Psychology...again

Sometimes we are a collection of masks

"Relative self"

Adler's 4 components of his typology

1. Ruling-Dominant 2. Getting-Learning 3. Avoiding 4. Socially Useful

Jung believed there were how many basic personality types?

8

Which of the following is a type of reliability that can be measured? A. Internal consistency reliability B. Discriminant validity C. Convergent reliability D. Criterion-related validation E. Construct reliability

A. Internal consistency reliability

Wording of items is sometimes reversed to... A. avoid the acquiescence response-set bias B. avoid reversal errors C. keep participants from becoming bored D. determine whether those scoring the test are paying attention E. save space on a questionnaire

A. avoid the acquiescence response-set bias

The usefulness of projective measurement techniques derives from A. none of these B. the use of an objective scoring system C. item response theory D. their simple and reliable-scoring methods E. their use of a multiple-choice format

A. none of these

In Freud's usage, a "defense mechanism" has the effect of A. protecting the person's consciousness from threatening material B. helping an individual improve his or her self-awareness C. improving people's ability to remember traumatic events in their lives D. re-creating the infantile state of simple needs E. motivating a person to take a strong stance in support of his or her beliefs

A. protecting the person's consciousness from threatening material

According to Jung, the mind is divided into three parts. These three parts are A. the conscious ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious B. the conscience, the collective unconscious, and the personal ego C. the id, the ego, and the superego

A. the conscious ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious

The importance of birth order was discussed by who?

Adler

Of the following, which is NOT a source of personality theory? A. deduction B. conduction C. analogy D. induction

B. conduction

When two personality measures are negatively correlated, this indicates that.... A. a high value on one measure is casually related to a low value on the other measure B. high values on one measure correspond to low values on the other C. the measures are most suitable for measuring negative traits D. low values on one measure correspond to low values on the other E. the two measures reflect unrelated underlying traits

B. high values on one measure correspond to low values on the other

What is one major flaw in Freud's theory of "infantile amnesia"? A. many other theories support it, so there is no flaw B. it does not explain why all memories, even pleasant ones, are repressed C. it explains only why pleasant memories are suppressed D. Freud did not have a theory on 'infantile amnesia' E. the term is "infantile amnesia", yet it encompasses amnesia throughout a person's life

B. it does not explain why all memories, even pleasant ones, are repressed

A nomothetic approach to personality A. is the study of what makes each of us unique B. seeks to formulate general laws C. involves the study of the "no mother" theories of S. Freud D. studies ways in which people are similar to animals E. studies pathetic aesthetics

B. seeks to formulate general laws

What is a major limitation of correlational studies? A. they cannot measure the degree to which a relationships exists between variables B. they cannot provide information about casual relationships among variables C. they cannot measure relationships among variables D. they cannot show the direction of a relationship between variables

B. they cannot provide information about casual relationships among variables

Adler's theory of psychology focused on..... A. the unconscious motivations toward pleasure and conscious motivations toward restraint B. unique motivations of individuals and the importance of each person's perceived niche in society C. the conscious controlling the unconscious D. the importance of family and friends and how important relationships are in a person's life E. each individuals' view of the world and the people he or she connects with

B. unique motivations of individuals and the importance of each person's perceived niche in society

One problem with using observable expressive behaviors as a method of personality assessment is that... A. there is little variability in expressive style B.. it is extremely easy to control expressive behaviors C. expressive style is often strongly influenced by cultural and social norms D. most expressive behaviors are not observable

C. expressive style is often strongly influenced by cultural and social norms

Freud's view on free will is that A. humans are born with free will B. humans gain free will after the phallic stage of development C. humans are driven by unconscious motivations, not free will D. humans only have free will if they want to have free will E. free will isn't important or worth discussing according to Freud

C. humans are driven by unconscious motivations, not free will

Who argued personality is more socially based , shaped by goals and future aspirations rather than unresolved childhood conflicts. He also believed he was 2 different personalities as a child, suffering from visions and heard voices as well.

Carl Jung (1875-1961)

Which of the following statements is considered a potential source of bias that could lead to misleading results? A. Barnum effect B. Self report testes C. Discriminant validation D. Response sets E. High reliability

D. Response sets

Discriminant validity is established when a test... A. has items that correlate highly with one another B. has items that do not correlate with one another C. correlates with theoretically related constructs D. does not correlate with measures of unrelated constructs E. yields similar results over time and situation

D. does not correlate with measures of unrelated constructs

A current controversy that is relevant to the idea of repression deals with A. masturbation B. people's failing to recover their repressed memories C. vagueness of memories D. implantation of false memories by therapists

D. implantation of false memories by therapists

An early supporter of psychological testing (and where much testing is still conducted) was A. preschools B. nurseries C. the existential flower-power movement D. the U.S. armed forces E. large corporations

D. the U.S. armed forces

Expanding theories based on observation, psychological principles, I see this thing, I want to explain it

Deductive

A common defense mechanism, simply refusing to acknowledge anxiety-provoking stimuli

