes the fundamental difference between sensation and perception?
Sensation is about detection, whereas perception is about interpretation.
A side effect of one of Lily's medications is that it causes over-activation of the insula region of her brain. Given this side effect, how is Lily likely to respond to the experience of riding a roller coaster?
She will have intense sensations of breathlessness during the ride.
Numerous medical conditions are more prevalent among adults who do shift work rather than a normal working day. Which of the following most likely explains this relationship between shift work and poor physical health?
Shift workers may have lower melatonin levels which interferes with the body's sleep cycle.
disgust
Shuying has damage to her basal ganglia. She is shown images of people using facial expressions for happiness, fear, anger, and disgust. Which of these emotions would she struggle the most with identifying?
How are somatosensory stimuli unique from visual or auditory stimuli?
Somatosensory stimuli arise within the body or in contact with the body.
the robot can convince a human that it is also a human.
Stephanie wants to demonstrate the advancements she has made in robotics, namely that her robot has achieved consciousness. To demonstrate this, she should be able to show that
Steven will start to associate enclosed spaces with relaxation rather than feelings of terror.
Steven is terrified of being in enclosed spaces. After dislocating his shoulder, he is required to undergo a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedure that involves being in a small tube during the scan. Prior to the procedure, Steven's doctor prescribes him an anti-anxiety drug that makes him feel intensely relaxed for several hours. How is taking this medication prior to the exam likely to affect Steven?
olfactory bulb.
The area of the brain that receives input from olfactory receptors is
a lower amplitude.
The brightness of a lightbulb is determined by its wattage. The higher the wattage, the brighter the light. Based on this information, in comparison to a 60-watt lightbulb, the light produced by a 40- watt lightbulb has
increase an individual's likelihood of imitating the behavior.
The concept of vicarious reinforcement suggests that observing someone else getting reinforced for a behavior will
moderate dose of cocaine
Users of which dose and substance are most likely to report feeling alert, confident, and content?
What distinguishes the outer and middle ear from the inner ear?
The inner ear is fluid-filled.
olfactory cortex and amygdala.
The olfactory bulbs are connected to the
pinna.
The part of the ear that is visible outside the body is called
on a fixed schedule.
The partial reinforcement effect in extinction suggests that behavior is more rapidly extinguished if its reinforced
blood vessel dilation
The physical reaction of a flushed face after consuming alcohol is due to
brain death
The practice of an organ transplant is permitted once this altered state of consciousness has been determined
an impulsive system, a reflective system, and a craving system.
The primary brain systems that are correlated with addiction include
sleep terrors occur during N-REM sleep and are difficult to remember after waking.
The primary difference between sleep terrors and nightmares
He should focus on the recordings during the second half of the night.
Using EEG recordings, James wants to evaluate REM sleep among college students. To gather a useful amount of data on REM sleep, which of the following would be the best way for James to conduct this study?
The Capilano Canyon bridge study provided insights important for understanding theories of emotion, yet contemporary psychologists emphasize that the study is not without its flaws. For instance, the lack of random assignment may have led to bolder men being both more likely to take the scarier bridge and telephone a stranger. Thinking about the study methodology, which of the following could also be considered a flaw in the study?
The study assumes that all men were heterosexual and would feel sexually attracted to a female interviewer.
psychophysics.
The study of the relationship between the physical properties of stimuli and how they are perceived is known as
the frequency of neural firing.
The temporal theory of pitch perception holds that pitch perception is related to
How is amygdala damage likely to impact someone chance of survival?
They will get into dangerous situations because they do not feel afraid.
not imitate her mother's behavior in the future.
Throughout her childhood, Aisha observed her mother play their piano hundreds of times. If Aisha is not motivated to play the piano, she is likely to
bulimia nervosa.
Tracey regularly eats extremely large meals and afterwards is overwhelmed by feelings of guilt and depression. To reduce this distress, she consumes laxatives to rid herself of the food she just ate. Given this eating pattern, Tracey would likely be diagnosed with
reduce how aggressive she is to customers.
Trinah and Brian work in a bank and deal with rude customers each day. Trinah observes Brian standing up to customers and yelling back at them and she begins to imitate his behavior. If Brian is fired for this behavior, Trinah is likely to
negative punishment.
Trixie has nicely asked her children to put their toys away. Her children do not do so, therefore Trixie decides that she will store all of their toys in the basement for a month. Trixie is using
The damage would affect top-down visual processing.
Visual processing is mostly done in the occipital and parietal lobes. Why would damage to other parts of the brain potentially cause vision
rates of dieting and eating disorders increased
What effect did the introduction of American television have on the culture of Fiji?
to adjust the opening of the pupil in response to light
What is the role of the iris?
