Public Speaking Final

Steps of the Conclusion

Restate main points, restate thesis, clincher.

Specific Purpose

What do you want your audience to do, know, or believe as result of your speech?

Steps of an Introduction

(General purpose, Specific purpose, Thesis) Attention, Thesis, Preview.

Adapting to Your Audience

*Process of modifying your presentation based on what you know about your audience's demographics, motivations, knowledge, interests, and attitudes.* 1. Adapt to feedback. 2. Adapt to disturbances.

General Purpose

to inform, to entertain, to persuade

Method for Generating Key Points (4R)

1.Review: gather your notes and supporting materials, then reread and critique them. 2. Reduce: once you have reviewed your ideas and information, try to minimize to a few essential points. 3. Regroup: Put your ideas and supporting materials into groups. 4. Refine: Make sure key points are clear and memorable.

Communication Model - Dynamic Presentation Model

1.Source (Speaker) 2.Message (Speech Content) 3.Channels (Primarily Sight and Sound) 4.Receiver (Audience Member) 5.Encoding (Creating and Sending Message) 6.Decoding (Interpreting, Evaluating, and Responding)

Immediacy

An audience's perceptions of physical and psychological closeness to the speaker.

Mind Mapping

An idea - generating technique that encourages free flow of ideas and lets you define relationships among those ideas.

Communication Apprehension

An individual's level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons.

Preliminary Outline

An outline that puts the major sections of your message into a clear and logical order.

Presentation Speaking

Any time speakers use verbal and nonverbal messages to generate meanings and establish relationships with audience members, who are usually present at the delivery of a presentation.

Informative Speaking

Provides new information, explains complex concepts and processes, and/or clarifies and corrects misunderstood information.

Connectives

*links one part of the speech to another* 1. Internal Preview: reveals or suggests your key points. 2. Internal Summaries: ends a section and helps to reinforce important ideas. 3. Transitions: words, numbers, brief phases, or sentences that help you lead your audience from one key point to another. 4. Signposts: short, often numerical references that tell or remind your listeners where you are and how far you have to go.

Components of vocal delivery

1. Breathing: controlling your outgoing breath, not just inhaling and holding more air into your lungs. 2. Volume: measures your voice's degree of loudness 3. Rate: the number of words you say per minute add to the number and length of pauses you use. 145-180 best rate 4. Pitch: how high or low your voice sounds. Optimum pitch is the natural pitch at which you speak. 5. Fluency: the ability to speak smoothly without tripping over words or taking awkward pauses.

Thesis Statement

-The central idea of the speech. -Single declarative sentence statement of what you want to prove/explain. -Contains only one idea that is clear and concise.

Abstract/Concrete

1. Abstract: refers to an idea or concept that cannot be observed or touched. 2. Concrete: refers to a specific thing that can be perceived by our senses.

Adapting Language to Audience Diversity - What to Aviod

1. Avoid gender - based language. 2. Avoid culturally biased language. 3. Avoid exclusionary language.

Goals of conclusion

1. Be memorable. 2. Be clear. 3. Be brief.

Components of Speaker Credibility

1. Character: speaker's perceived honesty and trustworthiness. 2. Competence: speaker's expertise, knowledge, and abilities. 3. Caring: speaker's communicate that they have listener's interests at heart, show understanding of other ideas, are empathic toward their audience, and are responsive to audience feedback.

Core Speaking Styles

1. Clear: short, simple and direct words as well as active verbs, concrete words, and plain language. 2. Oral: Personal pronouns, simpler words, shorter sentences, and conversational language. 3. Rhetorical: language used to influence, persuade, and/or inspire by using vivid and powerful words. 4. Eloquent: uses poetic and expressive language as a way to make a speaker's thoughts and feelings clear, inspiring, and memorable.

Denotative/Connotative

1. Denotative: dictionary meaning of a word. 2. Connotative: emotional response or personal thoughts connected to the meaning of a word.

Developing Your Credibility

1. Do a personal inventory. 2. Be well prepared. 3. Enhance your immediacy. 4. Show that you care.

Research Sources

1. Electronic/ Online: articles, websites, scholarly journals, databases. 2. Library/ Books: Books, Newspapers, Magazines.

