Public Health: Exam 2
Define social determinants of health according to the CDC
"the conditions in the places where people live, learn, work, and play that affect a wide range of health risks and outcomes"
T/F: Only "unwanted" pregnancies fall under the umbrella of "unintended pregnancies" not "wanted later" pregnancies.
False, both do
T/F: Increasing screen time in children has been associated with a reduction in BMI.
False, decreased
T/F: The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act signed in 1994 granted the FDA to regulate herbs and food supplements.
False, forbade the FDA to regulate. Subsequent laws now require supplement manufacturers to report serious adverse effects, to notify the FDA when new ingredients are added and submit evidence that the ingredient is safe, and allows the FDA to issue warnings and bans
T/F: The harmful effects of excess weight decrease with longer duration of obesity
False, harmful effects increase with longer duration
T/F: The percentage of students that are proficient at the 4th grade reading comprehension level is 75%
False, it is 34% (around 2/3 of nation's children are not proficient)
T/F: A large percentage of people on the U.S. do not want to lose weight and but are successful when they do want to lose weight
False, most people want to lose weight but are unsuccessful
T/F: Racial differences in health are larger in older populations
False, racial differences are smaller in older populations (reversal of mortality and morbidity in Black individuals)
T/F: As with many public health issues, education is more effective than regulation in getting people to change their behavior
False, regulation is usually more effective than education in getting people to change their behavior
T/F: The precise cause of most mental disorders are thought to be caused by genetic predisposition.
False, the precise causes of most mental disorders are unknown.
T/F: Black Americans usually smoke more cigarettes and start smoking at an earlier age relative to White Americans due to tobacco campaigns
False, they smoke less cigarettes and smoke at a later age but more likely to die from smoking-related diseases
(Females/males) _______ increasingly outnumber males in older age groups due to their longer life expectancy.
Females
(Males/Females) ______ have more anxiety and mood disorders while (males/females) _______ have more impulse-control and substance disorders.
Females; males
Environmental health is the responsibility of the:
Government
The RCRA required that all (municipal/hazardous) ______ waste be accounted for "from cradle to grave" and impose criminal penalties for those who violate the law.
Hazardous
Percentage of high school graduates that attend college the October after graduating high school: A. 10% B. 35% C. 55% D. 65% E. 85%
D. 65% (~66%)
What percent of Americans are overweight or obese? A. 10% B. 27% C. 43% D. 66% E. 72%
D. 66% (2/3 Americans are fat)
What percentage of pregnant women receive prenatal care in the US during the first trimester? A. 10% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E. 90%
D. 75% (3/4)
Percentage of adults who reported having a personal doctor or health care provider: A. 10% B. 32% C. 55% D. 77% E. 98%
D. 77%
Community health clinics provide medical care to _____ % of the US population at ~1,400 centers nationwide. A. 2% B. 4% C. 6% D. 8% E. 10%
D. 8%
Make sure to review the health equity group notes on Canvas
Make sure to review the health equity group notes on Canvas
_________ (Males/Females) are more likely to be negatively affected during early childhood development and education
Males
Disaster response is generally managed by (local/federal/state) ________ government agencies.
Local
Index of dissimilarity of 0 means complete ____________ (segregation/integration) whereas index of dissimilarity of 100 means complete ____________ (segregation/integration)
0 = complete integration 100 = complete segregation
The top 10 Public Health Achievements are:
1. Routine use of vaccinations 2. Improvements in motor vehicle safety 3. Safer workplaces 4. Control of infectious diseases 5. Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke 6. Safer and healthier foods 7. Healthier mothers and babies 8. Access to family planning and contraceptive services 9. Fluoridation of drinking water 10. Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
Crime and violence social determinant measures the number of murders, rapes, robberies, and aggravated assaults per ___________ people
100,000
Nearly _______% of the world's population is malnourished yet harvest yields are typically higher today due to the "green revolution".
11%
The average American consumes ________ calories/day from sugar-sweetened beverages.
154 calories
Know the dates of child health programs:
1800s— high rates of infant and child deaths 1862— pasteurization invented 1893- NYC develops milks depots 1912— US Children's Bureau is formed 1921- congress provides grants to states to develop healthcare services for mothers and children 1930s— US begins regulating child labor 1966- Child Nutrition Act is passed 1972- WIC program established
Leading causes of death for unintentional injury (List 3)
1st Poisoning 2nd Motor vehicle accidents 3rd Drowning
In the US alone, _________ synthetic chemical are released into the environment each year.
3-4 billion pounds
In 2018, _____% of the US population were exposed to polluted air.
43%
The CDC estimates that ______ people contract foodborne diseases each year.
48 million
The US ranks _______ in infant mortality rates among industrialized nations.
49th
Currently approximately ______% of municipal solid waste is disposed of in landfills.
53%
What is the current index of dissimilarity as it pertains to discrimination?
62
The US ranks ______ in the world and last in maternal mortality rates among industrialized nations.
70th
What was the life expectancy in 2020
77.3 years
What is the world population currently?
8 billion people
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends avoiding screen media altogether at what age/age range?
< 18 months
An adult's inability to cope with _______ is a major contributor to mental health .
Adversity (breakups, death, economic hardship, racism, poor physical health, etc.)
Match the following to the correct definitions: A. Equality B. Equity C. Social justice D. Health disparity E. Minority stress theory F. Intersectionality theory 1. Asserts that people are often disadvantaged by multiple sources of oppression in which systems of inequality are based on gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, disability, class, etc. 2. Ensures that everyone is allocated equal access to a resource 3. Removes the systemic barriers in place that led to disparity 4. Differences in health status between people that are related to social or demographic factors 5. Ensures that everyone has an equal outcome by providing strategic support and recognizing the unique needs of different groups 6. Purports that stressors experienced by minority groups are unique, chronic, and socially-based
A-2: Equality— Ensures that everyone is allocated equal access to a resource B-5: Equity— Ensures that everyone has an equal outcome by providing strategic support and recognizing the unique needs of different groups C-3: Social justice— Removes the systemic barriers in place that led to disparity D-4: Health disparity— Differences in health status between people that are related to social or demographic factors E-6: Minority stress theory— Purports that stressors experienced by minority groups are unique, chronic, and socially-based F-1: Intersectionality theory— Asserts that people are often disadvantaged by multiple sources of oppression in which systems of inequality are based on gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, disability, class, etc.