Amplitude
What property of light determines its brightness?
Dreams have distinct brain waves compared to wakefulness.
When dreaming, EEG recordings show that
There are more rods at the periphery of the retina than the center.
When looking at stars, you might be able to see a faint star in your peripheral vision, but not when focusing on it. Why is this likely the case?
Parietal Pathway
When merging onto the freeway, you adjust your speed based on the movement of cars on the road. The part of the brain primarily responsible for processing this information is the
parietal pathway.
When merging onto the freeway, you adjust your speed based on the movement of cars on the road. The part of the brain primarily responsible for processing this information is the
divided attention.
When we have to attend to multiple stimuli simultaneously, we are experiencing
Her number of taste buds has decreased.
When you were a child, your mother never cared for spicy food. But now, she prefers spicy food. Which of the following is the best explanation for her change in tastes?
It is upside down and reversed.
Which of the following best describes the image projected on the retina?
Abraham Lincoln
Which of the following infamous individuals below did Maslow believe had reached the level of self- actualization?
arrhythmias
Which of the following is a potential side effect of caffeine use?
fight between the neighbors in the next apartment
Which of the following is most likely to wake you in the middle of the night?
You are walking with a nearsighted friend. You notice a snake in the grass, but your friend does not see it.
Which of the following is the best example of a difference in sensation?
Its connectivity is decreased during conscious thought.
Which of the following is true about the default mode network?
because it would be more efficient to just reinforce the behavior when it naturally occurs
Which of the following offers the best explanation as to why shaping is not necessary for teaching naturally occurring behavior?
Bran feels intense sadness when watching a movie but keeps himself from crying.
Which of the following scenarios depicts the use of emotional suppression?
having a phobia of elevators and being taught to practice deep breathing while in an elevator
Which of the following would be an example of systematic desensitization?
methamphetamine
Which psychoactive substance is associated with teeth grinding that leads to dental decay?
Yes, despite her default level of emotional expressiveness, she will be able to regulate her emotions.
Winnie begins therapy and her therapist tells her that during their work together, Winnie will learn strategies for changing how she expresses her emotions. Winnie rejects this idea, stating that she has, ;always been an emotional person and cannot change her emotions.; Given that Winnie is high in emotional expressiveness, will she be able to learn and implement the therapists strategies?
After sleep deprivation, Winston has REM rebound, and high amounts of REM sleep have been linked to depression.
Winston has a history of depression, and he notes that after a few days of hard studying and little sleep he notes decreases in his mood. Which of the following is the best explanation for Winston's low mood?
getting out of his friend's car, Saif accidentally slams his hand in the door. How is he likely to respond to this occurrence?
Without thinking, he will automatically pull his hand away from the door
What is the difference between women who have taken childbirth classes and women who have not taken these classes? I
Women who have taken childbirth classes report less pain during childbirth comparatively.
Which of the following is the best example of a difference in sensation?
You are walking with a nearsighted friend. You notice a snake in the grass, but your friend does not see it.
breathing machine.
Your friend Jim tells you that he has been experiencing poor sleep and his wife tells him he stops breathing during the night. However, Jim does not snore and he is not overweight. Therefore, the most likely treatment for Jim is
binge eating
Your friend Luca, a male, has disclosed to you that he is struggling with an eating disorder. Based on what you know about the rates of eating disorders in men, which eating disorder would you be most likely to guess he is dealing with?
The closer they are, the better chance they have of inhaling more odor molecules.
Your friend is cooking and leans in close to the soup they are cooking to smell it. Why does leaning in closer give them a better sense of how the soup smells?
orbitofrontal cortex
Your friend offers you a new food, and you immediately spit it out because you don't like it. Which part of the brain was most likely involved in assessing how much liked the food?
the timing of when participants yell out that they are afraid relative to when their heart rate begins to increase
Zahir would like to design an experiment to determine whether the James-Lange theory or the Cannon-Bard theory is correct about the onset of emotions. He decides to elicit the emotion of fear by showing each participant a clip from a horror movie. He will also have each individual connected to a continuous heart rate monitor to measure their arousal. Participants will be instructed to yell out any emotions they experience during the procedure as soon as they feel them. What will he want to measure to determine which theory is correct?
Humans can see the light of a candle from up to 30 miles away. This is an example of a(n) Selected
absolute threshold.
catharsis
address his frequent emotional outbursts, Tiago's therapist suggests that he regularly express his emotions when they occur, rather than holding them inside. This suggestion is most consistent with which theory of emotion?