Ending effectively

1. End when you say you will end. 2. Make sure the ending matches the speech. 3. Have realistic expectations.

Choosing an Appropriate Speech Topic

1. Explore your interests. 2. Draw on your values. 3. Tap your knowledge and abilities. 4. Consider your audience's interests, expectations, and needs. 5. Search the web for potential topics. 6. Narrow your topic.

Physical delivery components

1. Eye contact: establishing and maintaining visual links with individual members of your audience. 2. Facial Expressions: your face reflects your attitude and provides nonverbal feedback 3. Gestures: body movements that convey and reinforces a thought, an intention, or an emotion. 4. Posture and movement: involves how you stand and move whether they add or distract from your presentation.

Building persuasive arguments - types of claims

1. Fact: State something that is true, that an event occurred, or that a cause can be identified. 2. Conjecture: suggest that something will or will not happen in the future. 3. Value: assert that something is worthwhile - good or bad, right or wrong, average or worst. 4. Policy: recommend a course of action or procedure to solve a problem or minimize a harmful situation.

Support Materials

1. Facts 2. Statistics. 3. Testimony. 4. Definitions. 5. Analogies. 6. Descriptions. 7. Examples 8. Stories 9. Audio and Visual Aids

Introduction - goals

1. Focus on the attention and interest 2. Connect to your audience 3. Put you in your speech 4. Set the emotional tone 5. Preview the message

Persuasive strategies for persuading indecisive audience members

1. For the uninformed: gain their attention and interest, provide information. 2. For the unconcerned: gain their attention and interest, give them a reason to care, present relevant information and evidence. 3. For the adamantly undecided: acknowledge the legitimacy of different view points, provide new information, emphasize or reinforce the strength of arguments on the side of the issue.

Misconception of Speakers Anxiety

1. I am more nervous than most people are in a speaking situation. 2. Speaking Anxiety is our number - one fear. 3. Reading about speaking anxiety will make me more nervous.

Forms of delivery

1. Impromptu: speaking with little or no preparation or practice. 2. Extemporaneous: using an outline or notes as a guide through a well-prepared speech. 3. Manuscript: reading a well-prepared speech aloud, word for word. 4. Memorized: delivering most or all of the speech from memory.

Four Types of Speeches

1. Informative 2. Persuasive 3. Entertainment 4. Inspirational

Tips for each type of special occasion speech

1. Introducing a speaker: be prepared, natural conversation, eye contact, mention speaker's name, keep it short. 2. Toast: prepare/practice, should have a purpose, conversational delivery, stand up, it's not about you, keep it short, raise your glass in conclusion. 3. Eulogy: keep short/simple, pay attention to choice of words, offer sympathy to family if appropriate, personalize eulogy, 4-8 mins. 4. Sales presentation: listen to nonverbal behavior, learn about costumers interest, 5. Humorous: focus on one idea, let the humor suit you, practice. 6. question-and-answer: prepare, predict, practice, answer the questions, link answers to key points.

Testing Your Supporting Materials

1. Is the source identified, credible, and unbiased? 2. Is the source primary or secondary? 3. Is the information recent? 4. Is the information consistent? 5. Is the information relevant? 6. Is the statistical information well - founded?

Tips of Informative Speaking

1. KISS: Keep It Simple, Speaker. 2. Use one sensory image. 3. Focus on your purpose.

Logos/ethos/pathos

1. Logos: Proof - arguments that rely on valid evidence and reasoning. 2. Ethos: Personal - character, competence, caring, demonstrate that you are a good speaker. 3. Pathos: Emotional - persuasion can be aimed at deep-seated, emotional feelings about justice, generosity, courage, forgiveness, and wisdom.

