Purple Book
by what year can children construct simple sentences
4 years
by approximately ______ months of age the child begins to show stranger anxiety meaning he or she can discriminate a familiar person from a person who is unknown
8
today clinical applications of Skinnerian principles are called ____
ABA
what is the acronym posited by behaviorist Arnold Lazarus who feels his approach to counseling is multimodel, relying on a variety of therapeutic techniques
BASIC-ID
who is the father of analytic psychology
Carl Jung
what theorist compared humans to the wolf or the baboon and claimed that we are naturally aggressive
Konrad Lorenz
_______________ in 1975 suggested that individuals are motivated to reduce tension and discomfort, thus putting an end to the dissonance.
Leon Festinger
who suggests six stages of life span development: incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual
Robert Kegan
what case resulted in the counselor's duty to warn and protect an intended victim who might be the target of danger or violence?
Tarasoff case
who is the father of "hormic psychology" a Darwinian viewpoint which suggested that individuals in or out groups are driven by innate, inherited tendencies
William McDougall
A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm (a) describes how people are supposed to act (b) has little to do with expectations (c) is irrelevant when counseling a client (d) all the above
a
According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as: (a) even more dissimilar (contrast error) (b) standardization (c) similar to his or her own (d) paraphrasing
a
During a thunderstorm, a 6 year old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "the rain is following me." This is an example of: (a) egocentrism (b) conservation (c) centration (d) abstract thought
a
From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be: (a) considered an oral character (b) considered an anal character (c) considered a genital character (d) fixated at the latency stage
a
In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the? (a) sensorimotor stage (b) formal operational (c) preoperational stage (d) acquisition of conversation
a
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur? (a) generativity vs. stagnation (b) integrity vs despair (c) a and b (d) erikson's stages do not address midlife crisis
a
Kohlberg lists _____ stages of moral development which fall into _____ levels
a
Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the.... (a) superego (b) ego (c) id (d) eros
a
Maslow, a humanistic psychologist is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates: (a) lower order physiological and safety needs and higher order needs such as self-actualization (b) that psychopathology rests within the id (c) that unconscious drives control self actualization (d) that stimulus responses psychology dictates behavioral attributes
a
Most experts in the field of counseling agree that: (a) no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus counseling's ought to be familiar with all major theories (b) Eriksonian theory should be used by counselors practicing virtually any modality (c) a counselor who incorporates Piaget's stages into his or her thinking would not necessarily need knowledge of rival therapeutic viewpoints (d) a realistic counselor needs to pic one developmental theory in the same manner that he or she picks therapeutic persuasion
a
Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce: (a) less-aggressive children (b) more-aggressive children (c) passive-aggressive children (d) passive-dependent children
a
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that (a) each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next (b) developmental stages are primarily psychosexual (c) developmental stages are primarily psychosocial (d) a person can proceed to a higher state even if a lower stage is unresolved
a
The schema (mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the. (a) sensorimotor stage - birth to 2 years (b) preoperational (2-7 years) (c) concrete operational stage (7-12) (d) formal operational stage (12 and beyond)
a
The statement "bad behavior is punished good behavior is not" is most closely associated with: (a) Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level (b) Kohlberg's conventional level (c) the work of Carl Jung (d) Piaget's autonomous stage
a
When a counselor speaks of probably outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to: (a) the prognosis (b) the diagnosis (C) the intervention (D) attending behavior
a
a counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans (also called Native American Indians) are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the US. This counselor most likely believes in (a) emic viewpoint (b) alloplastic viewpoint (c) etic viewpoint (d) autoplastic viewpoint
a
a counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect _______ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture. (a) less (b) more (c) same (d) more relaistic
a
a monolingual US counselor (a) speaks only english (b) speaks english and spanish (c) works as a counseling interpreter (d) fits definition of bilingual
a
all of these statements are ethnocentric except: (a) you can't trust anyone over the age of 40 (B) americans are generous (c) blue collar workers are mean and selfish (d) the gross domestic product in the united states exceeds the figure in Mexico
a
an expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that (a) watching violence tends to make children more aggressive (B) watching violence makes children less aggressive (c) reality TV shows or videos have no impact on a child's behaviors (d) what adults see as violent, children perceive as caring
a
counselors can more easily advise (a) clients from their own culture (b) clients from different culture (c) clients of a different race (d) clients utilizing ethnocentric statements
a
counselors who have good listening skills (a) facilitate therapeutic surrender (b) hinder therapeutic surrender (c) often have monolithic perspective (d) are too nondirective to promote therapeutic surrender
a
ethnocentrism: (a) use one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others (b) means race (c) is a genetic term (d) all the above
a
in order to diagnose clients from different culture (a) the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture (b) the counselor will find the DSM useless (c) the counselor should rely heavily on cultural epoch theory (d) NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis
a
in terms of diagnosis: (a) client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture yet disturbed and bizarre in another (b) culture is irrelevant in children under 14 (c) culture is an issue with males but not with females (d) culture is an issue with females but not with males
a
in terms of parenting young children: (a) boys are punished more than girls (b) girls are punished more than boys (c) boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion (d) boys show more empathy towards others
