Psychology Test 2ish

In Maslow's hierarchy, physiological and safety needs are the _____ needs.

strongest

In the autonomic nervous system, the _____ nervous system prepares the body for action.

sympathetic

The _____ perspective views personality as a collection of broad, enduring dispositions that lead to characteristic behaviors.

trait

Aggression is social behavior _____.

whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.

The _____ states that performance is best under moderate levels of arousal.

Yerkes-Dodson law

The humanistic approach believes that people are _____.

able to change through conscious, self-motivated effort

Observational learning occurs when _____.

an individual learns the consequences of a response without experiencing the consequence directly

What is the definition of conformity?

A change in behavior brought about by following the standards of others

Which of the following are true in regard to schizophrenia? (Select all that apply.)

A common cause of relapse is failure to take medications. It is a serious psychological disorder. It is characterized by disordered thought.

In the field of social psychology, the term describes an opinion or perspective that someone has towards a person, a behavior, a belief or a concept.

Blank 1: attitude, attitudes, atitude, or atitudes

The approach to psychological disorders attributes disorders to organic, internal causes.

Blank 1: biological or medical

The three basic needs in self-determination theory are , , and .

Blank 1: competence Blank 2: relatedness Blank 3: autonomy

People with anxiety disorder worry about work, health, and relationships, but also about little things, such as whether their clothes fit just right.

Blank 1: generalized

is a psychological disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.

Blank 1: specific Blank 2: phobia

The nervous system prepares the body for action, whereas the nervous system calms the body.

Blank 1: sympathetic Blank 2: parasympathetic

A disorder that has to do with OCD and has been included in the DSM-5 is which of the following?

Body dysmorphic disorder

Which of the following situations describes the definition of a phobia?

Brent is deathly afraid of spiders, and this is a problem for him because he repairs heating systems.

nervosa is an eating disorder in which an individual engages in binging and purging behaviors.

Bulimia

_____ establishes the norms by which people evaluate their own behaviors.

Culture

Research consistently has shown that increasing the amount of interaction between people can (increase or decrease) negative stereotyping.

decrease

refers to psychological states in which the person feels disconnected from his or her immediate experience.

Dissociation

What is a key emotion involved in altruism and happens when we feel a oneness with the emotional state of another?

Empathy

In psychoanalytic theory, the superego's job is to do which of the following?

Evaluate the morality of our behavior

The facial feedback hypothesis says which of the following?

Facial expressions can affect emotions.

True or false: Schizophrenia is caused exclusively by biological factors.

False

Abnormal behavior is considered when it deviates from what is acceptable in a culture.

deviant

Behavior is considered deviant if it _____.

differs from what is acceptable in a culture

Which of the following best represent the symptoms of PTSD? (Select all that apply.)

Flashbacks Impulsive outbursts of behavior Problems with memory and concentration

Which of the following are types of anxiety disorders? (Select all that apply.)

Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder Specific phobia

The pleasure principle is most closely tied to which of the following?

Id

What are an individual's unconscious drives and reservoir of sexual energy called?

Id

According to psychodynamic theory, the _____ deals with reality.

ego

involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring,

egoism

In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that school segregation, in which Whites and Blacks attended separate schools, was unconstitutional. This illustrates which strategy to diminish the effects of prejudice and discrimination?

Increasing contact between majority and minority groups

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of PTSD?

Indulging in repetitive and ritualistic behaviors

Which of the following are true of Kinsey and his interview techniques? (Select all that apply.)

Kinsey was a pioneer in sexual research. Kinsey used an interview technique in which he talked to whomever volunteered.

Which of the following is NOT an example of social phobia?

Liam has an intense fear of heights.

A key social emotion in altruism is , a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another.

empathy

The _____ approach to motivation emphasizes ways in which our behavior is shaped by our species' shared history.

evolutionary

approach to motivation emphasizes the role of species-specific instincts in directing behavior.

evolutionary

stage of the human sexual response is the first stage, characterized by engorgement of blood vessels and increased blood flow to the genitals.

excitement

The social cognitive approach to personality has been criticized for which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Making overly specific predictions that are difficult to generalize Underestimating the role of enduring qualities in personality Ignoring the role of biology in shaping personality

Which psychologist created the CAPS model and criticized the idea of constancy of behavior?

Mischel

is the term psychologists use to describe the force that moves people to behave in particular ways.