Types of Audiences

1. Pedestrian: accidental audience, random and temporarily come together. 2. Passive: to accomplish other goals. (teacher related workshop) 3. Selective: choose to listen to the subject or the speaker. Intentionally gather to hear the topic. (famous author, sport) 4. Concerted: listens who are positive towards a topic but don't act. Need motivation and a plan. Need direction. 5. Organized: know about the topic and they're motivated to act but they need specific instruction. (study abroad program) 6. Absent: audience is separated from the speaker. (radio, tv) -Homogeneous: members who share the same attitude, positive or negative.

Five Great Canons Of Classical Greek Rhetoric

1.Inventio: Invention 2.Dispositio: Organization 3.Eloquotio: Style 4.Memoria: Memory 5.Pronuntiatio: Delivery

Aristotle's Proofs - logos, ethos, pathos

1.Logos: logical arguments 2.Pathos: emotional arguments 3.Ethos: arguments based on speaker credibility

Three Kinds Of Speaking Styles

1.Plain (Proving) 2.Moderate (Pleasing) 3.Grand (Persuading)

Types of presentation aids

1. Pie Charts: show proportions in relation to a whole or depict relationships among related items. 2. Graphs: show how much but are primarily used to demonstrate comparisons and trends. 3. Texts charts & Tables: summarize, compare, or provide lists of key ideas in tabular form, often under a title or headline. 4. Diagrams and Illusions: show how things work by explaining relationships or processes. 5. Maps: show where, they "are drawings that functions as pictures of a physical layout." 6. Photographs: portray reality. They capture the audiences attention and stir emotions. 7. Other types of aids: audio recordings, objects, handouts, and physical demonstrations.

Practice Matters - Best Practices for your Presentation

1. Practice in Private. 2. Practice by Recording. 3. Practice in in front of Friends. 4. Practice until you feel Confident.

Persuasive strategies for your audience that agree with you

1. Present new information: new information reminds them why they agree with you and reinforces their opinions 2.Excite the audiences emotions: use examples and stories that stimulate their feelings. 3.Provide a personal role model: Tell them what you have seen or done. 4. Advocate a course of action: explain why and how they should pursue a specific course of action. 5. Strengthen audience resistance to opposing arguments: prepare them to answer questions and arguments posed by those who disagree.

Visual design principals

1. Preview and highlight 2. Headline your visual 3. Exercise restraint 4. Choose readable fonts 5. Choose suitable colors and templates 6. Build a storyboard

Primary and Secondary Sources

1. Primary: the document, testimony, or publication in which information first appears. 2. Secondary: describes, reports, repeats, or summarizes information from one or more sources

Reducing Speakers Anxiety

1. Relaxation Exercises. 2. Systematic Desensitization: behavioral therapy to help cope with phobias and anxiety. 3. Cognitive Restructuring: the process of changing or modifying worrisome, irrational, and nonproductive thoughts that cause speaking anxiety. 4. Visualization: procedure that encourages people to think positively about speaking by taking them through the entire speechmaking process.

Stylistic Devices

1. Repetition: highlighting selective words, clauses, sounds, and sentences. 2. Alliteration: form of repetition in which a series of words begin with the same sound. 3. Metaphors: makes a comparison between two things or ideas without using the words "like" or "as."

Persuasive strategies for your audience that disagrees with you

1. Set reasonable goals: do not expect them to change their opinions or behavior radically. 2.Find a common ground: Find something that both you and your audience have in common before moving into areas of disagreement. 3. Accept and adapt to difference of opinion: Acknowledge the audiences legitimacy and demonstrate respect. Identify flaws using valid reasoning. 4. Use fair and respected evidence: make sure your supporting material is flawless. Choose evidence from respected, unbiased sources. 5. Build your personal credibility: build your credibility by emphasizing your expertise, trustworthiness, and sincerity. Positive feelings about you enhance your persuasiveness.

Ways to end

1. Summarize. 2. Quote someone. 3. Tell a story. 4. Share personal feelings. 5. Use poetic language. 6. Call for action. 7. Refer to the beginning. 8. Mix the methods.

