Psychology: Unit 4; Quiz 1: Learning; Quiz 2: Memory; Quiz 3: Thinking, Language, Consciousness, and Sleeping; Test

How are symbolic and analogical representations similar?

Both require thinking. Both are mental images. Both are a basic element of thought. ✔ All of the above

Who is not one of the notable psychologists that contributed to our knowledge on learning?

Freud

What did Freud believe about dreams?

Freud believed all of these.

After recovering from a motorcycle accident, Manuel finds he has difficulty remembering events prior to the accident. What type of memory loss is Manuel experiencing?

retrograde amnesia and long-term memory

What are the similarities between symbolic and analogical representations? Select all that apply.

Both involve symbolism. ✔ Both are mental images. ✔ Both are a basic element of thought. ✔ Both require thinking.

What is common in all cultures about children learning to speak?

Children's first sounds are similar in all cultures.

Long-term memory has a _____ capacity to hold information.

great

How do bees communicate with each other?

by dancing

Catherine visits Long Beach, California, one weekend. As she sits on the sand, she feels the sun's heat. Then she stands up to enjoy the feeling of the sun's summer rays on her skin. Catherine doesn't mind the heat. She welcomes it! According to Hall's cognitive dream theory, Catherine's positive view of the bright sun represents her _____ of the sun.

conception

A ballet student who learns with the help of his instructor is demonstrating _____ learning.

formal

A student who meets with an after school tutor for homework help is _____ learning.

formally

According to Freud, what do dreams do?

reveal urges and desires

What can you learn from the scuba divers who remembered certain words better either above or below water?

People remember information best when they're in the original place where they learned it.

_____ involves the likelihood of increasing behavior.

Positive reinforcement

Lori started cello lessons a month ago but has trouble remembering the names of the notes on her sheet music. What can Lori do to learn the note names?

She can create an acronym to remember the lines of the bass clef.

What is a benefit of observational learning?

Watching others can motivate you to try the same actions.

Terell lives in Washington, D.C., where he can see the Potomac River from his bedroom window. When he sees this river, Terell thinks of swimming, boating, fun, and friends. What type of mental image is this?

symbolic

Match the following vocabulary works with their definitions. 1. symbolic representation 2. acquire 3. hierarchy 4. phoneme 5. decode 6. manifest content

1. mental pictures that have no direct relationship to the actual object you are thinking about 2. to gain or obtain for yourself 3. a ranking system 4. the basic unit of meaning (letters and sounds) 5. to figure out or unscramble hidden meaning 6. the aspects of a dream or fantasy that you remember

Cynthia has a fractured finger. If she goes to the doctor, she'll get some medicine that will decrease the pain. She decides it's worth her time go to the doctor. What type of reinforcement is this?

negative reinforcement

Esperanza screams when she gets upset, and her father wants her to stop screaming. Esperanza's father gives her a stern look the next time she shrieks, which makes her get quiet very suddenly. What is this an example of?

punishment

H.M.'s operation on the hippocampus showed that _____.

short-term memory doesn't work well either ✔ All options are correct. long-term memory is severely affected damage to that brain area results in amnesia

Shaping will happen if _____.

you encourage lots of little behaviors to add up into one large action

Patricia bikes to school, but along the way she wonders when she "just knew" how to ride a bike. What type of learning is this?

incidental

How is performance different from learning?

Performance is carrying out a behavior that was learned first.

Match the following vocabulary words to their definitions. 1. analogical representation 2. latent content 3. morpheme 4. interpretation 5. conception 6. category

1. mental pictures that have a direct relationship to the actual object you are thinking about 2. the hidden aspects of a dream that you must figure out 3. a meaningful unit of language (words) 4. your personal meaning given to places, events, situations, and people 5. your personal interpretation of your senses or thoughts 6. a grouping of concepts

What happens during free association?

A person talks about a dream, making connections by openly talking.

Compare and find a similarity between the Core-Optional and adaptive sleep theories.

Both believe that a person sleeps for survival.

What is a similarity between incidental and intentional learning?

Both bring knowledge into your brain.

What is a similarity between sleep apnea and narcolepsy?

Both conditions can result in a person feeling tired during the day.

How can concepts and categories help you write an essay?

Concepts and categories help you organize your ideas into paragraphs and sentences.

What does the the story of H.M. demonstrate?

Damage to the hippocampus results in amnesia, long-term memory is severely affected, and short-term memory doesn't work well either.

Dreams are literal interpretations of our experiences during consciousness.

False

QUIZ 1:

LEARNING

QUIZ 2:

MEMORY

How do semantic and episodic memories differ?

