PT 7400: final exam questions
D
) A study aims to investigate patient satisfaction (measured as unsatisfied, mildly unsatisfied, mildy satisfied, and satisfied) between three different groups (individual rehabilitation, group rehabilitation, and home exercise program). What statistical tests should be conducted to analyze these data. A. Mann-Whitney B. Independent T-Test C. Friedman's ANOVA D. Kruskal-Wallis
C
Using the 2x2 table, the following would be the correct set-up to calculate Specificity: A. Specificity = 35/(35+10) B. Specificity = 35/(35+22) C. Specificity = 41/(41+10) D. Specificity = 41/(41+22)
A
What measurement property does the minimal detectable change represent? A. Responsiveness B. Specificity C. Intra-rater reliability D. Concurrent validity
A
Which of the following is a correct description of this graph? A. More subjects with Low GV develop the outcome over time B. Fewer subjects with Low GV develop the outcome over time C. Severity of the outcome is reflected in the line for subjects with Low GV D. The relative risk for the outcome is less than 1 for subjects with Low GV
C
Which of the following is a technique used to establish reliability in qualitative research? A. Audit trails B. Field notes C. Deviant case analysis D. Member check
C
Which of the following is a true statement about hypotheses? A. Researchers are required to include them in all studies submitted for publication B. Rejection of a hypothesis means that an alternate explanation has been proven C. Null hypotheses from the bias for statistical tests used in research reports D. Formal hypotheses are not useful for testing theories or conceptual frameworks
C
Which of the following is an example of a "recency effect" error in clinical reasoning? A. physical therapist believes all individuals with rheumatoid arthritis benefit from aquatic PT based on the response of the subset of patients who complete an episode of care B. A physical therapist designs a low-level exercise prescription because he believes his patient will be too old to tolerate a more vigorous program C. A physical therapist believes all individuals with severe headaches have brain tumors because her colleague's patient was just told he was misdiagnosed with migraines D. A physical therapist applies a manual technique she learned at a continuing education course to all patients with mid-thoracic spine pain
A
Which of the following is an example of a confirmation bias: A. A clinician believes all individuals with rheumatoid arthritis benefit from aquatic therapy based on data from previous patients who improved B. A clinician designs a low-level exercise program for a patient because he believes the patient is too old to tolerate a more vigorous program C. A clinician decides to use manual technique they learned at a continuing education course to all patients with mid-thoracic pain D. A clinician believes regular physical activity is important for overall health and as a result adds aerobic exercise to all of their plans of care
A
Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement about outcomes research designs? A. They commonly use observational (non-experimental) methods B. They are based on a qualitative research paradigm C. They are ranked highly on traditional evidence hierarchies D. They pool data from multiple randomized controlled trials
C
) A therapist wants to determine whether a treatment was effective in reducing lower extremity edema in a group of patients with peripheral vascular disease. Volumetric measurements using water displacement is selected as the outcome measure. The data was compared to a control group receiving no treatment. Analysis of the data is BEST done by employing: A. Chi square B. ANOVA C. T-test D. Pearson's product moment
A
1. All of the following are potential threats to the research validity of a study about a new diagnostic test except: A. Assignment B. Selection C. Instrumentation D. Maturation
A
1. Developers of a hypothetical self-report instrument for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) indicate that some individuals reported continued decline in their mobility even though they had scored 100 (maximum disability) on the survey. What characteristic of the survey are they describing? A. A floor effect B. A ceiling effect C. A treatment effect D. A reliability effect
B
A comparison of the effects of exercise in water, on land or combined on the rehabilitation outcome of groups of patients with ACL reconstruction revealed that less joint effusion was noted after 8 weeks in the water group. An appropriate statistical test to compare the girth measurements of the three groups is: A. Spearman Rho B. ANOVA C. Repeated measures ANOVA D. Chi Square
D
1A study investigating the use of a manual therapy intervention for treatment of low back pain compared an experimental group who received the intervention to a group that received no treatment. They defined a positive outcome as a pain reduction greater than 3 points on pain visual analog scale. In their results section they report an NNT = 10. The following is the correct interpretation of this result: A. 10 individuals received a positive outcome in this study B. There was a 90% difference in positive outcome between those received the treatment and those that did not C. The treatment group had a 10x greater likelihood of a positive outcome compared to the control group D. 10 individuals will need to be treated to produce a positive outcome in 1 person