a
in this stage of kohlbergs moral development, the child responds to consequences. In this stage reward and punishment greatly influences the behavior, what stage is this? (a) preconventional (b) conventional (c) postconventional
a
it's easiest to empathize with (a) a client who is similar to you (b) a client who is dissimilar to you (c) latino/a clients (d) asian american male clients
a
mores are beliefs and social customs : (a) regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior (b) which should be the central focus in multicultural counseling (c) that are conscious decisions made by persons in power (d) that are identical with the folkways in the culture
a
most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by: (a) national culture (b) human culture (c) regional culture (d) ecological culture
a
multicultural counseling promotes (a) eclecticism (b) rigidity (c) psychodynamic models (d) neurolinguistic programming (NLP)
a
regardless of culture the popular individual: (a) has good social skills (b) values race over ethnicity (c) dresses in latest styles (d) never possesses a modal personality
a
stage theorists assume (a) qualitative changes between stages occur (b) differences surely exist but usually cannot be measured (c) humanistic psychology is the only model which truly supports the stage viewpoint (d) b and c
a
the APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by: (a) the 1972 formation of the association for non-white concerns in personnel guidance, later known as the association for multicultural counseling and development (b) in 1972 ethic which made it unethical to see culturally different clients without three hours or relevant graduate work in the area (c) the 1972 ethic which required a 3,000 hour practicum in order to work with culturally different clients (d) urging nonwhites to take graduate counseling courses
a
the correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is: (a) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital (b) oral, anal, genital, phallic and latency (c) oral, phallic, latency, genital, anal (d) phallic, genital, latency, oral, and anal
a
the fear of death: (a) is greatest during middle age (b) is an almost exclusively male phenomenon (c) is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years (d) surprisingly enough occurs in teen years
a
the researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkey is: (a) harry harlow (b) john bowlby (c) kohlberg (d) all the above
a
the word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means (a) all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands (b) the counselor must adjust to the client's cultural mores (c) a counselor who personalizes the treatment is most effective (d) biologically speaking, there is no reason why humans must adjust to environmental demands
a
the zone of proximal development: (a) was pioneered by lev vygotsky (b) was pioneered by Jean Piaget and Kohlberg (c) emphasized organ inferiority (d) a, b, and c
a
when a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she is referring to (a) recommendations (b) diagnosis (c) the prognosis (d) the notion of transference
a
when developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean: (a) how much heredity or environment interact to influence development (b) that the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes (c) a and b (d) a theory proposed by BF Skinner's Colleagues
a
who was the term "positive psychology" coined by (a) maslow (b) adler (c) Jung (d) erikson
a
a _______ model works best with persons who respond well to an authority figure
active-directive model
_______ transference is a popular term in multicultural counseling and occurs when the client rapidly shifts his or her emotional attitude toward the counselor based on learning and experiences related to authority figures from the past.
ambivalent
the ______ view asserts that change comes from the self such as thoughts and behaviors while the ______ conceptualization is that the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment.
autoplastic;alloplastic
A client from another culture will a. talk to the counselor the same as he or she would to a peer. b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background. c. generally use slang on purpose to confuse the counselor. d. generally play dumb to receive the counselor's sympathy.
b
Freud and Erikson: (a) could be classified as behaviorists (b) could be classified as maturationists (c) agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual (d) were prime movers in the DBT movement
b
Freud postulated the psychosexual stages: (a) id, ego, superego (b) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital (c) eros, thanatos, regression and superego (d) manifest, latent, oral, phallic
b
In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual moral behavior is guided by: (a) psychosexual urges (b) consequences (c) periodic fugue states (d) counterconditioning
b
In harry harlow's experiments with baby monkeys (a) wire surrogate mother was favored by most young monkeys over terry cloth version (b) the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother (c) female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol (d) male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol
b
In the 1920's, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale which evaluated (a) SES trends (b) how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups (c)disadvantaged youth (d) language barriers between African Americans and Asian Americans
b
In the US, each SES group represents: (a) a separate race (b) a separate culture (c) the concept of color blindness (d) a separate national culture
b
Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor's diagnosis (a) must be performed without regard to cultural issues (b) must be done within a cultural context (c) a and b (d) none of the above
b
Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called. (a) counterbalancing (b) equilibration (c) balance theory (d) ABA design
b
Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that: (a) counselors of this ilk work hard, but just doesn't seem to have an impact on youngsters lives (b) these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives and more counselors should be employed (c) counselors of this ilk could be helpful if they would engage in more consultation work (d) these counselors should be primarily disciplinarians but this is not happening most districts
b
The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are: (a) assertiveness, anxiety, ego strength (b) close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs (c) culture, race, assertiveness (d) ego, strength, anxiety, race
b
_____ factors cause down syndrome the most common type known as trisomy 21 (a) environmental (b) genetic (c) chemical dependency (d) unconscious
b
______ helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement (a) Arthur Jensens view on IQ testing (b) the civil rights movment (c) Jung's feeling that all men and women from all cultures possess a collective unconscious (d) the tarasoff duty
b