Motivation

Alfred Adler believed that people are primarily motivated to achieve perfection, not find pleasure. His approach is known as _____ psychology.

individual

The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as _____.

informational social influence

Disorders that happen in childhood and are traced to genetic differences, atypical brain development, or prenatal exposure to substances that adversely affect development are know as _____ disorders.

neurodevelopmental

Down Syndrome is an example of a _____ disorder.

neurodevelopmental

Hitting, punching, and kicking are examples of aggression.

overt

The id is the part of the personality that Freud called an "it," which works according to which of the following?

Pleasure principle

The idea that unconscious forces influence personality is related to which of the following?

Psychoanalytic theory

Eysenck's activation system theory describes the role of the brain system in personality.

reticular

Stereotyped patterns of expectations for how people should behave sexually are called sexual .

scripts

The direction of someone's erotic interests is called their _____.

sexual orientation

A _____ is a pattern of expectations for how people should behave sexually.

sexual script

Heritability estimates for the big five personality traits are around _____ percent.

50

Approximately _____ percent of individuals who commit suicide are estimated to have a diagnosable psychological disorder.

90

What is the difference between a drive and a need, according to drive reduction theory?

A need is a physical deprivation, whereas a drive is an aroused state that occurs in response to the need.

Which of the following have been shown to enhance happiness? (Select all that apply:)

Actively focusing on things to be grateful for Committing to personally meaningful goals Physical activity

is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.

Blank 1: Groupthink, Group think, or Groupthinking

disorder is characterized by anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive behaviors to prevent or produce some future outcome.

Blank 1: Obsessive Blank 2: compulsive

refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

Blank 1: Person Blank 2: perception

is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

Blank 1: Social Blank 2: cognition

People generally tend to adapt rapidly to events or things that initially made them very happy. This concept is known as the .

Blank 1: hedonic Blank 2: treadmill

A test that requires the interpretation of ambiguous images, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, is considered a test.

Blank 1: projective

When considering the factors of attraction identified in the text, there is physical closeness, otherwise known as . There is also acquaintance, and .

Blank 1: proximity Blank 2: similarity

Bonnie has been diagnosed with a personality disorder. Her sense of self is unstable, and she is often irritable and unpredictable. Which of the following personality disorders best describes Bonnie?

Borderline

nervosa is to binging and purging as anorexia nervosa is to self-starvation.

Bulimia

The three most common eating disorders are which of the following?

Bulimia nervosa Anorexia nervosa Binge eating

_____ is the simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in one person.

Comorbidity

The three basic needs of self-determination theory are which of the following?

Competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Which of these are characteristic of the plateau phase of the human response cycle? (Select all that apply.)

Complete erection of the penis Lubrication of the vagina

disorders are characterized by extreme disturbances in an individual's food consumption behavior.

Eating

_____ is a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.

Empathy

What happens to the sensation of hunger as blood glucose levels rise?

It declines.

Andrea has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She has a persistent delusion that she is the Virgin Mary. What is the best description for her delusion?

It is a positive symptom.

Which of the following statements are true regarding the DSM-5? (Select all that apply.)

It is the product of a 14-year revision process. It is published by the American Psychiatric Association.

Which statement best describes the DSM-5?

It is used to note medical conditions that may have implications for psychological treatment.

Which of the following reflect the American Psychiatric Association's definition of abnormality? (Select all that apply.)

It manifests itself as affecting the way that a person thinks, behaves, and interacts with others. It is a mental illness

Which of the following is a strong advantage of the trait approach to personality?

It provides a clear, straightforward description of people's behavior patterns.

Having a disorder and dealing with the stigma that comes with it can do which of the following?

Negatively affect the physical health of an individual

Biological views of psychological disorders fall into which three main categories?

Neurotransmitter functioning Brain Genetic

_____ disorder is characterized by anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive behaviors to prevent or produce some future outcome.

Obsessive-compulsive

A person who is imaginative is likely high in which of the big five traits?

Openness to experience

_____ refers to directly physically or verbally harming another person.

Overt aggression

Which of the following has not been identified as a factor in binge-eating disorder?

Oxytocin levels in the brain

Adele has experienced a number of discrete periods of terror in which she sweats, trembles, feels dizzy, and is quite certain that she is "going crazy." Her physician has assured her that there is no medical reason for these episodes. What is Adele's most likely diagnosis?