After the death of her father, Blaise hosted a wake at her house so that she could be surrounded by people and feel less stressed. This is an example of
affiliation.
The physical reaction of a flushed face after consuming alcohol is due to
blood vessel dilation
In Thorndike's experiment with cats, how did the cats learn to escape the puzzle box?
by repeating certain behaviors that produced desirable outcomes
Debra has been diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder because she spends hours each day worrying about every aspect of her life. During these worry periods, which area of the brain is likely highly activated?
cingulate cortex
After being in a car accident with a tractor-trailer, Lauren learned to grip the steering wheel tighter than normal when passing by trucks while driving. One year after the accident, she no longer grips the steering wheel as tight as before. In this example, her
conditioned response (CR) has undergone extinction
Naomi was taking out her contact lens and scratched her eye. In this case, Naomi damaged her
cornea.
When we have to attend to multiple stimuli simultaneously, we are experiencing
divided attention.
Overall, which neurotransmitter is most associated with developing addiction and maintaining dependency?
dopamine
Tina is conducting an experiment of impulsivity among people who are addicted to cocaine compared to healthy controls. She is using the go/no-go task, which requires participants to quickly push a button when they see an X ('go'), but on the rare occasion there is no X they are supposed to withhold their button press ('no-go'). Compared to the healthy controls, the people who are addicted to cocaine will most likely demonstrate
faster reaction times and more mistakes
Even though nicotine is a stimulant, it also has a contradictory impact of
muscle relaxation.
Which aspect of a sound wave determines the sounds pitch?
frequency
around the same time for all children.
frequently smile as the result of pleasant interactions with others. The age at which this behavior begins occurs
Richard Dawkins viewed memes as the cultural equivalent of
genes because they replicate from one person to the next.
The book describes & supertaster; who have particularly acute sense of taste. Given what you know about what causes a supertaster; what would you expect to produce supersmeller
greater number of neurons in the olfactory bulb
Each week while waiting for his therapy appointment, Justin casually reads through the psychology magazines in the waiting area. If this behavior resulted in latent learning, Justin is likely to
have increased his knowledge of psychology.
Kyrie just finished playing basketball and sat down to watch TV. When he turned on his TV, he saw a commercial for a charity that feeds starving children and he began to cry intensely. The Schachter- Singer theory suggests that his reaction is likely the result of
his arousal from playing basketball transferring to and intensifying another emotion.
Sam was chopping vegetables, and after a while his hand slipped and he cut his finger. This was likely due to which of the following?
increased default mode network activity, which decreases conscious thought
The vestibular system is found in the
inner ear.
Randall regularly practices his violin because he enjoys doing so and feels proud of himself after learning a new song. Randall's behavior is motivated by
intrinsic reward
An argument about the function of achievement motivation is that
it is influenced by people's beliefs about their own abilities.
Claude is a biochemist who develops a new drug that blocks the effects of endorphins and increases pain sensations. What effect is this drug likely to have if administered to individuals who engage in self-injurious behavior?
it will reduce the behavior because it will no longer be rewarding.
Chris hates doing laundry and always asks his wife tons of questions each time he begins doing this chore. Frustrated by his repeated questions, his wife steps in and insists that Chris stop doing laundry and states that she will take care of it instead. In this scenario, Chris's question-asking behavior was
negatively reinforced.
If someone had damage to their thalamus, which of the following senses would be most likely to continue functioning normally?
olfaction
What is the technical term for the sense of smell?
olfaction
Damage to which part of the brain would you expect to affect both taste and smell perception?
orbitofrontal cortex
Where in the brain do the pathways for the senses of taste and smell meet?
orbitofrontal cortex
Gestalt psychologists argue that
some experiences lose value when divided into parts
Patrick wants to study how the brain produces consciousness versus unconscious actions. For this research, the best population to study would be
split-brain patients whose left and right hemisphere connection has been severed.
The term 'negative' in operant conditioning refers to
the removal of a stimulus.
On his way to work, a stranger pushed passes Raj to get on the subway car and the door closed before Raj could board. Raj was initially furious but decided he wanted to reduce the intensity of this emotion while waiting for the next train. Which of the followings strategies would likely be helpful for meeting this goal?
thinking about the stranger needing to hurry to an emergency situation
The absolute threshold of human vision has been measured as a single candle flame at a distance of 30 miles. Which photoreceptor is primarily responsible for this ability to see dim light?
tods
Wintergreen is a flavoring used in candy in Canada, and in medicine in France. Canadians find the flavor sweet and enjoy it, whereas French people mostly dislike it. This pattern is a good example of what aspect of taste perception.
top-down processing
Information about body position and movement is provided by the
vestibular system.
