public speaking final

award presentation

a speech that accompanies the conferring of an award 1. refer to the occasion of the presentation 2. explain the history and significance of the award 3. name the award recipient

apophasis

affirmation by denial

signposts

cues about the relationships between a speaker's ideas

value

enduring concept of good and bad, right and wrong

pitch

how high or low the voice sounds

soft evidence

hypotheticals, opinions, illustrations, explanations, definitions, analogies

red herring

irrelevant facts or information used to distract someone from the issue under discussion

spatial organizaiton

organization based on location or direction

two types of inductive reasoning

reason by analogy reason by sign

bandwagon fallacy

reasoning that suggests that because everyone else believes something or is doing something, then it must be valid or correct

anaphora

repeated words at the beginning of sentences

epistrophe

repeated words at the end of sentences

alliteration

repetition of consonant sounds found closely connected to words

deductive reasoning

syllogism, enthymeme, major minor premises.

articulation

the production of clear and distinct speech sounds

inflection

the variation in the pitch of the voice

preparation outline expert

An outline helps the speaker to organize their thoughts and creates a coherent structure for the speech. There are several important criteria for your outline: The outline must use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation. State main and subpoints in full sentences. Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews. Make sure you cite your sources on your outline. Attach a works cited page.

DOTT

Does not have to be in order Date Origin Type Title

Listener's needs

Physiological, safety, social, self-esteem, self-actualization

Nancy Duarte's secret structure

What is --> ^ what could be... sailing metaphor

non sequitur

"it does not flow" conclusion does not logically follow argument

Amy Cuddy

"our body shapes who we are"

multimedia clip

# minutes/2 10 x (seconds)

motive appeals

- generalized states of feeling - major determinants of human behavior - happiness, justice, courage

co-ordination

1, 2, 3, = of equal importance, they should be in the same rank. main point 1 should be supported by sub points.

Inductive reasoning - 3 ways to test validity

1. are there enough specific instances to support the conclusion? 2. are the specific instances typical? 3. are the instances recent?

monroe's motivated sequence

1. attention 2. need 3. satisfaction 4. visualization (positive, negative) 5. action

functions of listening

1. critical: listen with the purpose of evaluating message; is it true? is it persuasive? 2. informational: gathering information 3. relational: listen to strengthen the relationship

audience analysis

1. demographics 2. gender, sex 3. culture(learned system of beliefs), ethnicity(cultural background), race(biological) 4. psycho analysis (attitudes, beliefs, values)

refutation

1. destroy or weaken opponent's main argument 2. overcome main objections to your position

types of supporting material

1. illustrations 2. descriptions and explanations 3. definitions 4. analogies 5. statistics 6. opinions (testimonies)

barriers to effective listening

1. information overload 2. personal concerns 3. outside distractions 4. prejudice 5. differences between speech rate and thought

types of speeches (delivery)

1. manuscript = reading during speech 2. memorized = no notes 3. impromptu = very little preparation "on the spot" 4. extemporaneous = notes help guide but don't drive speech; lots of practice will help speaker memorize details of key points

types of plagiarism

1. patchwriting: huge chunks, compelling phrases 2. incremental: fail to give credit to parts 3. global: general; ideas

guidelines for using presentation aids

1. prepare carefully and practice with aids 2. maintain eye contact with audience 3. talk about the information or image on the aid 4. don't pass around objects 5. use handouts and technology effectively 6. control audience's attention 7. murphy's law: is something can go wrong, it will

types of poor listening (6)

1. pseudo: fake listening 2. selective: listening to parts 3. ambushing: listening carefully so you can attack 4. monopolizing: trying to top the other person 5. literal: listening to words instead of overall meaning 6. defensive: hearing things based off of our own insecurities

guest speaker: different types of power (5)

1. referent: granted by others (charisma); people are drawn to them 2. punishment: power to take something away (cops) 3. reward: power to make something easier (parents) 4. expert: granted through knowledge 5. authoritative: granted because of the position you're in. CEOs, boss

refutation structure

1. state argument to be refuted clearly, precisely, honestly 2. state objections to argument 3. evidence/reasoning 4. explain and summarize what you refuted, tie it back to your position

different methods for refutation

1. testify evidence 2. minimize 3. deny 4. turn the tables 5. grant the argument

4 ways to motivate listeners

1. use cognitive dissonance 2. use listener's needs 3. use positive emotion 4. use negative emotion

conclusion expert

An effective conclusion ends the speech on a strong note. There are two functions for a conclusion: The conclusion should signal the end of the speech. The conclusion should reinforce the audience's understanding of the central idea. Remember, the conclusion should be kept short - no more than 10-15% of your total speaking time.