C
A hypothetical study about a diagnostic test reports the following results: Negative LR (LR -) = 0.82, 95% C.I. = 0.54 to 1.25. Which of the following statements is the correct interpretation of this finding? A. The value for the LR - indicates an increased likelihood that the condition is present B. The value for the LR - indicates an increased likelihood that the test result is negative C. The confidence interval indicates the true value for LR - may represent at coin flip D. The confidence interval indicates the true value for LR - is statistically significant
C
A non-probabilistic selection method that involves using a "word of mouth" technique to make eligible candidates aware of a study is called: A. Convenience sampling B. Stratified sampling C. Snowball sampling D. Block sampling
B
A secondary analysis in which the author(s) come to conclusions about the cumulative weight of the available evidence related to a question is called a: A. Narrative review B. Systematic review C. Meta- analysis D. Clinical practice guideline
B
A study aimed to examine isokinetic knee extension torque between healthy individuals and individuals who had undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Isokinetic knee extension torque is what type of variable? A. Independent variable B. Dependent variable C. Extraneous variable D. End variable
A
A study enrolls every 6th potential subject from a sampling frame. This is referred to as: A. Systematic Probability Sampling B. Simple probability sampling C. Stratified Assignment D. Systematic assignment
A
A study with 2 or more naturally occurring groups and purposeful manipulation of an independent variable are all characteristics of this type of study design: A. Quasi-experimental B. Experimental C. Non-experimental D. Qualitative
B
Age, Range of Motion, and Strength are all examples of ______________. A. Theories B. Concepts C. Constructs D. Impairments
D
All of the following accurately characterize traditional evidence hierarchies EXCEPT: A. They cannot replace the need for a quality assessment of individual studies B. They vary with respect to operational definitions and number of levels C. They may improve the efficiency of a search process for physical therapists D. They rank physiological studies highly because of the degree of bias control they achieve
D
An investigator is examining the effect of a lower extremity plyometric program on drop jump performance (height in inches) in a group of subjects. Specifically, they want to know if the plyometric program significantly improves jump performance in this group of subjects. The most appropriate statistical test to answer this question would be: A. One-way ANOVA B. Independent samples t-test C. Linear regression D. Paired-sample t-test
C
Authors of a hypothetical study predicting dislocation of femoral prostheses in frail elders following total hip arthroplasty report that cognitive ability, higher baseline hip girdle strength and normal bone density are statistically significant protective factors. Which of the following accurately characterizes this finding? A. The odds ratios for these prognostic factors are equal to 1 B. The odds ratios for these prognostic factors are greater than 1 C. The odds ratios for these prognostic factors are less than 1 The odds ratios for these
B
Authors of a study about outcomes of physical therapist management of plantar fasciitis report that one of the instruments used could not detect continued improvement in five of their subjects (total n = 30). Which of the following measurement properties does this finding reflect? A. Floor effect B. Ceiling effect C. Measurement error D. Responsiveness
A
Authors of a study about the effectiveness of an ankle-foot orthosis on gait mechanics after a stroke report that 4 of the 10 intervention group subjects developed a blister on the lateral foot. Which of the following descriptive statistics di the investigators use to quantify the adverse events? A. Frequency B. Mean C. Coefficient of variation D. Standard deviation
B
Authors of a study reported that "subjects improved their gait speed an average of 3.2 meters per second." Which of the following is a correct statement? A. This is a ratio level measure because all the possible values are categories B. This is a ratio level measure because the lowest possible value is a fixed zero point C. This is a ratio level measure because the lowest possible value is not known D. This is a ratio level measure because the distance between values is not known
A
Authors of a study reported that "subjects rated their perceived global changes in pain and physical function on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (much worse) to 5 (much better). Which of the following is a correct statement about this instrument? A. This is an ordinal measure because all of the possible values are categories B. This is an ordinal measure because the lowest possible value is a fixed zero point C. This is an ordinal measure because the lowest possible values is not a fixed zero point D. This is an ordinal measure because it has an infinite number of values between each score