One remembers general ideas, and the other remembers specific events.

What is the importance of getting enough sleep?

Sleep deprivation can be detrimental to your health. Adequate sleep helps you to be alert during the day. If you don't get enough sleep, you can get dizzy, hyperactive, or even depressed. ✔ all of the above

What is the benefit of deep processing over surface processing?

You'll have a better ability to remember information in the future.

Strokes and Alzheimer's disease are serious conditions because _____.

both conditions often result in severe memory loss

Raina is running for student body president and doesn't want to forget her campaign speech. She practices her speech over and over so she can deliver it flawlessly. What type of learning is taking place?

intentional

What is the purpose of encoding?

to acquire information into the brain

The purpose of Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment is to demonstrate that children _____.

will most likely model an adult's aggressive actions

How are concepts and categories similar?

Concepts and categories involve thoughts.

What can you do with the Freudian tools for analysis?

You can decode the manifest content in your dreams.

Match the following items. 1. intentional learning 2. chunking 3. long-term memory 4. encoding

1. deliberately placing information into your mind 2. grouping items into smaller segments 3. permanent storage of information 4. the process of placing information into the mind

Match the following items. 1. observational learning 2. vicarious 3. Bobo Doll Experiment 4. motivation to do a behavior

1. learning by watching other people 2. learning through the experience of others without actually doing the action 3. an example of modeling aggression 4. requirement for observational learning

What does classical conditioning require?

the pairing of two stimuli

What can you expect your short-term memory to do? Select all that apply.

permanently hold onto information ✔ remember the current score of a tennis game create episodic and semantic memories ✔ remember only the first and end of long lists ✔ chunk information

How does the view of twentieth-century scientists differ from ancient cultures when it comes to the meaning of dreams?

Ancient cultures believed that dreams had spiritual meaning.

How are morphemes and sentences similiar?

Both are created by more basic parts of language in a hierarchy.

How are concepts and categories alike?

Concepts and categories involve thoughts.

What is similar about analogical and symbolic representations?

One mental image can have both analogical and symbolic representations.

Both positive and negative reinforcement involve the likelihood of increasing a behavior.

True

Why is sleep deprivation bad for your health?

You can end up with headaches, dizziness, or depression.

Why are concepts and categories helpful when writing?

You can organize your ideas into paragraphs and sentences.

Wang stares into the sky and notices the clouds are fluffy white. What is this an example of?

surface processing

Your older brother at college is experiencing insomnia. What suggestions can you give him to help overcome this problem?

✔ Go to bed at the same time each night. Exercise at night to fatigue the body into sleep. Drink caffeine to calm jittery sleep worries. ✔ Keep the bedroom slightly cool, dark, and quiet. ✔ Wake up at the same time each morning.

What does thinking require you to do? Select all that apply.

✔ order and reorder ideas and images manipulate the ideas of others around you focus on the hardest task ✔ make sense of and understand your environment ✔ mentally absorb your surroundings

Match the following items. 1. intentional learning 2. George Sperling 3. (818) 662-4254 4. Primacy-Recency Effect 5. episodic memory 6. semantic memory 7. scuba divers who remember words above or below water

1. memorizing foreign language words or phrases 2. tested people's sensory (iconic) memory 3. an example of chunking 4. remembering the words at the start and end of a list 5. the day you skipped school and got caught 6. the memory of your middle school experience 7. context dependence

Match the following items. 1. hippocampus 2. interference 3. mnemonic device 4. recovered memory 5. repression 6. retrograde amnesia

1. part of the brain that aids long-term memory 2. anything that inhibits your brain's ability to remember 3. memory trick to give you cues and aid your ability to retrieve information 4. remembering long-forgotten memories with someone's help 5. moving difficult information from the conscious to the unconscious mind 6. inability to remember events that happened prior to the brain injury

Retrieving information is the same as intentional learning.

False

_____ is the biggest reason you forget information.

Interference

Jason fought in the war in Iraq and witnessed some horrific sights. When he got home from the war, Jason didn't seem to remember these shocking events anymore. What happened?

Jason probably has repressed the memories.

Locate the best example of symbolic representation.

Jayne is excited about winter, and she thinks of holidays, families, celebrations, and good food.

What often makes nightmares more memorable than other dreams?

Nightmares have a more intense emotional impact.

How do informal and formal learning differ?

One is more structured than the other and one requires a mentor and a student.

What makes the restorative and adaptive theories different?

Restorative theories believe that wounds will heal better while you rest.