Introduction expert

An effective introduction gets the speaker off on the right foot by creating a favorable impression with the audience. There are four objectives in speech introductions: First, you must get the audience's attention. Second, you need to reveal the topic of the speech and justify the topic (explaining why the audience should care about the topic). Third, you should establish your credibility with a speaker justification. Finally, you must preview the body of the speech. Remember, the introduction should be kept short - no more than 10-15% of your total speaking time.

connectives expert

Connectives are words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate a relationship between them. They are the bridges between thoughts. There are four types of connectives: Transitions indicate when a speaker has completed one thought and is moving on to another. Internal previews let the audience know what the speaker will take up next. Internal summaries remind listeners of what they have just heard. Signposts are brief statements that indicate exactly where a speaker is in the speech or that focus attention on key ideas.

main points expert

Main points are the central ideas in the body of the speech and they should be selected with care. Main points should be limited - most speeches contain 2 to 5 main points. There are three tips for preparing effective main points: Keep your main points separate and distinct. Use parallel wording in your main points. Balance the amount of time devoted to each main point. Finally, remember to organize your main points strategically in a clear organizational format.

TED Talk "Talk Nerdy to Me"

Science - (jargon and bullets) ——————————————————— X passion relevance

thesis/central idea statement

The central idea is a concise statement of what the speaker expects to say in the speech. There are four criteria for a well-worded central idea statement: It should be a full declarative sentence. It should use concrete language. It should be specific. It should not be written as a question.

specific purpose expert

The specific purpose should indicate precisely what the speaker wants the audience to know or believe after the speech. There are four tips for forming a good purpose statement: It should be a full infinitive phrase. It should be phrased as a statement. It should use concrete language. It should be limited to a single main idea. "the audience should know" not said in the speech

speaking outline expert

Your speaking outline is a brief outline used to deliver your speech. The speaking outline should be on 1 piece of paper or five note cards. There are four guidelines for effective speaking outlines. They should follow the same visual framework used in the preparation outline. They should be brief and legible. They should include cues for delivery. They should clearly indicate your citations.

toast

a brief salute to a momentous occasion quite short, some are very personal

hasty generalization

a conclusion reached without adequate evidence

dialect

a consistent style of pronouncing words that is common to an ethnic group or geographic region

antithesis

a contrast of ideas (tale of two cities)

casual fallacy

a faulty cause-and-effect connection between two things or events

after-dinner speech

a humorous presentation, usually delivered in conjunction with a mealtime meeting or banquet

commencement address

a speech delivered at a graduation or commencement ceremony

commemorative address

a speech delivered during ceremonies held in memory of some past event and/or the persons involved

ceremonial speech

a speech delivered on a special occasion for celebration, thanksgiving, praise, or mourning 1.

acceptance speech

a speech of thanks for an award, nomination, or other honor 1. say thank you 2. comment on what the award means to you 3. discuss how the award is relevant to your audience

eulogies

a speech of tribute delivered when someone has died

nomination speech

a speech that officially names someone as a candidate for an office or a position 1. explain skills, talents, achievements of nominee. nominee should come out at the end of the speech

speech of introduction

a speech that provides information about another speaker 1. be brief 2. be accurate 3. build speaker's credibility

keynote address

a speech that sets the theme and tone for a meeting for conference 1. motivate audience to learn more or work harder, set the tone for other speakers and events

ad hominem

an attack on irrelevant personal characteristics of the person who is proposing an idea, rather than on the idea itself

Ethos: two types

antecedent (prior) developed (during speech)

recency

arrangement of ideas from the least to most important

primacy

arrangement of ideas from the most to the least important

complexity

arrangement of ideas from the simple to the more complex

topical organization

arrangement of the natural divisions in a central idea according to recency, primacy, complexity, or the speaker's discretion

hard evidence

factual examples and statistics

emotional response theory

human emotional responses can be classified as eliciting feelings of pleasure, arousal, or dominance

rule of division

if you have a 1, you must have a 2. if you have an A, you must have a B. rule of parallel

attitudes

likes or dislikes

Difference between oral and written style

oral: less formal, more repetitive,more personal written: more formal, less repetitive, less personal

chronological organization

organization by time or sequence

problem-solution organization

organization focused on a problem and its various solutions or on a solution and the problems it would solve

cause-and-effect organization

organization that focuses on a situation and its causes or a situation and its effects

belief

perception of what is true or false

situation audience analysis

size of audience, location, occasion

asyndeton (omission)

taking out the conjunction (red, white, blue)

kairos

the circumstances surrounding the speech or the occasion for a speech

either/or fallacy

the oversimplification of an issue into a choice between only two outcomes or possibilities.

volume

the softness or loudness of your voice

pronunciation

the use of sounds to form words clearly and accurately

appeal to misplaced authority

use of the testimony of an expert in a given field to endorse an idea or product for which the expert does not have the appropriate credentials or expertise

mnemonic device

ways of remembering things: use acronyms or memorable phrases