"Sick building syndrome" is a concern of: A. Indoor air quality B. Air pollution C. Environmental occupation exposure D. Water contamination E. Municipal solid waste
A. Indoor air quality
What is the leading source of water pollution in the US?
Agriculture
Match the following definition of a social determinant of health with the correct percentage: A. Percentage of children with a guardian who has served jail time B. Percentage of 4th grade public school students who scored proficient on the reading compression national assessment C. Percentage of population not covered by health insurance D. Percentage of US adults with proficient health literacy E. Percentage of households unable to provide adequate food for one or more household members due to lack of resources 1. 9.2% 2. 12% 3. 34.3% 4. 7.5% 5. 10.7%
A-4: Percentage of children with a guardian who has served jail time— 7.5% B-3: Percentage of 4th grade public school students who scored proficient on the reading compression national assessment— 34.3% C-1: Percentage of population not covered by health insurance— 9.2% D-2: Percentage of US adults with proficient health literacy— 12% E-5: Percentage of households unable to provide adequate food for one or more household members due to lack of resources— 10.7%
Match the following social determinants of health with its correct definition: A. Environmental conditions B. Social cohesion C. Access to healthy foods D. Access to primary care E. Civic participation 1. Percent of adults who talk to friends/family about their health 2. Percentage of U.S. adults who voted in the presidential and midterm elections 3. Percentage of adults who reported consuming 2 or more fruits and 3 or more vegetables daily 4. Percentage of adults who reported having a personal doctor 5. Percentage of population served by water systems with drinking water violation
A-5: Environmental conditions— Percentage of population served by water systems with drinking water violation B-1: Social cohesion— Percent of adults who talk to friends/family about their health C-3: Access to healthy foods— Percentage of adults who reported consuming 2 or more fruits and 3 or more vegetables daily D-4: Access to primary care— Percentage of adults who reported having a personal doctor E-2: Civic participation— Percentage of U.S. adults who voted in the presidential and midterm elections
Match the following: A. Medicare B. Medicaid C. Children's Health Insurance Program D. Department of Veterans Affairs E. Community Health Centers F. Fee-for-Service G. School Health Clinics 1. Check children for communicable disease, physical impairments, and treat only minor conditions 2. Individuals go to provider of their choice who render services and regular payments paid to insurance company by individual or employer 3. Nonprofit primary care that serve a safety net for low-income families and supported by grants, insurance, and sliding scales from patients 4. Joint federal-state program that covers children in low-income families that earn too much to qualify for Medicaid 5. A mandatory insurance program for people ≥65 y.o. or younger people who are disabled which is financially supported through taxes 6. Federally aided, state-operated and state-administered program that provides medical services to eligible low-income populations 7. The second-largest cabinet department that coordinates the distribution of benefits for veterans of the American armed forces and their dependents
A-5: Medicare— A mandatory insurance program for people ≥65 y.o. or younger people who are disabled which is financially supported through taxes B-6: Medicaid— Federally aided, state-operated and state-administered program that provides medical services to eligible low-income populations C-4: Children's Health Insurance Program— Joint federal-state program that covers children in low-income families that earn too much to qualify for Medicaid D-7: Department of Veterans Affairs— The second-largest cabinet department that coordinates the distribution of benefits for veterans of the American armed forces and their dependents E-3: Community Health Centers— Nonprofit primary care that serve a safety net for low-income families and supported by grants, insurance, and sliding scales from patients F-2: Fee-for-Service— Individuals go to provider of their choice who render services and regular payments paid to insurance company by individual or employer G-1: School Health clinics— Check children for communicable disease, physical impairments, and treat only minor conditions
What percentage of the U.S. population is negatively affected by environmental conditions? A. 0.8% B. 5% C. 20% D. 33% E. 55%
A. 0.8%
Tobacco companies must recruit _________ smokers per year to replace those who quit or die from smoking. A. 1 million B. 5 million C. 10 million D. 500,000
A. 1 million
Although water covers 71% of the earth's surface, less than _____% is fresh water suitable for drinking. A. 1% B. 3% C. 5% D. 10% E. 12%
A. 1%
What is the percent of household that have food insecurity in the US? A. 10% B. 20% C. 30% D. 40% E. 50%
A. 10%
What percent of household in the US are food insecure? A. 10% B. 25% C. 45% D. 50% E. 75%
A. 10%
What percentage of the U.S. population has access to healthy foods? A. 8% B. 20% C. 55% D. 75% E. 80%
A. 8%
What percentage of the population speaks English less than "very well"? A. 8% B. 10% C. 12% D. 14% E. 20%
A. 8%
What is the leading cause of death for American aged 1 to 44 years old? A. Injuries B. Cardiovascular disease C. Malignancy D. Tobacco use E. Homicide
A. Injuries
Which of the following is FALSE regarding a Consumer-Directed Health Plan? A. A system of administrative controls intended to reduce costs through managing the utilization of health services B. Provides consumers with information on cost and quality and requires them to pay more of the cost C. Tend to have high deductibles and often combined with health saving accounts D. An approach to controlling medical costs that is popular among political conservatives E. Used as a tax haven for healthy and wealthy individuals
A. A system of administrative controls intended to reduce costs through managing the utilization of health services (this is managed care)
What is the most common mental disorder in childhood? A. ADHD B. Anxiety C. Mood disorders D. Eating disorder E. Personality disorder
A. ADHD
All of the following are solutions to increasing the percentage of high school students graduating EXCEPT: A. Advanced or honors classes B. Vocational training C. Community service opportunities D. Attendance monitoring and case management E. All of the above are solutions
A. Advanced or honors classes This is to encourage students to pursue a higher education
Which of the following is FALSE regarding sudden infant death syndrome? A. An acute illness is often a precipitating factor B. Common in infants of low birth weight and with mothers who used drugs C. Higher rate in black and American Indian infants D. Soft bedding, overheating, and bed sharing increases the risk E. The "Back to Sleep" led to a decline in rates