A
Authors of a two-group randomized controlled trial for lateral epicondylitis reported a standardized effect size for pain equal to .24 after the experimental treatment. Which of the following statements is a correct interpretation of this finding? A. The finding indicates a small treatment effect occurred for the intervention group B. The finding indicates a small treatment effect occurred for the control group C. The findings represent an absolute different in final pain scores between the two groups D. The finding represents a change score for pain in the intervention group only
C
Authors report a standardized response mean (SRM) of 0.45 (p= 0.07) for a new self-report survey. What is the correct interpretation of this finding? A. The outcome tool is unreliable B. The outcome tool is invalid C. The outcome tool is not responsive D. The outcome tool is not interpretable
B
Based on the 2x2 table, the following would be an appropriate set-up to calculate an Odds Ratio for individuals who were overweight developing plantar heel pain A. 18/4 B. (18/4)/(9/23) C. (4/18)/(23/9) D. 18/9
D
Creators of a new self-report instrument report a kappa of 0.58. What is the correct interpretation of this finding? A. There is no agreement among scores obtained from two survey administrations B. There is low agreement among scores obtained from two survey administrations C. There is fair agreement among scores obtained from two survey administrations D. There is moderate agreement among scores obtained from two survey administrations
D
Creators of a new self-report survey for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis indicate that the instrument is capable of distinguishing among three levels of symptom severity. What form of measurement validity does this represent? A. Concurrent validity B. Face validity C. Predictive validity D. Discriminant validity
C
If you were interested in developing a theoretical framework to identify potential eating disorders in female distance runners who have restrictive calorie diets, what qualitative research design would be best? A. Case Study B. Ethnography C. Grounded Theory D. Phenomenology
D
In a study investigating the effects of an exercise program in subjects with shoulder impingement, the authors state that "the primary purpose of our study was to identify changes in physical impairments, functional outcome, and general health status in patients with impingement syndrome." This statement is referred to as the: A. Research Hypothesis B. Alternate Hypothesis C. Both A & B D. None of the Above
D
In question #11, the statistical test chosen should test the: A. Research hypothesis B. Alternate hypothesis C. Both A & B D. None of the above
D
Investigators are examining the difference in knee pain scores (measured on a visual analog scale, 0-100mm: 0 = no pain; 100mm = severe pain) between separate groups receiving either therapeutic ultrasound, sham ultrasound, or no treatment/control. The result of the statistical test used to analyze this difference has the following result: F= 8.0; p = 0.02. Assume a alpha level of 0.05. The following can be concluded from the results: A. There is significantly less pain in the therapeutic ultrasound group compared to the sham ultrasound group B. There is a significant difference in pain between the therapeutic ultrasound group and the control group C. There is a significant difference in pain between the therapeutic sham ultrasound group and the control group D. None of the above
B
Investigators used an alpha level of 0.01 to identify relevant predictive factors for return to sport after acute ankle sprain. Which of the following is a correct statement about this analytic method? A. The probability that a predictive factor occurred due to chance is 10% B. The probability that a predictive factor occurred due to chance is 1% C. The probability that a predictive factor occurred due to chance is 90% D. The probability that a predictive factor occurred due to chance is 9%
C
Investigators wish to study the prevalence of workplace injuries in migrant farm workers. They are given permission to make announcements about the study at a local church gathering. What form of subject selection does this approach represent? A. Random Sampling B. Purposive Sampling C. Convivence sampling D. Cluster sampling
False
Regarding Type I Error: Chance of committing True or False
B
Relative risks differ from odds ratios in which of the following ways? A. Relative risk ratios are not different from odds ratios B. Relative risk ratios are based on the incidence of the outcome C. Odds ratios cannot be used for predicting adverse events D. Odds ratios are only used in prospective design studies
D
The WHO's model for the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health seeks to describe the relationship between pathologies or health conditions and associated impairments in body structure/function and activity and participation limitations. This type of model is considered a: A. Grand Theory B. Construct C. Law of Nature D. Conceptual framework
D
