PSYX 340 Exam II

What are some main symptoms of depression that you might look out for?

- Depressed mood, most of the day, nearly everyday. - Diminished pleasure in activities (anhedonia). - Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt. - Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, or suicide attempts. - Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness. - Significant weight loss or weight gain, or decreased or increased appetite. - Fatigue or loss of energy. - Insomnia or hypersomnia. - Psychomotor agitation or retardation.

What does suicide prevalence look like in LGBTQIA2+ youth?

- LGBTQ youth are 4 times more likely, and questioning youth are 3 times more likely, to attempt suicide as their straight peers. - Nearly half of young transgender people have seriously thought about taking their lives, and one quarter report having made a suicide attempt. - LGBTQ youth who come from highly rejecting families are 8.4 times as likely to have attempted suicide as LGBT peers who reported no or low levels of family rejection. - Each episode of LGBTQ victimization, such as physical or verbal harassment or abuse, increases the likelihood of self-harming behavior by 2.5 times on average.

What are the common treatments for bipolar disorder?

- Mood stabilizers - Antipsychotics - Psychoeducation - Increase medication compliance - Stress management - Address periods of crisis

What types of validity did we talk about and what do they mean?

Accurate Predictive Concurrent

What are some common treatments for depression? What is the "gold standard"?

Antidepressants, CBT, electroconvulsive therapy.

Why is avoidance an important factor to consider in anxiety disorders and OCD?

Avoidance strengthens obsessions.

What are some common causes that we talked about in class for GAD?

Biological dysfunction in neurotransmitter GABA heritability.

What is the difference between bipolar I and bipolar II?

Bipolar 1: • At least one manic episode (not better explained by another disorder) Bipolar 2: • At least one hypomanic episode • At least one major depressive episode • Never experienced mania.

How do cognitive behavioral psychologists view depression? How do developmental psychopathologists?

CBT: Reduction in rewards = reduction in constructive behaviors. Past experiences inform belief that one has no control over one's life (learned helplessness.) Also tied to the theory of negative thinking in which someone develops maladaptive attitudes. Developmental Psychopathology: Biological predisposition based on neurotransmitter activity combined with negative childhood experiences, leading to low self concept. Later stress can then trigger depressive episodes.

What are the common treatments for anxiety-based disorders? For OCD?

CBT: changing maladaptive thoughts and using exposure. Medication: Antidepressants, "impulse" brain circuit may be overactive in people with OCD.

What is reactive depression (or exogenous)?

Depression that occurs situationally like in the instance of stressful life events.

What is the DSM-5?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Helps with diagnosing disorders.

What is the difference between fear and anxiety?

Fear - instinctual, biological, and immediate. Anxiety - Future or hypothetical oriented.

What is standardization and why does it matter for a measure?

Helps to determine something as "baseline" or "norm", "deviant" compared to a control of some kind. Includes interviews, tests, or observations.

What does the mnemonic IS PATH WARM mean and what does relate to?

IS PATH WARM is an acronym for warning signs of suicide. Ideation Substance abuse Purposelessness Anxiety Trapped Hopelessness Withdrawal Anger Recklessness Mood change

What is a projective test? What kinds did we talk about?

Interpretation of vague stimuli with the assumption that clients project aspects of their personality onto them. ie. Rorschach Ink blot test.

What are the gender differences in suicide rates and why do they happen?

Males complete suicide at a rate four times that of females. However, females attempt suicide three times more often than males.

How do you define mania and how is it different from hypomania? From depression?

Mania: State of euphoria or frenzied energy in which people experience grandiosity. Hypomania: Milder version of mania. Depression: Low, sad state in which life seems dark and its challenging overwhelming.

What is the difference between a compulsion and an obsession? What are the features of compulsions?

Obsession: Persistent thought, idea, or impulse that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety. Compulsions: Repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts used to prevent or reduce anxiety, and causes anxiety.

What were some of the pros and cons for the different assessment types?

Personality Inventories -- Pros: objective scoring, standardized Cons: Limited validity, personality testing doesn't always result in clinical understanding of personality, cultural limitations. Projective Tests -- Pros: Most commonly used tests in the 1950s, used a "supplementary material" currently. Cons: Limited reliability and validity, Biased against marginalized groups. Cognitive Tests -- Pros: Highly standardized, high reliability and validity, significant research. Cons: Not for psychiatric disorders, cultural bias, other factor affect performance like anxiety and motivation.

What is the difference between a specific phobia vs. general anxiety disorder? Between panic disorder and social anxiety disorder?

Phobia - Unreasonable fear associated with a specific object or situation that causes clinically significant distress or impairment. GAD - Excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worries about almost anything. Panic Disorder - A person experiences panic attacks in which they have a sudden wave of fear or discomfort or a sense of losing control even when there is no clear danger or trigger. Social Anxiety Disorder - Intense, persistent fear of being watched and judged by others.

Know how to recognize a manic episode

Symptoms (3 or more): - Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity - Decreased need for sleep - More talkative - Flight of ideas or feeling that thoughts racing - Distractibility - Increase in goal-directed activity - Psychomotor agitation - Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences

What types of reliability did we talk about and what do you they mean?

Test and retest Interrater - different judges, same scores

What is the link between chronic pain and suicide?

Those suffering from chronic pain are 3 times the risk of suicide.

What is the main difference between unipolar depression and bipolar disorders?

When someone has depression they will only experience depression, but if someone has bipolar they will experience depression AND mania.

What is a personality inventory?

Wide range of areas of psychological functioning and behaviors. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) which creates profiles from 500 self statements, 10 clinical scales (scores 0-120), anything greater than 70 is considered deviant.

Gender differences in depression. Why might that be?

Women are diagnosed more (1.5%-3%) often than men. Women tend to be more forthcoming about mental health than men due to social conditions.