Panic disorder

What disorder is characterized by the episodes involving the following symptoms: heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and faintness?

Panic disorder

involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.

Persuasion

comparison is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.

Social

exchange theory is based on the equity in a relationship.

Social

identity is a way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.

Social

phobia is an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed around other people.

Social

psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.

Social

Many factors contribute to eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia nervosa, including which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Social Biological Genes

What is the purpose of defense mechanisms?

To reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

True or false: According to the humanistic approach, psychological distress is experienced when there are discrepancies between people's experiences and their self-concepts.

True

True or false: Kitty Genovese's murder inspired research on peoples' likelihood of helping a person in distress.

True

True or false: Many experts insist that TV violence can prompt aggressive or antisocial behavior in children.

True

True or false: Obesity is strongly affected by genetics.

True

True or false: Resilient individuals tend to use positive emotions to reverse the stress of negative feelings.

True

True or false: Social cognitive theorists believe that we acquire a wide range of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings through observing others' behavior and that these observations form an important part of our personalities.

True

True or false: The trait approach to personality is practical, allows us to know a person better, and is correlated to practical life and health factors.

True

What is the pleasantness or unpleasantness of an emotion called?

Valence

With respect to research on gender differences in emotional expressions, which of the following is true?

Women and men are often more alike in the way they experience emotions than stereotypes suggest.

-only approach to sex education emphasizes that sexual behavior should be reserved for marriage.

abstinence

Self- is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential.

actualization

Psychologists from the _____ perspective use brain imaging, genetic research, and twin studies to learn more about personality.

biological

Researchers who take a ____ viewpoint examine the influence of genetics and neurobiological factors on aggression.

biological

Researchers who take a viewpoint examine the influence of genetics and neurobiological factors on aggression.

biological

disorder is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings.

bipolar

A disorder that includes a pervasive pattern of instability in relationships with other people, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity starting by early adulthood is called _____.

borderline personality disorder

A critique of the humanistic approach is that humanism's assertion that people are good _____.

cannot be verified

Social _____ is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.

comparison

We all adhere to the rules and norms of society to some degree. The fact that we attend work or school clothed, rather than nude, is an example of .

conformity

Compared to abstinence-only education, sex education programs that emphasize contraceptive knowledge _____ the rates of adolescent pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections.

decrease

A situation in which a person suffers from an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life is a(n) _____ disorder.

depressive

According to Freud, the must balance the wishes of the id and the demands of the superego.

ego

Eysenck's approach to _____ is based on the reticular activation system (RAS).

extraversion

The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions, as well as reflect them, is considered the _____ hypothesis.

facial-feedback

It is quite possible that we are unaware of the many _____ lives that are being lived by individuals who have psychological disorders.

good

The type of motivation that is based on internal factors is _____ motivation, and the type of motivation that is based on external factors is _____ motivation.

intrinsic; extrinsic

The Yerkes-Dodson law states that performance is best under conditions of _____ arousal.

moderate

Research on the role of genetics in obesity has found that _____.

obesity has a significant genetic component

Men typically first achieve complete erections during the phase of the human sexual response cycle.

plateau

The valence of an emotion refers to its _____.

pleasantness or unpleasantness

A test that requires the interpretation of ambiguous images, such as inkblots or pictures, is considered a ______ test.

projective

The most commonly used method of measuring personality is the self- test.

report

Which of the following is the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being?

self-actualization

Michael wants to go to medical school because he sincerely wants to help others. To achieve his goal, he studies hard to keep up his grades, stays active in his community, and asks his school adviser for feedback about his academic progress. Michael's behavior is consistent with the process of _____.

self-regulation

As in the concept of weight, there may be a happiness point, and our happiness may fluctuate around this.

set

Genetic research shows that happiness is _____ heritable.

significantly but not entirely

When someone is asked to identify themselves and they answer with the religious or ethnic group affiliations, this is stating their identity.

social

learning approach to aggression emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive.

social

A _____ theorist is not interested in broad traits but instead looks at how more specific factors, such as beliefs, relate to behavior and performance.

social cognitive

The _____ theory of emotion says that emotion is affected by both physiological arousal and our interpretation of the situation.

two-factor

Defense mechanisms are an example of _____ processes.

unconscious

Critics of Freudian psychoanalysis contend that it focuses too much on the _____ mind, whereas neo-Freudian analysis focuses more on the _____ mind.

unconscious; conscious

According to Freud, the Oedipus complex is which of the following?

