Public Speaking final study guide
Define either-or fallacy.
- A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two exist.
List and Define the four types of listening discussed in the book.
- Appreciative Listening - Listening for pleasure or enjoyment. - Emphatic Listening - Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker. - Comprehensive Listening - Listening to understand the message of a speaker. - Critical Listening - Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it. - Active Listening - Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view.
List and Define the types of supporting materials. (3)
- Example- A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions experiences, or the like. - Statistics- Numerical data. - Testimony- Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.
Define Bandwagon Fallacy.
A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good or correct.
Define brainstorming.
A method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts.
Define Problem-Solution speech.
A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution.
What are the ways to deal with nervousness?
Acquire speaking experience, prepare, think positively, use the power of visualization, know that most nervousness is not visible, and do not expect perfection.
The most effective order of man points in a speech depends above all on your topic, purpose, and ________________?
Audience
List and define the various organizational methods for presenting speeches.
Chronological Order- A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern. - Spatial Order- A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern. - Casual Order- A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause and effect relationship. - Problem-Solution Order- A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution. - Topical Order- A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.
What are the guidelines for visual aids? (5)
Display them where the audience can see them, avoid passing the visual aid among the audience, only show the visual aid when talking about it, Explain them clearly, and talk to the audience not the visual aid.
What is the major reason Monroe's motivated sequence is such an effective way of organizing persuasive speeches?
It follows the process of human thinking.
What are the ethical guidelines for speaking? (5)
Make sure your goals are ethically sounding, be fully prepared for each speech, be honest in what you say, avoid name calling and other forms of abusive language, and always put ethical principles into practice.
Three types of questions asked when dealing with persuasive speeches.
Questions of fact, value, and policy
What are some ways to gain attention in a speech? (7)
Relate the topic to the audience, startle your audience, arouse the curiosity of the audience, Question the audience, begin with a quotation, tell a story, use visual aids.
Define Red Herring Fallacy.
Something that misleads or distracts from a relevant or important question.
Define persuasive speaking.
Speaking intended to try and influence the audience's actions, beliefs, or values.
Define Stereotyping, egocentric, and egocentrism.
Stereotyping - Creating an over simplified image of a particular group of people, usually assuming that all the members are alike. - Egocentric - Having egocentrism. - Egocentrism - The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.
How do you improve listening?
Take listening seriously, be an active listener, Resist distractions, do not be diverted by appearance, suspend judgement, focus on your listening, develop not taking skills.
Define peer testimony.
Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
Define general purpose.
The broad goal of a speech.
Define nonverbal communication.
The process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people.
What are the situational factors you must consider when speaking?
The size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.
What is the problem with people who are inefficient note takers?
They do not know what to listen for and they do not know how to record what they listen for.
What is the communication process?
To convey information from one person or group to another person or group.
What are four things you should do in your speech introduction?
To get the attention/interest of your audience. To reveal the topic of your speech. To establish your credibility. Preview the body of your speech
What do you do in a speech conclusion?
To let the audience know that you are ending the speech, and to reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea.
Define audience adaptation.
To process of using information you have gathered when analyzing your audience clearly understand your message and to achieve your objective.
Define question of value, policy, and fact.
Value - Whether something is morally good/bad. - Policy - Questions if something should or should not be done. - Fact - Deals with what actually occurred
Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume are referred to as?
Vocal Variety
Define Ad Hominem
When the speaker is attacking the person giving the other opinion rather than the speech topic.
When you need to give your audience something, when should you do that?
When you are finished presenting the speech
What should you consider when evaluating statistics?
Whether or not the information that is given is factual or correct.
Define inflection.
change in pitch or loudness of the voice