Researchers are investigating the effects of high repetition, low resistance shoulder external rotation strengthening versus low repetition, high resistance training on shoulder external rotation strength. They are using hand-held dynamometry to measure strength in pounds of force. The authors report the test-retest reliability as ICC = 0. 40. The following is a TRUE statement: A. The measurement used has good reliability B. The measurement used has poor reliability C. The study has poor research validity D. Both B & C
C
The 95 % confidence interval for the Relative Risk ratio is 0.02 to 1.43. Which of the following is the correct interpretation of this finding? A. The true value of the relative risk is statistically significant B. The true value of the relative risk is clinically meaningful C. The true value of the relative risk may reflect a coin flip D. The true value of the relative risk may be outside the 95% confidence interval
B
The Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of a clinical test is 0.61. The following is a correct interpretation of this result: A. 61% of people with the condition of interest had a positive test B. 61% of people with a positive test had the condition of interest C. 61% of people without the condition of interest had a positive test D. 61% of people without a positive test had the condition of interest
C
The average time since injury of the subjects in a hip fracture study was 7.2 + 2.2 days (Mean + Standard Deviation). Assuming a normal distribution of these data, which of the following is a correct statement about these results? A. 50% of the subjects are between 2.8 and 11.6 days of injury onset B. 68% of the subjects are between 2.8 and 11.6 days of injury onset C. 95% of the subjects are between 2.8 and 11.6 days of injury onset D. 99% of the subjects are between 2.8 and 11.6 days of injury onset
False
The following can be said regarding Prognostic studies: Can determine cause and effect True or False
True
The following test of statistical inference is appropriately matched to the study question: Linear Regression: Can VO2max (in ml/kg/min) be predicted by running speed (in meters per second)? True or False
False
The following test of statistical inference is appropriately matched to the study question: One-way ANOVA: Is there a difference in pain between individuals with low back pain receiving cupping therapy compared to individuals receiving strengthening exercises? True orFalse
True
The following test of statistical inference is appropriately matched to the study question: Paired t-test: Do individuals receiving strength training have improved gait speed (in meters/second) after intervention compared to before intervention? Trueor False
False
The following test of statistical inference is appropriately matched to the study question: Kappa Coefficient: What is the test- retest reliability of a clinical tool used to measure strength in pounds of force? True or False
B
The probability that a statistical test will find a significant relationship between caffeine consumption and level of alertness in graduate students is correctly characterized by which term? A. Statistical regression B. Statistical power C. Sampling error D. Type II error
D
The purpose of a study was to assess whether scores on a performance instrument called the Berg Balance Scale could accurately predict falls in elderly subjects. The dependent variable in the study was "injurious falls" measured using a "yes, no" format. A. Intraclass correlation coefficient B. Kappa correlation coefficient C. Logistic regression D. Linear regression
A
The size of the difference between sample means in an intervention study is known as the: A. Effect Size B. Absolute Benefit Increase C. Absolute Risk Reduction D. Minimal Clinically Importance Difference
B
Which of the following statements explains why systematic reviews are highly valued in evidence-based practice? A. They are experimental designs with a high degree of bias control in their methods B. They are an efficient way for therapists to access results from multiple studies C. They focus on bench research to determine the effectiveness of interventions D. They are case report designs that depict patient management in a realistic way
C
Which of the following test would you use to assess whether there is a significant difference pre and post dry needling on a pain scale (severe pain, moderate pain, mild pain, and no pain) in individuals with low back pain? A. Spearman's rho B. Friedman's ANOVA C. Wilcoxon signed rank D. Kruskal-Wallis
B
With greater variance within the intervention and/or control group (variance is larger), the standardized effect size: A. Increases B. Decreases C. Stays the same D. It depends on how much of an increase
D
You are reviewing an article on the diagnostic accuracy of the Anterior Drawer test. This is a clinical test used to diagnose a tear in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament(ACL). The study reports a sensitivity of .25 and a specificity of .96 for this clinical test. Based on these results you conclude the following: A. A negative test would likely rule out the condition B. A positive test would likely rule in the condition C. You have a high probability of obtaining a negative result in someone that does not have an ACL tear D. Both B and C