A young boy's desire to replace his father so he can enjoy his mother's affections

A neurodevelopmental disorder that is marked by persistent problems in maintaining attention and difficulty engaging in quiet activities is _____.

ADHD

Individual psychology is the view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and strive for perfection over pleasure. Who developed it?

Adler

refers to social behavior whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.

Aggression

A person who is sympathetic and kind is likely high in which of the big five traits?

Agreeableness

is giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.

Altruism

Prejudice is which of the following?

An unjustified negative attitude or a positive attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership

personality disorder is a disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, and being superficially charming.

Antisocial

Ed has had numerous involvements with the legal system. He has three children by different women whom he never married. He is currently incarcerated for dealing drugs and has been diagnosed with a personality disorder by the prison psychiatrist. What personality disorder best describes Ed?

Antisocial personality disorder

theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.

Attribution

genetics is the study of the inherited underpinnings of characteristics.

Behavioral

Which of the following demonstrate a difference between neo-Freudians and Freud? (Select all that apply.)

Belief that anatomy is NOT destiny and that women can be morally equal to men Belief that perfection, not pleasure, is the goal of human existence Belief that we are born with a storehouse of memories from our ancestors.

-eating disorder is characterized by recurrent patterns of eating large amounts of food during which a person feels a lack of control.

Binge

is a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people.

Conformity

Individuals with psychological disorders must do which of the following to overcome stigma? (Select all that apply.)

Confront their disorder(s) Recognize their strengths Carry on despite their disorder(s)

A person who is careful, disciplined, and organized is likely to be high in which of the big five traits?

Conscientiousness

What are some examples of positive symptoms of schizophrenia? (Select all that apply.)

Delusions Hallucinations

disorders are characterized by an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.

Depressive

_____ rules are sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

Display

Which of the following best describes social exchange theory?

Equity in a relationship

What is the correct order of the stages of the human sexual response pattern?

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

The Schachter-Singer theory suggests that emotion is the result of the interpretation of nonspecific arousal based on which of the following?

External cues

What disorder is characterized by long-term, persistent anxiety, and uncontrollable worry?

Generalized anxiety disorder

Altruism is which of the following?

Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

Most things or events that make us happy actually only change our happiness for a short time. What is this concept known as?

Hedonic treadmill

An early sex research pioneer, Alfred Kinsey, gathered data from anyone willing to talk to him. Why was using this interview technique and collecting data in this way a problem?

His sample was essentially self-selected and not representative.

The "pseudo-patient" study by David Rosenhan was a classic study that illustrated which of the following?

How labels can be hard to remove once they are applied

Social cognitive perspectives on personality differ from behaviorism by placing greater emphasis on which of the following?

How people interpret their situations

Which approach to personality emphasizes a desire to achieve higher levels of functioning?

Humanistic

The view of personality that stresses a person's capacity for personal growth, self-conscious freedom to choose a destiny, and positive qualities is called which of the following?

Humanistic psychology

ADHD is characterized by which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Hyperactivity Inattention Impulsivity

Suppose your friend is telling you that he wants to go out and drink and have fun tonight but he should stay in and study for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is represented by the urge to go out and have fun?

Id

The excitement stage of the human sexual response is characterized by _____. (Select all that apply.)

Increased blood flow to the genitals Engorgement of blood vessels Lubrication of the vagina in females

Which approach to aggression emphasizes the environmental conditions that teach individuals to be aggressive?

Observational learning

_____, also called imitation or modeling, occurs when a person learns from watching and imitating another's behavior.

Observational learning

What type of love is a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal?

Passionate

What would a social psychologist be most likely to study?

Personal attitudes and the perception of others

A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world is called what?

Personality

Social cognitive psychologist Walter Mischel caused a large controversy in which field?

Personality

is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world.

Personality

_____ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.

Persuasion

Which of the following disorders is not related to obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Post-traumatic stress disorder

is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership.

Prejudice

Which of the following can be contributing factors to the development of schizophrenia? (Select all that apply.)

Problems in neurotransmitters Biological predisposition Extreme environmental stressors

Several factors that contribute to attraction are noted in the text, including which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Proximity Acquaintance Similarity

Anorexia nervosa may require hospitalization and feeding tubes; however, other forms of treatment include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Psychotherapy Drug therapies

aggression involves harming the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors.