A. An acute illness is often a precipitating factor
Which of the following is FALSE regarding managed care? A. An organization that acts as both insurer and provider B. A system of administrative controls intended to reduce costs through managing the utilization of health services C. Became widespread in the 1990s as an approach to control costs and evaluate the quality of care D. Slowed the growth of expenditures, but it evoked a backlash because of the perception that patients were being denied needed treatment E. MCOs combines the functions of health insurance, delivery of care, and administration
A. An organization that acts as both insurer and provider (this is an HMO)
Which US city was the first to pass a sugar-sweetened beverage tax in 2014? A. Berkeley, CA B. New York City, NY C. Denver, CO D. San Francisco, CA E. Portland, OR
A. Berkeley, CA
Which of the following requires television and radio broadcasters to present contrasting viewpoints on controversial issues of public importance in the U.S.? A. Drug Take Back Act B. Fairness Doctrine C. Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Contract Act D. Master Settlement Agreement E. Synar Amendment
A. Fairness Doctrine
Match the following features with their correct corresponding social determinants of health category (may be used more than once): economic stability, education access and quality, health care access and quality, neighborhood and built environment, social and community context A. Food insecurity B. Incarceration C. Health literacy D. Employment E. Crime and violence F. Access to healthy foods G. Civic participation H. Health services access
A. Food insecurity — economic stability B. Incarceration — social and community context C. Health literacy — health care access and quality D. Employment — economic stability E. Crime and violence — neighborhood and built environment F. Access to healthy foods — neighborhood and built environment G. Civic participation — social and community context H. Health services access — health care access and quality
Which is NOT a subcategory of the education access and quality social determinant of health? A. Health literacy B. Early childhood development and education C. High school education D. Enrollment in higher education E. Language and literacy
A. Health literacy
Which of the following is a solution to housing instability? A. Healthy Homes Program B. Equitable lending programs C. Social Security D. Federal-State Unemployment Insurance Program E. All of the above
A. Healthy Homes Program
Which of the following social determinants would improve the population health the most? A. Individual behavior B. Social circumstances C. Genetics and biology D. Medical care E. Environment
A. Individual behavior There are synergic effects when these social determinants are combined
Which of the following is FALSE regarding youth obesity? A. More than 50% of TV ads are directed at children to promote eating healthy foods and beverages B. Parents tend to underreport if their child is overweight C. Minority ethnic groups have higher rates of obesity D. May cause psychological problems and increase risk of eating disorders E. Less likely to complete college and more likely to live in poverty
A. More than 50% of TV ads are directed at children to promote eating healthy foods and beverages (most TV ads promote unhealthy food/beverages)
What is the most common cause of poisoning today? A. Opioids B. Carbon monoxide C. Nicotine D. Bleach E. Cocaine
A. Opioids (nonmedical, recreational use leading to overdosing)
Which of the following makes up the highest composition of total municipal solid waste? A. Paper B. Plastic C. Food D. Metal E. Yard trimming
A. Paper
Causes of mental illness are viewed das products of the interaction of all the following EXCEPT: A. Political factors B. Biological factors C. Psychological factors D. Societal factors E. Cultural factors
A. Political factors
Which of the following is NOT recognized as a social determinant of health by the Department of Health and Human Services? A. Political policy and governance B. Education access and quality C. Health care access and quality D. Social and community context E. Neighborhood and built environment
A. Political policy and governance
Which of the following is the strongest predictive risk factor for infant mortality? A. Poverty B. Trauma during gestation C. Maternal education level D. Maternal health condition E. Congenital abnormality
A. Poverty Poor living conditions, air and water pollution, lack of access to nutritious foods
Match the following air pollutants to the correct description (may be used more than once): lead, ozone, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter A. Precursor to acid rain B. Responsible for yellowish-brown appearance of smog C. Most visible form of air pollution D. Protective in the upper atmosphere but harmful at low altitudes E. Produced by motor vehicle exhaust F. Produced by combustion of volcanoes and sulfur-contains fuels G. Most dangerous because cause chronic inflammation H. Interferes with oxygen-carrying capacity of blood I. Highly toxic metal that poses risk to child development
A. Precursor to acid rain— Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides B. Responsible for yellowish-brown appearance of smog— nitrogen oxides C. Most visible form of air pollution— particulate matter D. Protective in the upper atmosphere but harmful at low altitudes— ozone E. Produced by motor vehicle exhaust— carbon monoxide F. Produced by combustion of volcanoes and sulfur-contains fuels- sulfur dioxide G. Most dangerous because cause chronic inflammation— particulate matter H. Interferes with oxygen-carrying capacity of blood— carbon monoxide I. Highly toxic metal that poses risk to child development— lead
Match the following responsibilities with either public health or medical care: A. Secondary prevention B. Prenatal care C. Environmental health concerns D. Provision of emergency services E. Preventative care F. Licensing and regulation of medical professionals G. Treatment of injuries and illnesses H. Prevention and treatment of communicable disease
A. Secondary prevention— medical care B. Prenatal care— medical care C. Environmental health concerns— public health D. Provision of emergency services— public health E. Preventative care— medical care F. Licensing and regulation of medical professionals— public health G. Treatment of injuries and illnesses— medical care H. Prevention and treatment of communicable disease— public health
The following items are found in the US strategic national stockpile repository EXCEPT: A. X-ray machines B. Antibiotics C. Vaccines D. Antidotes and antitoxins E. Medical equipment and supplies
A. X-ray machines
What is the Field of Dreams Effect?
