Psychology Unit 2
Michael, a famous musician, is designing a new apartment that will serve as both his residence and his recording studio. Since the music studio shares a wall with his bedroom, Michael wants to be sure that the recording studio is soundproof. This means that Michael wants to be sure that any sound from the studio is well under his ________ while he is in his bedroom.
Absolute Threshold
Which of the following is true of acquisition in classical conditioning?
During acquisition, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time.
Gary wakes up and tells his wife, "You won't believe what I dreamed. I was being chased by men in suits; they were riding horses. They had long narrow briefcases, and they were trying to run me down!" Gary explains his dream to Gina, a psychodynamic therapist. She tells him that his dream is about not being able to pay his bills. Which element in this scenario represents the manifest content of Gary's dream?
Gary running for his life
Luke, who frequently takes drugs, keeps complaining that the drapes covering his room's windows are growing tentacles that are threatening to strangle him. Luke is most likely taking
LSD
Ricardo broke his wrist while rollerblading in a park. Since the accident, he has been taking morphine, a powerful pain killer. What type of drug is Ricardo taking?
Opioid
Observational learning is different from the associative learning described by behaviorism because observational learning
relies on mental processes.
The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely it is that a person will
report dreaming
Which of the following best illustrates positive punishment in operant conditioning?
scolding a child for being rude to his or her teachers
When Carlos first jumped into the pool, he thought that the water was very cold. Although the temperature of the pool remained constant, after a few minutes Carlos no longer complained about feeling cold. This change is his reaction to the temperature of the pool water is an example of
sensory adaption
Sarah feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her uncomfortable. This scenario illustrates the learning process of
classical conditioning.
In the auditory system, the pinna of the ear is responsible for
collecting sounds and channeling them into the interior of the ear
When a person reads a book, the black ink of the words on the white pages looks the same, regardless of the place, time, and lighting in the room. This best demonstrates the phenomenon of
color constancy
In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with the food and salivated when it heard the bell because the bell had become a(n)
conditioned stimulus.
Frank buys a new smartphone and tries exploring the phone's features as soon as he reaches home. While doing so, he fails to hear the doorbell, which has been ringing for five minutes. This illustrates the concept of
controlled processes.
In observational learning, retention is the process in which a learner must
encode the information to reproduce a model's actions.
It is the end of the month and Cindy is yet to pay several bills, but she does not have much money left. She spends most of the day thinking how she is going to make the payments. Later, while watching TV, she finds a solution to her problem. Cindy is demonstrating
incubation
Which of the following statements is true of meditation?
As a physiological state, meditation shows qualities of sleep and wakefulness, yet it is distinct from both.
Which of the following is true of a fixed-interval schedule in the context of operant conditioning?
It reinforces the first appropriate behavior after a set amount of time has passed.
Identify a true statement about the cognitive theory of dreaming.
It rests on the idea that dreams are essentially subconscious cognitive processing.
Which of the following receptors is most activated when a person is watching a silent movie?
Photoreceptors
Which of the following explains the ability of an animal to distinguish among sight, sound, odor, taste, and touch?
Sensory receptors are selective and have different neural pathways
Which of the following statements is true of umami?
The taste of umami is the flavor of L-glutamate.
Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned responses?
They are involuntary.
Mary requests her neighbor to turn down the volume of his television so that Mary does not hear it. The volume at which Mary cannot hear the television most of the time is
below her absolute threshold
Samuel, a line worker in a factory, is required to produce 50 units to be paid $10. In the context of the schedules of reinforcement, this scenario most likely exemplifies a
fixed-interval schedule.
Your friend Helen just started working the night shift at the post office. This change in her work hours
may cause Helen to be at increased risk for kidney disease
Rachel is walking in the woods and feels sudden pain in the back of her neck. Because of the nature of the pain, she recognizes that she has been stung by a bee. In this scenario, which of the following processes has most likely helped her identify the source of her pain?
perception
The moon appears larger near the horizon than when it is overhead. Despite this difference, we know that the size of the moon is the same in both positions. This is an example of
perceptual constancy
Your mother must always have an early morning cup of coffee. She usually has several more cups throughout the day. If she misses her daily doses of coffee, she gets a headache. The fact that your mother experiences headaches when she discontinues the use of caffeine is an example of
physical dependence
The law of effect is profoundly important because it presents the basic idea that
the consequences of a behavior influence the likelihood of that behavior's recurrence.