Public Speaking
Redundancy
(electronics) a system design that duplicates components to provide alternatives in case one component fails
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action
Critical thinking
A process that allows us to objectively analyze facts, issues, problems and information.
expository speech
An informative presentation that provides carefully researched, in-depth knowledge about a complex topic
Communication apprehension
Fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others.
Toulmin's Reasoning Model
Grounds, warrant, backing, qualifier, rebuttal, claim
Civic engagement
Individual and collective actions designed to identify and address issues of public concern
Individualistic/Collectivistic cultures
Individualistic cultures focus on personal goals and rights; collectivistic cultures focus on the good of the whole (tribe, family, etc)
Cultural allusions
Not knowing what someone is talking about because you can't relate to it.
Spatial organization
Organization according to location, position, or direction.
Topical organization
Organization determined by the speaker's discretion or by recency, primacy, or complexity.
Connotative
Representing a feeling associated with a word
Oral culture
a culture in which information is transmitted more by speech than writing
D-R-E method
a feedback method that describes content, shares personal responses, and gives evaluation
Classification
a group of people or things arranged by class or category
Chronological pattern
a pattern of organization that arranges the elements in time sequence, or in the order in which they happened
Examination
a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge
performance anxiety
a specific stage fright, often associated with musicians, actors and other entertainers
Equality
a state of being essentially equal or equivalent
Division
an arithmetic operation that is the inverse of multiplication
Empathy
an understanding of another's feelings
Psychological anxiety
anxiety disorders
Core cultural resources
beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviors that provide a logical basis for a culture to define what is necessary, right, doubtful, or forbidden
Physiological anxiety
bodily responses to a perceived threat (increased heart rate, adrenaline rush)
Pro-con organization
both sides for & against are presented
extemporaneous delivery
combines careful preparation with spontaneous speaking. the speaker uses brief notes rather than manuscript or an outline
figurative analogies
compare items from different classes
Schemas
conceptual frameworks a person uses to make sense of the world
Ethos
credibility
Empirical facts
data verifiable by observation
Theory of Reasoned Action
describes how people rationally calculate the costs and benefits of engaging in a particular action and think carefully about how others will view the behavior under consideration
Denotative
dictionary definition
pathos
emotional appeal; feelings
process anxiety
fear due to lack of confidence in knowing how to prepare a speech
Public speaking anxiety
fear or anxiety associated with a real or anticipated public speaking event
8 fallacies of reasoning
find
Nonexpressive/expressive cultures
find
Obstacle analysis
find
ethical communication
find
rightsabilities
highlights the tension between our right to free speech & our responsibility for our speech
metaphorical images
implies the subject
Canons of rhetoric
invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery
logos
logic
Causal organization
main points indicate an effect-cause or cause-effect
Parallel points
making the points similar in construction
Visualization
mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation
Problem-solution organization
organization by discussing first a problem and then various solutions
civility
politeness; courteousness
literal images
realistic, tangible
Inductive reasoning
reasoning from detailed facts to general principles
Deductive reasoning
reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect)
Causal reasoning
reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
Claims of value
statement about a judgement issue
Claims of fact
statement about something that is real or true
Claims of policy
statement about something that should be done
Rhetoric
study of the technique and rules for using language effectively (especially in public speaking)
plagiarism
taking credit for someone else's writing or ideas
Culture
the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization
fabrication
the deliberate act of deviating from the truth
status quo
the existing state of affairs
Stock issues
the major general questions a reasonable person would ask before agreeing to a change in policies or procedures
Repetition
the repeated use of the same word or word pattern as a rhetorical device
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
dialogical theory of communication
theory proposing that face-to-face conversation is the prototype that is foundational to all other communication
Transactional model of communication
view of communication as the simultaneous sending and receiving of messages
connectives
words, phrases, and sentences used to lead from idea to idea and tie the parts of the speech together smoothly