Availability of services leads to more use of these services and influences practice style and creating a large difference in cost which can affect medical decisions
Which of the following BMI is considered normal weight? A. 15 kg/m^2 B. 20 kg/m^2 C. 25 kg/m^2 D. 30 kg/m^2 E. 40 kg/m^2
B. 20 kg/m^2 (18.5-24.9 is normal)
Among parents of overweight children, only ______ accurately reported that their child was overweight A. 13% B. 21% C. 32% D. 37% E. 40%
B. 21%
Percentage of unintended pregnancies that end in abortion: A. 10% B. 42% C. 45% D. 50% E. 75%
B. 42%
The National Health Service Corps addresses what social determinant? A. Health literacy B. Access to primary care C. Access to healthy foods D. Food insecurity E. Employment
B. Access to primary care
What stage in life is the most critical time for smoking initiation? A. Childhood B. Adolescence C. Young adult D. Adult E. Older age
B. Adolescence
Which of the following demographics is more likely to be involved in crime and violence? A. White adults B. Adolescents and young adults C. Adults ages 18-44 years D. Adults ages 45 and older E. Immigrants
B. Adolescents and young adults
Which of the following demographics is LEAST likely to be involved in civic participation? A. Adult women B. Adults ages 18-24 years C. Adults ages 25-44 years D. Adults ages 45 and older E. Elderly
B. Adults ages 18-24 years
Of all the nonmodifiable risk factors, which is the most powerful determinant of health and disease? A. Sex B. Age C. Genetics D. Race and ethnicity E. Socioeconomic status
B. Age
Which of the following is FALSE regarding a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)? A. An organization that acts as both insurer and provider B. Allows patients to go to nonparticipating providers but requires them to pay a higher percentage of those costs out-of-pocket C. Has a financial incentive to keep pts healthy by providing preventative care and limit access to specialists and costly procedures D. Patients are not allowed to see a specialist without a referral E. Often requires burdensome prior authorizations and approvals for services
B. Allows patients to go to nonparticipating providers but requires them to pay a higher percentage of those costs out-of-pocket (this is a PPO)
What is the most prevalent mental disorder in adults? A. ADHD B. Anxiety C. Mood disorders D. Eating disorder E. Personality disorder
B. Anxiety
Which ethnicity has the highest death rate and the shortest survival of any racial and ethnic group in the U.S. for most cancers? A. White B. Black C. Hispanic D. Native American E. Asian
B. Black
Which of the following states had a voter-initiated tobacco control program that mandated mass-media antitobacco advertising and funding for school community education and intervention programs against tobacco use? A. WA B. CA C. NY D. OR E. MO
B. CA
Which compound created a hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica in the 1980's? A. Sulfur dioxide B. Chlorofluorocarbons C. Carbon monoxide D. Carbon dioxide E. Nitrogen dioxide
B. Chlorofluorocarbons
Which of the following was passed in 1970 and is considered one of the US's most influential modern environmental laws? A. Social Security Act B. Clean Air Act C. Clean Water Act D. Environmental Protection Agency E. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
B. Clean Air Act
Which of the following is the most effective at preventing unintended pregnancy? A. Condom contraception B. Comprehensive sex education C. Abstinence D. Natural family planning method E. Surgical tubal ligation
B. Comprehensive sex education
What is the most common barrier to treatment for managing mental illness? A. Access to health care B. Cost C. Time constraints D. Health insurance coverage E. Stigma
B. Cost
The "three E's" of injury prevention include the following EXCEPT: A. Enforcement B. Epidemic C. Education D. Engineering
B. Epidemic
Which of the following is a solution to access to healthy foods? A. Head Start Program B. Farm-to-Institution Programs C. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families D. Equitable lending programs E. Women, Infants, and Children Program
B. Farm-to-Institution Programs
Which food source is the Department of Agriculture NOT responsible for the safety management of? A. Steak B. Fruit C. Eggs D. Poultry E. Chicken
B. Fruit (USDA responsible for meat, poultry, eggs while the FDA is responsible for all other foods)
Trained interpreters, English courses, and bilingual health providers help to address which social determinant of health? A. Health care access and quality B. Language and literacy C. Health literacy D. Access to health services E. Access to primary care
B. Language and literacy
Which state has the largest rate of recycling? A. Vermont B. Maine C. New Hampshire D. New York E. Oregon
B. Maine
Which of the following is FALSE regarding medical costs of the elderly? A. Medicare enrollment has more than tripled since 1966 B. Medicare pays for long term care C. Changes in family structure mean families are less able to care for elderly D. Most costs are being shifted to the individual E. Cost per enrollee is rising faster than healthcare costs in general
B. Medicare pays for long term care (does not pay for long term care, but Medicaid does)
The Head Start program is a public health intervention that helps to improve: A. Weight loss B. Mental health C. Cognitive ability D. Food insecurity E. Housing instability
B. Mental health
Which health concern is most relevant due to occupational exposure for asbestos workers? A. Scrotal cancer B. Mesothelioma C. Bladder cancer D. Encephalopathy E. Angiosarcoma
B. Mesothelioma
The Safe Drinking Water Act does not include regulation of: A. Rivers B. Private wells C. Lakes D. Underground aquifers E. Sewage plant reserves
B. Private wells
