Public Speaking Test 3

Tie the following terms together into a cohesive paragraph incorporating how they are inter-related and how they affect speech prep: audience research questionnaire, close-ended questions, open-ended questions, summary statistics, direct quotes.

****A speaker can use a audience research questionnaire to gather a sense of their audiences' standpoints, beliefs, attitudes, and values by asking closed-ended questions and open-ended questions. Closed ended questions give the speaker basic information about the audiences beliefs while open-ended questions allow the speaker to be able to take direct quotes from the audience, thus relating it to their target audience. Another way to gather information about the audience is to analyze the questionnaire and look for summary statistics that may be shown to grab the attention of the audience.****

Describe at least two strategies persuasive speakers can use to motivate a apathetic audience.

*1) Show How the Topic Affects Them Specifically-when listeners identify with a topic and feel like it's relevant to them they are more likely to be persuaded. 2) Use Presentation Media-helps audience visualize the topic, stirs their emotions, and is often more persuasive than words alone.*

State guidelines to using humor effectively in a speech.

-Tell only jokes or anecdotes appropriate for you, the topic, the audience, and the situation. -Use humor strategically to attract attention, make a point, illustrate an idea, or conclude in a witty way. -Keep jokes and humorous stories brief and to the point. -Avoid trite and unoriginal jokes.

What are some of the specific guidelines for using language in your speeches?

-Use Spoken Language -Choose Meaningful Words -Balance Clarity and Ambiguity -Be Concise -Avoid Offensive and Aggressive Language -Build in Redundancy -Don't Get Too Attached to Your Words

Your text discusses five effective techniques found through research for adapting to diverse audiences. Name at least three of these techniques.

1) Search for commonalities related to your topic among audience members 2) Establish your credibility on the topic through enthusiasm, friendliness, and expertise 3) Include supporting materials that resonate especially with one group, yet at the same time leave other member of the audience with positive or neutral feelings. 4) Use language that appeals to all members of the audience 5) Continuously attend to all segments of the audience.

Identify and explain the steps in Monroe's Motivated Sequence organizational pattern for persuasive speeches.

1.) Attention- Relate topic to audience to gain attention 2.) Need- Establish the problem/current harm. 3.) Satisfaction- Describe the solution to the problem 4.) Visualization- Show benefits of proposed solution and/or costs of not implementing it. 5.) Action- Explain how audience can implement proposed solution *ANSVA*

Explain how the following terms are related: evidence, reasoning, claim. Why are each of the terms important to persuasive speakers?

An argument makes a claim and that claim is backed up with evidence and reasoning. They are important to back up a speakers claim (fact, value, or policy)

List and explain the ways to organize a persuasive speech.

Chronological-way something develops of occurs over time Spatial-physical or geographical relationship between objects & places Topical-arranged by subtopics of equal importance Cause/Effect-how an action produces an outcome Narrative-dramatic retelling of events as a story Problem-Solution: describes problem and provides possible solutions problem-cause-solution:adds cause of problem Monroe's Motivated Sequence-each step designed to facilitate audience involvement

There are four types of reasoning. Define each one and discuss its strengths and weaknesses.

DEDUCTIVE/General to Specific-From general principle to specific case. Strength-Relies on established formal logic. Weakness-Invalid premises leading to false conclusions. INDUCTIVE/Specific to General-From specific examples to general purpose. Strength-Visualizes and personalizes argument. Weakness-Lack of representation, sufficiency, relevance. CASUAL- One event causes another. Strength-Useful for explanation and prediction. Weakness-Incorrect cause and effect link. ANALOGICAL-Draw similarities between two distinct cases. Strength-Links the unfamiliar with the familiar. Weakness-Ignoring of key differences.

Define "demographics" and explain how effective communicators use demographics to prepare a more effective speech.

Demographics- The ways in which populations can be divided into smaller groups according to key characteristics such as sex, ethnicity, age, and social class. Effective communicators use demographics to prepare a better speech because it allows them to identify their target audiences and keep that audience in mind.

Explain the difference between facts and inferences. Give an example of each.

Facts are observations you can make from your own and others experiences and inferences are conclusions you make based on facts. Fact-The mall is too crowded on weekends. Inference-The mall is too crowded on weekends because that is when most people are off work and want to go out.

Slang, jargon, idioms, euphemisms, and cliches should be used in a speech only if absolutely necessary. Why?

In a speech we speak formally. We want the audience to understand what we are saying and use words that are familiar or concrete with the audience. We do not want to hurt our credibility on our topic.

How does an individual typically develop their standpoint, or perspective on the world, and what are some of the psychological traits influenced by that standpoint.

Individuals typically develop their standpoint on the world through their position in society such as their economic class, sex, dis/ability, and age. Some of the psychological traits influenced by that standpoint are their values, attitudes, and beliefs.

What are the three categories as discussed in class that a person can establish and/or maintain credibility?

Initial Derived Terminal

Why is it important to be an audience-centered speaker?

It is important to be an audience-centered speaker because it shows you took time in considering and listening to the audience before, during, and after your speech.

Identify and explain two of the four guidelines for using evidence in an argument.

Keep you evidence relevant to your topic. Draw your evidence from highly credible sources. Select evidence from diverse sources. Incorporate evidence addressing all types of appeals. ____________________________________________ Keep you evidence relevant to your topic. Select evidence from diverse sources.

List and explain two of the four common fallacies that occur when listener respond to speakers.

Loaded word fallacy-uses emotional words to distract from the speaker's argument Straw Man Fallacy-misrepresents a speaker's argument so that just a shell of the original claim remains.

How can personalizing your speech make it more interesting to your audience?

Personalizing your speech can make it more interesting to the audience because it is sending the message in a way that will resonate and appeal to the audience.

Define Persuasion and Persuasive Speaking.

Persuasion is the use of language, images, and other means of communication to influence people's beliefs, attitudes, values, or actions. Persuasive Speaking is when a speaker attempts to reinforce, modify, or change audience members beliefs, attitudes, opinions, values, and behavior.

What are the four dimensions of credibility? Why is the audiences' impression important?

The four dimensions of credibility are competence, trustworthiness, dynamism, and sociability. The audiences impression of the speaker is important because it determines whether or not the audience will listen and believe the speaker.

Be familiar with logical fallacies. Be able to identify whether or not a fallacy exists and explain why it is a fallacy.

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