Relational

_____ refers to activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors.

Relational aggression

Traits are stable characteristics that tend to manifest themselves how?

Repeatedly over time and in many different situations

love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation.

Romantic

During a job interview, you are asked to rate on a scale of 1 to 5 how happy you are. What type of test is the interviewer giving you?

Self-report

The two features that characterize autism spectrum disorder are which of the following?

Showing restrictive repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities Showing persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across various settings

Which theorist most strongly suggested that unconscious processes influence personality?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following is true with respect to suicide?

Suicide is the third leading cause of death among U.S. adolescents.

Your friend went out to drink last night, even though he knew he should have stayed in and studied for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is causing the guilt he felt about it afterward?

Superego

Which of the following best summarizes the results of the "pseudo-patient" study?

The individuals were hospitalized for 3 to 52 days and given a schizophrenia diagnosis.

Person perception is which of the following?

The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

What is the definition of social psychology?

The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people

Which of the following is a critique of the humanistic approach?

The theory is too optimistic about human nature.

Social cognition is which of the following?

The way in which individuals think in social situations

Which is true in regard to anxiety disorders, according to the DSM-5?

There are 12 types of anxiety disorders.

Which of the following is true of personality disorders? (Select all that apply.)

They are difficult to treat. They are long-standing and maladaptive They are relatively common.

A mental illness that affects or is manifested in a person's brain and can affect the way the individual thinks, behaves, and interacts with others is known by the the American Psychiatric Association as _____.

an abnormality

are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts.

attitudes

Someone who shows persistent deficits in social communication and social interactions in addition to engaging in repetitive behaviors would likely be diagnosed with _____.

autism spectrum disorder

The Oedipus complex is typically resolved by the child _____. (Select all that apply.)

being sexually attracted to the opposite sex identifying as a member of one's own gender

During the week, Zack eats healthily and watches his caloric intake. On the weekends, Zack eats large amounts of food and feels out of control. Zack is exhibiting -eating disorder.

binge

Brain imaging, genetic research, and twin studies to learn more about personality are used by psychologists from the perspective.

biological

A _____ pertains to a psychological state, whereas a _____ involves a physiological state.

drive; need

Social cognitive theory focuses on the interaction of individuals with their _____.

environments

One important factor for the sensation of _____ is the change in the glucose levels in the blood.

hunger

An individual who thinks, "Sex is pleasurable, I want it," but also thinks "I feel guilty about having sex at all" is struggling with conflict between the and the superego.

id

The purpose of using repression is to push unacceptable impulses back into the unconscious minds.

id

According to Carl Rogers, decreasing discrepancies between the _____ and the _____ can lead to more positive perceptions of self and less worry about what others want, and can increase positive experiences in the world.

ideal; real

When we use terms such as symptoms, mental illness, and mental hospitals, we are reflecting the terminology used in the model or approach.

medical

The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do is known to psychologists as _____.

motivation

Aggression, like other social behaviors, has _____ determinant(s).

multiple

Anorexia is an eating disorder that involves the pursuit of thinness through starvation.

nervosa

Miko has just transferred to a new high school and starts to dress and act like the popular students there because she wants them to like her. This is an example of social influence.

normative

social influence is the influence that other people have on us because we want them to like and approve of us.

normative

The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us is ____.

normative social influence

Cultural provide guidance about how people should behave and what behavior is healthy.

norms

The murder of Kitty Genovese inspired researchers to examine whether _____.

people are less likely to help if other people are present

The basic premise of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that _____.

people must satisfy lower-level needs before they can focus on higher-level needs

A _____ disorder is characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society.

personality

The process by which an individual pursues important objectives by setting goals and monitoring progress is called self-_____.

regulation

Pushing unacceptable id impulses back into the unconscious mind is called _____.

repression

The capacity to thrive during difficult times and cope successfully with adversity is known as _____.

resilience

attached to psychological disorders can provoke prejudice and discrimination toward individuals who are struggling with these problems.

stigma

The areas of the brain and endocrine system that respond to _____ are overactive in people with binge-eating disorder.

stress

You know you are about to do something your parents would not approve of. In other words, your _____ is warning you that you are about to make a mistake.

superego