Which of the following required the EPA to compile a priority list of waste sites that threatened public or environmental health and authorized a trust fund for emergency cleanup of these sites in order to reduce the volume, toxicity, or mobility of hazardous substances? A. Safe Drinking Water Act B. Superfund C. Clean Water Act D. Resources Conservation and Recovery Act E. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
B. Superfund (also called Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act)
Which of the following is FALSE regarding medical costs in the US? A. Grown more rapidly over the past half century than in any other country B. The health status of Americans has improved more compared to other countries with rising costs C. Medical expenditures per capita in the U.S. are the highest in the world D. Medical costs now account for 18.8% of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) E. In 2020, the U.S. spent $11,945/person on health care
B. The health status of Americans has improved more compared to other countries with rising costs (the health status of Americans is fairly poor compared with other nations)
Who is most likely to suffer from the harmful health effects caused by environmental exposures? A. Elderly B. Workers C. Adolescents D. Females E. Infants
B. Workers
The 2 most important factors in fatal car crashes are: A. Elderly and alcohol B. Youth and alcohol C. Elderly and impaired vision D. Youth and limited driving experience E. Elderly and dementia
B. Youth and alcohol
Be familiar with important dates regarding the US Medical Care System
Be familiar with important dates regarding the US Medical Care System
In a 2018 survey, more than ________ high school seniors reported vaping in the past 30 days. A. 1 in 2 B. 1 in 3 C. 1 in 4 D. 1 in 5 E. 1 in 6
C. 1 in 4
What is the current US poverty level? A. 8% B. 10% C. 12% D. 14% E. 22%
C. 12%
What is the rate of health literacy in the U.S.? A. 8% B. 10% C. 12% D. 14% E. 20%
C. 12%
More than _______ million premature deaths have been attributed to smoking. A. 1 B. 10 C. 20 D. 50 E. 100
C. 20
Percentage of homeless that suffer from mental illness: A. 10% B. 25% C. 33% D. 75% E. 88%
C. 33% (1/3 of homeless suffer from mental illness)
Maternal mortality refers to deaths during pregnancy and pregnancy-related deaths that occur up to _______ days postpartum. A. 24 B. 32 C. 42 D. 45 E. 54
C. 42
Percentage of pregnancies that are unintended: A. 10% B. 42% C. 45% D. 50% E. 75%
C. 45%
Cigarette smoking causes more than _________ deaths each year. A. 10,000 B. 250,000 C. 480,000 D. 720,000 E. 1,000,000
C. 480,000
Which of the following demographics is less likely to have access to primary care? A. White adults B. Adolescents and young adults C. Adults ages 18-44 years D. Adults ages 45 and older E. Females
C. Adults ages 18-44 years
Which disorders are the most common forms of mental illness? A. Bipolar disorder B. Obsessive compulsive disorder C. Anxiety and mood disorders D. Personality disorder E. Substance disorder
C. Anxiety and mood disorders
Which of the following is TRUE regarding Health Services Research? A. Examines how medical practice varies across geographic areas B. Revealed large variations in practice style by geographical area exist for many medical conditions C. Attempts to understand the reasons for variations in medical practice and to determine which treatments lead to the most desirable outcomes D. Called attention to the fact that many aspects of medical practice lack a scientific basis E. Procedure rates may be dependent upon density of specialists in an area
C. Attempts to understand the reasons for variations in medical practice and to determine which treatments lead to the most desirable outcomes (other option pertain to small-area analysis)
Which health concern is most relevant due to occupational exposure for dye factor workers? A. Scrotal cancer B. Mesothelioma C. Bladder cancer D. Encephalopathy E. Angiosarcoma
C. Bladder cancer
What is the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years? A. Trauma injury B. Alcohol intake C. Cigarette smoking D. Genetic condition E. Drug use
C. Cigarette smoking
Which of the following set national goals that lakes and rivers should be fishable and swimmable and set limits on point-source pollution as well as provide funding for wastewater treatment facilities? A. Safe Drinking Water Act B. Clean Air Act C. Clean Water Act D. Resources Conservation and Recovery Act E. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
C. Clean Water Act
After school programs address what social determinant? A. High School Graduation B. Access to primary care C. Crime and Violence D. Environmental conditions E. Incarceration
C. Crime and Violence
Scholarships, grants, and financial aid helps which social determinant of health? A. Language and literacy B. High school graduation C. Enrollment in higher education D. Poverty E. Early childhood development and education
C. Enrollment in higher education
How often does the US Department of Agriculture and DHHS release dietary guidelines for Americans? A. Every year B. Every 2 years C. Every 5 years D. Every 10 years E. Every month
C. Every 5 years
Which of the following gave the FDA authority to regulate tobacco products and to restrict advertising? A. Drug Take Back Act B. Fairness Doctrine C. Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Contract Act D. Master Settlement Agreement E. Synar Amendment
C. Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Contract Act
Which country established the first national system of compulsory :sickness insurance" in 1883? A. United States B. England C. Germany D. Canada E. Sweden
C. Germany
The Joint Commission gives accreditation to ___________ in order for reimbursement from Medicare, Medicaid, and many private insurers. A. Healthcare providers B. Community health clinics C. Healthcare institutions D. Academic institutions E. Federal government
C. Healthcare institutions
Which of the following substances is considered a contaminant and not an additive? A. Niacin B. Preservative C. Hormones D. Food coloring E. Iodine