Denial

The shifting of the target of one's unconscious fears or desires (Little Hans)

Displacement

Which of the following individuals took a comprehensive orientation to the study of personality, including the use of longitudinal research that studies people over time? A. Lewin B. Allport C. Kohler D. Freud E. Murray

E. Murray

Which of the following is the set of Horney's styles of adapting to the world? A. Aggressive, optimistic, and passive B. loving, optimistic, and pessimistic C. aggressive, loving, and withdrawn D. open, loving, and optimistic E. aggressive, passive, and withdrawn

E. aggressive, passive, and withdrawn

The Barnum effect refers to the tendency to... A. be conditioned through rewards and punishments B. view changing situations as a kind of circus C. exploit the good qualities of others D. show off about one's good qualities E. believe vague generalities about one's own personality

E. believe vague generalities about one's own personality

Patrice thinks she is a failure. According to her assessment, her grades are bad, she is overweight, and she is unattractive. She also says she doesn't have any friends. In reality, Patrice does have friends, her grades are fine, and she is an attractive, albeit a slightly plump, young woman. Horney would say that Patrice is over-identifying with her.... A. negative self B. actual self C. ideal self D. real self E. despised self

E. despised self

Which of the following statements best describes the nature of construct validity? A. the extent to which an assessment is not related to what it should theoretically not be related to B. the extent to which the test can predict another outcome related to what the test is measuring C. the extent to which the assessment is able to remain reliable over time and across populations D. the extent to which the assessment is related to what it should theoretically be related to E. the extent to which a test truly measures a theoretical construct

E. the extent to which a test truly measures a theoretical construct

Deals with the real world, the I, operates according to the reality principle

EGO

Eunice is a retired bookkeeper who is now miserable, although she experienced no particular hardships in her life. As she looks back on her life, she sees many things that she wishes she had done differently. For instance, she feels that her work was not a meaningful contribution to society, thinks her adult children don't have good moral values, and regrets that she did not pursue higher education (she often thought about it, but somehow, things never worked out). Erikson would say that Eunice is experiencing the crisis of...

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

The Thematic Apperception Test, or TAT, was developed by...

Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan

The idea that our temperament is shaped by imbalances of 4 liquids or humors in the body (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm)

Humorism

The basic psychic energy and motivations, often termed instincts or impulses. Operates according to the demands of the pleasure principle, strives solely to satisfy its desires and reduce inner tension..... ?

ID

The ____ operates under the "pleasure principle", while the _____ operates under the "reality principle"

ID; EGO

According to Allport, what is the method by which personality should be studied?

Idiographic

Starts with data first, then make assumption Data to theory

Inductive

After observing people at a party, you decide that extroverts enjoy parties more than introverts do, what kind of approach is this?

Inductive approach

What is the "latent content" of a dream, according to Freud?

Its underlying hidden meaning

Who believed that forces affecting a person changes from time to time and situation to situation?

Kurt Lewin

Nomothetic and idiographic approaches to the study of personality are different in that...

Nomothetic approaches tend to be more general, while idiographic focus on the unique aspects of the individual.

Refers to individual differences in characteristics patterns of thinking feeling and behaving...

Personality

The scientific study of the forces that make people unique

Personality Psychology

The Oedipus complex occurs during the ____ stage?

Phallic

Anxiety-arousing impulses are externalized by placing them or projecting them onto others

Projection

Marissa is given a stack of cards naming various characteristics and asked to sort them into piles on a dimension such as "least characteristic" to "most characteristic" of herself. She is taking a(n)...

Q-sort

A mechanism involving after the fact (post hoc) logical explanations for behaviors that were actually driven by internal unconscious motives

Rationalization

An overweight woman who has a secret stash of candy in her office at work constantly criticizes everyone else about their calorie and fat intake and is always passing around the newest fad diet book to all her coworkers. Which of Freud's defense mechanisms best describes this situation?

Reaction formation

Pushing away threatening impulses by overemphasizing the opposite in one's thoughts and actions

Reaction formation

Returning to earlier, safer stages of our lives

Regression

People facing early traumas overcome the initial shock and seem to go on with their lives, but the hidden memories pursue and plague them.

Repression

Used to test personality theories

Scientific inference

The transforming of dangerous urges into positive, socially acceptable motivations

Sublimation

Personality structure that emerges to internalize societal rules, rules over the ego or I...goes further than a conscience

Superego

An 11 year-old boy is getting bullied at school and has to make a decision what to do about it. According to Freud's theory on the structure of the mind, which scenario best describes a decision made by the ego?

The boy realizes that if he were to get into a fight with the bullies during the school day, he might get in trouble with the school, so he decides to wait until after school to teach the bullies a lesson.

"Basic anxiety" refers to

a child's fear of being alone, hopeless, and insecure

The inability to retrieve new memories shortly after an experience has occurred is called ____ amnesia.

anterograde

underlying hidden meaning of dreams

latent content

What a person remembers and consciously considers

manifest content

the self, sense of self

the ego

the inner drives of people

the id forces