Reasons Audiences Attend

1. They are required to attend. (class, training session) 2. They always attend. (monthly club, weekly meetings) 3. They are interested in the topic. (related to profession or interest) 4. They will be rewarded. (paid to attend, receive credit for class) 5. They are not sure why they are there. (accompanying friend, taking notes for colleague, have nothing else to do)

Types of special occasion speeches

1. To present and accept: introducing a speaker 2. To celebrate and commemorate: toast, eulogy. 3. To promote and advocate: Sales presentation 4. To entertain and amuse: humorous speeches 5. To ask and/ or answer questions: question-and-answer sessions, impromptu speeches.

Organizational Patterns

1. Topical: divides large topic into related subtopics. 2.Time: organizing information according to a set of logical steps, point in time, or dates. 3. Space: Arranges key points in terms of different locations. 4. Problem - Solution: describes harmful or difficult situation and offers a plan to solve the problem. 5. Cause/Effect: presents a cause(s) and resulting effect(s) that result from a cause(s) 6. Scientific Method: follows a well established method of reporting scientific research. 7. Stories and Examples: uses dramatic and memorable stories and/or examples as key points. 8. Compare and Contrast: shows how things are similar and different. 9. Memory Aids: easily remembered letters, words, or phrases to arrange key points.

Ways to begin - attention step strategies

1. Use an interesting statistic or example. 2. Quote someone. 3. Tell a story. 4. Ask a question. 5. Establish a personal link. 6. Refer to the place or occasion. 7. Refer to a recent or well known event. 8. Address audience concern and needs. 9. Mix the methods.

Basics of Outlining

1. Use numbers, letters, and indentations. 2. Divide your sub-points logically. 3. Keep the outline consistent.

Basic decisions about each type of special occasion speech

1. clear purpose 2. audience relevance 3. credibility 4. logistics of the settings/occasion 5. include important info 6. organization 7. type of delivery

Vocal clarity

1.Articulation: diction, how clearly you make the sounds in words. 2. Pronunciation: whether you say a word correctly. 3. Accents: sound of one language imposed on another. 4. Dialects: regional and cultural differences within the same language characterized by a distinct vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar.

Full - Sentence Outline

A comprehensive framework that follows established outlining rules about content and format.

Charisma

A quality reflected in your level of energy, enthusiasm, vigor, and commitment.

Rule of Three

A speaking strategy and stylistic device based on audience expectations that speakers will make three key points, use three related examples, or repeat important phrases three times in a speech.

Speech Framer

A visual framework that identifies a place for every component of a speech while encouraging experimentation and creativity.

Ethos

Aristotle --- meaning Character.

Intercultural Dimensions

Aspects of a culture that can be described and measured relative to other cultures.

Difference Between Ethics and Ethos

Audiences determine your ethos which is your credibility. However, you determine your ethics which is based on your personal beliefs about what's right or wrong, moral or immoral, good or bad.

Citations

Crediting where a source was founded

Plagiarism

Failing to document or give credit to the source of your information and presenting others' ideas as your own.

Sources of Communication Apprehension

Fear of Failure. Fear of Breaking the Rules. Fear of the Spotlight. Fear of the Unknown. Fear of Others.

Building Confidence

Focus on your message. Master the preparation process. Check out the place. Memorize the first minute. Anticipate potential problems.

Toulmin's model of argument

Framework for creating and analyzing argument that includes three basic components: a claim, evidence, and a warrant; three supplementary components include backing, reservation, and qualifier.

Audience Demographics

Gender, age, ethnicity, religion, location, education, and career status.

Argument template

I. Issue A. Argument 1. Evidence 2. Evidence

Top Ranked Speaking Skill Survey

Page 4. Top answer: keep audience interested.

Speaker's Anxiety

Speaker's level of fear or unease associated with either real or anticipated communication to a group of people or an audience.

Rhetoric

The ability to discover "in a particular case what are the available means of persuasion" focuses on strategies for selecting the most appropriate persuasive arguments for a particular audience in a particular circumstance.

Speaker Credibility

The extent to which an audience believes a speaker and the speaker's message.

Information Overload

The inability to process, understand, and remember everything you hear and see.

Public Speaking

form of presentation speaking that occurs when speakers address public audiences in community, government, and/or organizational setting.

Speaking Outline

introduction, body, conclusion