C. Hormones (also antibiotics, pesticides, dirt, hair, etc.)
Which social determinant of health measures the percentage of occupied housing units with more than one person per room? A. Access to healthy foods B. Poverty C. Housing instability D. Food insecurity E. Quality of housing
C. Housing instability
The highest rates of suicide occur in which population? A. Older black men B. Younger black men C. Older white men D. Younger white men E. Older Hispanic men
C. Older white men
One of the most effective measure to reduce tobacco smoking in youth is: A. Banning laws B. Reducing advertisements on television C. Raising taxes D. Offering vaping alternatives E. Campaigns in school
C. Raising taxes
The most common method of municipal waste disposal is: A. Waste-to-energy incineration B. Composting C. Sanitary landfills D. Recycling E. Biological treatment
C. Sanitary landfills
Which of the following is a solution to poverty? A. Healthy Homes Program B. Equitable lending programs C. Social Security D. Federal-State Unemployment Insurance Program E. All of the above
C. Social Security
__________ states in the US have the highest numbers of mentally unhealthy days. A. Northwestern B. Midwest C. Southeastern D. Northeastern E. Western
C. Southeastern
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the Master Settlement Agreement? A. Individual states sued tobacco industry to recoup smoking-related treatment expenses B. Restriction on advertising were set in place C. States used settlement money for tobacco control D. American Legacy Foundation was created E. Tobacco companies increased the price of cigarettes $0.45/pack to pay for settlements
C. States used settlement money for tobacco control (instead used money to close budget gaps)
What is the CDC recommendation for children aged 6-17 regarding physical activity? A. ≥ 60 minutes of mild-moderate activity 3x a week B. ≥ 150 minutes of moderate-vigorous activity each day C. ≥ 60 minutes of moderate-vigorous activity each day D. ≥ 75 minutes of vigorous activity each week plus strength training for 2 days out of the week E. ≥ 60 minutes of moderate-vigorous activity 5x a week
C. ≥ 60 minutes of moderate-vigorous activity each day
The chemical in tobacco that blocks hemoglobin's ability to carry oxygen throughout the body is (CO/tar/nicotine) __________.
CO (carbon monoxide)
What states in the US are running low on potable water?
California, New Mexico, Texas
The population size that the earth can support without being degraded is called the:
Carrying capacity
Who is Hon Lik?
Chinese pharmacist who invented vapes in 2003
Those less likely to have access to healthy foods have an annual household income of less than: A. $25,000 B. $30,000 C. $50,000 D. $75,000 E. $90,000
D. $75,000
Percent of Americans who smoke: A. 33% B. 25% C. 17% D. 13% E. 5%
D. 13% (1 in 8 Americans currently smoke)
Employment rates are measured in which age population? A. 12-65yo B. 16-70yo C. 10-50yo D. 16-64yo E. 20-64yo
D. 16-64yo
Americans dispose of ______ million tons of municipal solid waste each year. A. 15 B. 105 C. 200 D. 260 E. 330
D. 260
Which of the following BMI is considered obese class 1? A. 15 kg/m^2 B. 20 kg/m^2 C. 25 kg/m^2 D. 30 kg/m^2 E. 40 kg/m^2
D. 30 kg/m^2
Which grade level is measured on the National Assessment of Educational Progress in reading comprehension which impacts the early childhood development and education social determinant of health? A. 1st grade B. 2nd grade C. 3rd grade D. 4th grade E. 5th grade
D. 4th grade
What percentage of the U.S. population is involved in civic participation? A. 8% B. 10% C. 30% D. 60% E. 80%
D. 60%
Which gas are emitted from concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) lagoons? A. Methane B. Hydrogen sulfide C. Ammonia D. All the above
D. All the above
Increasing _______________ levels produced by burning fossil fuels causes the "greenhouse effect" and leads to global warming. A. Sulfur dioxide B. Chlorofluorocarbons C. Carbon monoxide D. Carbon dioxide E. Nitrogen dioxide
D. Carbon dioxide
Which of the following is the most threatening effect on population growth? A. Limitied potable water B. Scarce food supply C. Decreased arable land D. Changes in earth's atmosphere E. Improper disposition of waste
D. Changes in earth's atmosphere
Which mental illness can lead to serious physical problems? A. ADHD B. Anxiety disorder C. Mood disorder D. Eating disorder
D. Eating disorder (treatment involved psychotherapy and family therapy)
In 1970, the _____________________ was formed as a federal agency responsible for prevention and cleanup of water pollution and air pollution, toxic substance control, and other environemntal contamination. A. Social Security Act B. Medicare C. Department of Agriculture D. Environmental Protection Agency E. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
D. Environmental Protection Agency
Consumer Confidence Reports and Drug Take Back Programs address what social determinant? A. High School Graduation B. Access to primary care C. Crime and Violence D. Environmental conditions E. Incarceration
D. Environmental conditions
Which of the following focuses on the aspects of human health, disease, and injury that are determined by factors in the environment? A. Health disparities B. Equity C. Occupational hazards D. Environmental health E. Food safety
D. Environmental health
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the historical trends of tobacco? A. Distributed to soldiers by the government in both world wars B. Cigarettes were invented in the 1880s C. Camel was the first company to begin mass marketing D. Epidemiological studies did not show harmful effects until 2000s E. Women began smoking during and after WWII
D. Epidemiological studies did not show harmful effects until 2000s (studies began to be published in the 1950s)
Love Canal was an example of a public health crisis in relation to: A. Contaminated water B. Discrimination C. Municipal waste D. Hazardous waste E. Occupational exposures
D. Hazardous waste
Which of the following imposed major restrictions on tobacco company marketing practices and prohibits advertising aimed at youth? A. Drug Take Back Act B. Fairness Doctrine C. Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Contract Act D. Master Settlement Agreement E. Synar Amendment
D. Master Settlement Agreement The MSA restricts the participating tobacco companies in the following ways: • Prohibits direct or indirect targeting of youth in advertising, marketing and promotions. • Prohibits brand name sponsorship of concerts, sports events, events with an intended audience having a significant percentage of youth and events with paid participants who are youth. • Prohibits access by youth to free samples of tobacco products. • Prohibits payments for placement of tobacco products in the media. • Prohibits outdoor advertising of tobacco products. • Prohibits transit ads, on or in public or private vehicles. • Prohibits using cartoons to advertise tobacco products. • Prohibits tobacco brand-name merchandise.