A teen named Randy Gardner wanted to prove that sleep deprivation has no effect. What did his experiment demonstrate?

Sleep deprivation can be dangerous. Randy became paranoid and forgetful. Randy could not avoid having his behavior affected. ✔ all of the above

Which is an example of observational learning?

Sylvia watches her mom put a napkin on her lap during restaurant dining, so she does the same.

What is the biggest difference between analogical and symbolic representations?

Symbolic representations don't have a direct relationship to a specific object, but analogical representations do.

QUIZ 3:

THINKING, LANGUAGE, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND SLEEPING

Knowing too much information can cause you to forget what you want to remember.

True

Learning is most often considered a change of behavior that results from experience.

True

Symbolic representations are one type of mental image.

True

What results when you combine several phonemes together?

a morpheme

Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment concludes that _____.

boys are twice as likely as girls to act aggressively when they see adults model aggression

What is NOT a requirement of learning?

cautiousness

What is NOT a symptom of sleep apnea?

nightmares

How can you make a dog drool at the sound of a bell? Pair the sound of the bell with the sight of some food and _____.

then eventually remove the food but keep the sound of the bell

Select all the things the prefrontal cortex helps you to do.

✔ work toward a goal foretell the future ✔ control urges determine small from large ✔ understand future consequences ✔ delay gratification

When you are conscious, _____. Select all that apply.

✔ your senses can detect aromas, sights, and touches ✔ you are awake and alert to your surroundings your mind is cleared and nonabsorbent to the environment you have a better chance of not getting sick fainting is never a possibility

How do emotions affect your memory?

Memories with strong emotional attachments are easier to recall.

Why are nightmares so memorable?

Nightmares have a more intense emotional impact.

What did the first portion of Sperling's test show?

Sensory memory is very sensitive and is quick to forget.

Mackenzie notices that her best friend can apply liquid eyeliner in a perfectly straight line on the eyelids. Mackenzie knows that liquid eyeliner can be messy and hard to control, but she tries it anyway and ends up drawing a straight line on first try, just like her best friend. Did Mackenzie successfully model her best friend's make up skills?

Yes, because she was able to draw a straight liquid line just as her friend did.

What is the downside of observational learning?

You can be encouraged to behave badly.

How is the rule of seven useful?

You can section a long list into just seven items each, for better memory. You can remember to not give too much information, since people don't remember much past seven items. You can memorize the seven pieces of information more quickly. ✔ all of the above

Which statement best describes learning?

You must first learn before you can act. The simplest of actions require learning before they can be carried out. Learning is powerful and can change your life. ✔ all of the above

What happens during REM sleep?

Your muscles are paralyzed so you don't act out your dreams.

Overlearning is _____.

a method for improving your memory immediately available for recall an elaborate process that involves practice, memorization, recitation and rehearsal ✔ all of the above

Psychologists have the most concern about recovered memories when they involve _____.

sexual abuse

What is a practical use of classical conditioning?

✔ All are examples of using classical conditioning. People can housetrain an animal. People can train their dogs with good behavior. People on diets can learn to recognize when they have already paired their hunger signals with the sight of a restaurant.

Carley loves to swim because she feels so fantastic afterward. In fact, she has learned that whenever she wants a rush of natural adrenaline, she needs to swim forty laps in the pool. Carley keeps this habit up for years because she likes the outcome she gets each time. What does this demonstrate?

Carley has become operantly conditioned.

What is true about the sleep cycle? Select all that apply.

Deep sleep occurs in the first two stages of sleep. Acting out dreams is always a potential danger of REM sleep. ✔ Dreams occur during the REM stage. ✔ A person can go through the sleep cycle multiple times in one night. ✔ The sleep cycle does not repeat itself in order of 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM.

How can you prevent insomnia?

Don't drink energy drinks or drinks with caffeine before bed.

What is the importance of the prefrontal cortex?

It helps with executive functions, such as behaving in socially appropriate ways.

Rachel wants to dance professionally and become good at the Samba. She watches her dance instructor and tries to repeat his leg movements. No matter how hard she tries, Rachel moves her legs but they are not the movements the dance instructor demonstrated. Did Rachel successfully model the dance instructor?

No, because she was not able to repeat the leg movements exactly.

What do the experiences of Genie and Victor demonstrate about language acquisition?

People have a critical period of time when they best learn language.

What does it mean to say that memories are "context-dependent"?

People often attach their surroundings to their memories.

During REM sleep, our muscles are paralyzed. The Activation Synthesis Theory of dreams says that this temporary paralysis _____ the brain.

confuses