In which US state was the Flint River used as a water source instead of Detroit water and was later found to be very acidic which leached lead into the water supply in 2014? A. Idaho B. Ohio C. Wisconsin D. Michigan E. Oklahoma
D. Michigan (city administrators decided NOT to spend $ for anticorrosion chemicals and then later EPA has to issue emergency order)
The epidemiological study of medical care is called: A. Small-area analysis B. Health services research C. Managed care D. Outcomes research E. The Joint Commission
D. Outcomes research
What is the leading cause of unintentional injury? A. MVA B. Firearms C. Drowning D. Poisoning E. Fall
D. Poisoning (drug overdose)
Which of the following federal laws pertains to the the disposal of solid and hazardous waste and set standards for "sanitary landfills"? A. Safe Drinking Water Act B. Clean Air Act C. Clean Water Act D. Resources Conservation and Recovery Act E. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
D. Resources Conservation and Recovery Act
Which of the following is the most frequent violator of the Clean Water Act? A. Farming factories B. Chemical waste plants C. Nuclear power plants D. Sewage systems E. Landfills
D. Sewage systems
Which country is the only industrialized county to have an increase in maternal mortality since 2000? A. United Kingdom B. Spain C. Mexico D. United States E. Canada
D. United States
Use of e-cigarettes was associated with an epidemic of lung illnesses that occurred in 2019 likely due to: A. Flavored nicotine B. Tar contamination C. Metallic products D. Vitamin E acetate E. Menthol
D. Vitamin E acetate
All of the following is true regarding the FDA regulation on tobacco EXCEPT: A. restriction on advertising B. requirement for larger and more graphic warning labels and ingredient C. ban on candy-flavored cigarettes D. ban on menthol- flavored cigarettes E. All of the above are true
D. ban on menthol- flavored cigarettes The FDA could not ban menthol, which is why it continued to affect African Americans
The most effective approach to weight loss:
Dieting and physical activity
Many injuries are not fatal, leaving large numbers of people with permanent ___________.
Disabilities
In which year was the FDA allowed authority to regulate tobacco products? A. 2005 B. 2006 C. 2007 D. 2008 E. 2009
E. 2009
FDA gained authority to regulate e-cigarettes in _______. A. 2003 B. 2004 C. 2012 D. 2015 E. 2016
E. 2016
The US Department of Agriculture and the DHHS released Dietary Guidelines with guidance on dietary patterns by life stage for the first time in: A. 2000-2005 B. 2005-2010 C. 2010-2015 D. 2015-2020 E. 2020-2025
E. 2020-2025
What is the current social cohesion rate in the U.S.? A. 0.8% B. 7.5% C. 20% D. 33% E. 80%
E. 80%
Percentage of high school students that go on to graduate with a diploma within 4 years starting in ninth grade is: A. 10% B. 35% C. 55% D. 65% E. 85%
E. 85%
What is the most significant factor in a high percentage of unintentional and intentional injuries? A. Opioids B. Firearms C. Nicotine D. Falls E. Alcohol
E. Alcohol
Public health's role in disaster response includes: A. Issuing death certificates and burial permits B. Monitoring and cleaning up environmental hazards C. Keeping the public informed D. Management of equipment and supplies E. All the above
E. All the above
Tobacco use has been shown to cause: A. Heart disease B. Cancer C. Renal failure D. Diabetes E. All the above
E. All the above
Which is a public health intervention that can promote health eating? A. Making nutritious foods less expensive and more readily available B. Labeling foods as "heart healthy" on menus C. Educating the public on portion size and healthy foods D. Requiring menus to post calorie counts E. All the above
E. All the above
Which is a reason why medical care is so controversial? A. Medical care is more necessary when public health is not functioning properly B. More spending does not improve health and may increase mortality rate C. The American healthcare system is unfair and unethical D. Medical care resources are out of proportion to their contribution to health E. All the above
E. All the above
Which is true regarding Outcomes Research? A. The epidemiologic study of medical care B. Studies outcomes of various diagnostic and treatment approaches to determine what works C. Examines the health effects of exposure to medical interventions D. Collects and analyzes data generated by the everyday practice of medicine to make conclusions on the risks vs benefits of interventions E. All the above
E. All the above
Which of the following helps identify congenital abnormalities that reduces infant mortality? A. Amniocentesis B. Genetic screening C. Carrier screening D. Prenatal ultrasounds E. All the abovew
E. All the above
Which of the following is TRUE regarding small-area analysis? A. Health services research that examines how medical practice varies across geographic areas B. Discovered that many medical procedures that are done at high rates in some communities are less commonly done in other, similar communities C. Has documented inequities in medical care, finding that black Americans and Hispanics receive poorer care than whites D. Showed that a lot of the money spent doesn't contribute to better health E. All the above
E. All the above
Which of the following is the FDA responsible for regulating? A. Medical devices B. Cosmetics C. Over the counter drugs D. Prescriptions E. All the above
E. All the above
Which of the following is true regarding problems with medical care access? A. People without insurance have a 40% higher risk of death than those with insurance B. No other industrialized nation has such large numbers of uninsured citizens C. In 2019, 9.2% of the US population was uninsured D. Many of the uninsured are families of low-wage workers who do not qualify for Medicaid E. All the above
E. All the above
How Is Medical Care Paid For in the U.S.? A. Employer-based insurance B. Medicare C. Medicaid D. Children's Health Insurance Program E. All the above
E. All the above (charity, fee-for-service, VA, community health centers)
What is the CDC recommendation for adults regarding physical activity? A. ≥ 60 minutes of mild-moderate activity 3x a week B. ≥ 150 minutes of moderate-vigorous per week C. ≥ 75 minutes of vigorous activity each week plus strength training for 2 days out of the week D. A & C E. B & C
E. B & C
Which is NOT a common cause of infant mortality? A. SIDS B. Congenital abnormality C. Prematurity D. Maternal complications E. Cesarean section delivery
E. Cesarean section delivery
Which is NOT a mandatory task during a disaster? A. Coordination of search and rescue B. Resource management C. Tracking of patients and survivors D. Evacuation orders are made E. Closing down hospitals
E. Closing down hospitals
Equitable lending programs and removing single-family zoning laws address what social determinant? A. Access to healthy foods B. Poverty C. Housing instability D. Quality of housing E. Discrimination
E. Discrimination
Which of the following established a program ro supervise and control the manufacture, labeling, and sale of food including imported foods? A. Safe Drinking Water Act B. Superfund C. Clean Water Act D. Resources Conservation and Recovery Act E. Federal Food and Drugs Act
E. Federal Food and Drugs Act
Which of the following demographics is most likely to have the smallest percentage of individuals that are overweight or obese? A. Black adults B. Southern State residents C. Lower socioeconomic status D. Children from minority ethnic groups E. Higher educated women
E. Higher educated women
Which of the following accounts for the most of disability in developed countries than any other group of illnesses? A. Congenital abnormality B. Degenerative dementia C. Intentional injury D. Unintentional injury E. Mental illness
E. Mental illness
Which is NOT an air pollutant that is required to me monitored according to the Clear Air Act? A. Lead B. Carbon monoxide C. Sulfur dioxide D. Ozone E. Methane
E. Methane
What major public health intervention was passed in 1970 that led to reduced injury rates and injury costs related to environmental exposure to workers? A. Social Security Act B. Medicare C. Department of Agriculture D. Environmental Protection Agency E. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
E. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
What is the leading actual cause of death in the US? A. Cancer B. Tobacco use C. Heart disease D. MVA E. Poor diet and physical activity
E. Poor diet and physical activity
Local building codes and housing choice voucher programs address what social determinant? A. Access to healthy foods B. Poverty C. Housing instability D. Food insecurity E. Quality of housing
E. Quality of housing
Which is NOT a subcategory of the economic stability social determinant of health? A. Employment B. Food insecurity C. Housing instability D. Poverty E. Quality of housing
E. Quality of housing
Which social determinant of health measures the percentage of occupied housing units with poor house maintenance? A. Access to healthy foods B. Poverty C. Housing instability D. Food insecurity E. Quality of housing
E. Quality of housing
Which is NOT a demographic that has one of the highest rates of tobacco use? A. Males B. American Indians C. Household income <$35,000 D. Ages 45-64 E. Rural residents
E. Rural residents
Of all the modifiable risk factors, which is the most powerful determinant of health and disease? A. Psychological factors B. Marital status C. Parental influences D. Race and ethnicity E. Socioeconomic status
E. Socioeconomic status
Which of the following requires States to enact and enforce laws prohibiting any manufacturer, retailers, or distributor from selling or distributing tobacco products to individuals under the age of 18? A. Drug Take Back Act B. Fairness Doctrine C. Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Contract Act D. Master Settlement Agreement E. Synar Amendment
E. Synar Amendment
Which of the following is a solution to food insecurity? A. Head Start Program B. Farm-to-Institution Programs C. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families D. Equitable lending programs E. Women, Infants, and Children Program
E. Women, Infants, and Children Program
What are the five social determinants of health?
Economic stability Education access and quality Health care access and quality Neighborhood and built environment Social and community extent
A (J/S) ______ curve shows the population rapidly expand past the carrying capacity and then crashes while a (J/S) ______ curve shows the population gradually approach the carrying capacity.
J; S
Compression of mortality means there is a (greater/lesser) _________ variance in the age of death in older patients.
Lesser (deaths occur in a shorter age range, which also means there is less morbidity... disability rates among >65yo decreased from 1982 to 2004)
(Men/Women) ______ have a higher rate of obesity.
Men (in the US 75% of men and 67% of women are overweight or obese)
Most medical errors can be attributed to:
Miscommunication and fragmentation
The primary source of air pollution in urban areas is:
Motor vehicles
The chemical in tobacco that increases blood pressure, heart rate, and stimulates the release of stress hormones is (CO/tar/nicotine) _______.
Nicotine
Most firearm injuries are due to:
Suicide attempts
Match the following four parts of Medicare: A. Part A B. Part B C. Part C D. Part D 1. Medical insurance 2. Prescription medication 3. Hospital insurance 4. Medicare advantage
Part A - Hospital insurance Part B - Medical insurance Part C - Medicare Advantage Part D - Prescription medication
Define what the subtype: Enrollment in Higher Education measures
Percentage of high school graduates in college the October after graduating
What is the most successful anti-poverty program in U.S. history?
Social Security (funded by payroll taxes)
The (city/state/federal) level _______ is responsible for issuing licenses to healthcare providers, can discipline providers or revoke licenses for misconduct, and regulate medical facilities.
State
The chemical in tobacco that irritates the respiratory tract by damaging the cilia and is a major source of carcinogenicity is (CO/tar/nicotine) _______.
Tar
What is the #1 strategy used to damage the tobacco industry?
Tobacco taxes
T/F: From a public health perspective, every pregnancy should be an intended pregnancy.
True
T/F: Medical care is even more necessary when public health is not functioning properly.
True
T/F: More than 40 million tons of hazardous waste are managed annually.
True
T/F: Much of the US food supply is imported
True
T/F: One of public health's most important functions in disaster response is planning in advance of the emergency.
True
T/F: The American Community Survey is conducted annually on a representative subset population that collects data on the social determinants of health
True
T/F: The best hope for reducing the medical costs of the elderly in the future is an integration of public health and medical services that would keep people healthier into old age.
True
T/F: Absolute environmental safety is impossible, risk must be balanced between other societal goals.
True (political groups may favor economic interests over environmental and public health)
T/F: Prenatal care is the most important public health measure for maternal and child health.
True (start as early as possible, before a woman conceives)
T/F: Concentrations of many pollutants trapped inside a building may exceed those outdoors.
True, can happen from lack of sufficient ventilation (tobacco smoke, gas range, furnace, fireplace, consumer products, etc.)
When a woman wants to become pregnant in the future but not when she became pregnant is a (unwanted/wanted later) _________ pregnancy while a woman that did not want to become pregnant at any time is a (unwanted/ wanted later) ________ pregnancy.
Wanted later; unwanted
Nearly _____ of all Americans will develop at least one mental illness during their lifetime.
half
Normal waist circumference in males is ________ and ______ in females
≤ 40 inches; ≤ 35 inches