a child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores the clown's other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of: (a) egocentrism (b) centration (c) formal abstract reasoning (d) deductive processes
b
a person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels: (a) the burden of senile psychosis (b) ego-integrity in erikson's integrity versus despair (c) despair, which is the sense that he or she has wasted opportunities (d) the burden of GAD
b
a theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position? (a) behaviorism (b) organicism (c) statistical developmentalism (d) all the above
b
a woman who is being robbed (a) would probably get the most assistance in a crowd with a large number of bystanders (B) would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases (c) would rarely have a bystander of another race to help (d) none of the above
b
a young latino male is a victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks "I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you." In this case the counselor had suggested (a) an alloplastic method of coping (b) an autoplastic method of coping (c) the emic-etic distinction (d) the emic viewpoint
b
according to cognitive dissonance theory of Festinger, a woman has an approach-approach conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and other odes of dress. She chooses the silver watch. (a) she will feel intense guilt (b) she will read positive reviews on the silver watch and possibly negative reviews about the gold model after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance (c)according to the theory she will remain a tad ambivalent about her choice (d) she will be angry because in reality she wanted both watches but could not afford them
b
according to the Freudians if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may _____ a given psychosocial stage. (a) skip (b) become fixated at (c) ignore (d) a and c
b
an asian american counselor says to an African American client, "if you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system." This is the ______ viewpoint for coping with the environment. (a) emic (b) alloplastic (c) etic (d) autoplastic
b
an empiricist view of development would be (a) psychometric (b) behavioristic (c) against the use of formal statistical testing (d) a and c
b
cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with (a) attraction (b) cognition and attitude formation (c) cognitions and emotion (d) none of the above
b
development is cephalocaudal which means (a) foot to head (b) head to foot (c) limbs receive the highest level of nourishment (d) b and c
b
in this stage of kohlbergs moral development, the individual wants to meet the standards of family, society and even the nation, what stage is this? (a) preconventional (b) conventional (c) postconventional
b
marital satisfaction: (a) is usually highest when a child is old enough to leave home (b) often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home (c) correlates with high IQ SCORES (D) is highest among couples who have seven or more college educated children
b
social exchange theory postulates that (a) a relationship will endure if both parties are assertive (b) a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs (c) a relationship will endure if both parties are sexually attracted to each other (d) men worker harder at keeping a relationship strong
b
the anal retentive personality is (a) charitable (b) stingy (c) kind (d) thinks very little about money matters
b
the literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender: (a) an analysis of cognitive dissonance (b) rapport, trust, listening, conquering (c) paradoxing the client (d) analyzing flight to health defense mechanism variables
b
the statement "even though my car is old and doesn't run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low" (a) is displacement (b) an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions (c) projection (d) would never reduce dissonance in an individual
b
the tendency for adult females in the US to wear high heels is best explained by: (a) the principle of negative reinforcement (b) sex-role socialization (c) Lorenz's studies on Imprinting (d) ethological data
b
the term contextualism implies that: (a) multicultural counseling is the oldest subspecialty in the profession (b) behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs (c) the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate (d) projective tests are more accurate than objective measures when performing cross-cultural counseling
b
the term identity crisis comes from the work of: (a) counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients (b) Erikson (c) adler (d) Jung
b
the word ethology which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to: (a) Piaget's famous case study methodology (b) the study of animals behavior in their natural environment (c) studies on monkeys raised in Skinnerian air cribs (d) all the above
b
trust versus mistrust is: (a) an adlerian notion of morality (b) Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development (c) essentially equivalent to Piaget's concept of egocentrism (d) the basis of morality according to kohlberg
b
when counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference (a) is interpreted as positive transference (b) is interpreted as therapeutic resistance (c) is interpreted as white privelege (d) none of the above
b
which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation? (a) Lazarus (b) Harlow (c) Wolpe (d) Ellis
b
who was the founder of individual psychology? (a) maslow (b) adler (c) Jung (d) erikson
b
_______ suggest that individuals avoid inconsistent or incompatible beliefs. People prefer consistent beliefs
balance theory
what does BASIC-ID stand for?
behavior, affective responses, sensations, imagery, cognitions, interpersonal relationships and drugs
A counselor reading this book says, "I couldn't care less about passing the NCE or licensing exam." This (a) is displacement (b) an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions (c) an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, minimizing projection (d) projection
c
A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is ______ cognitive dissonance theory: (a) Donald and Millers (b) Crites and Roe's (c) Festinger's (d) Holland and Super's
c
A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee, "You can deal with your Asian-American clients the same as you deal with anybody else," is espousing the (a) emic viewpoint (b) alloplastic viewpoint (c) etic viewpoint (d) autoplastic viewpoint
c
Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that: (a) one culture will have norms which differ only slightly from another (b) culture excludes customs (c) culture provides individuals with standards of conduct (d) cultures is never socially learned
c
Freud's Oedipus Complex: (a) in this stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite sex parent occur (b) occurs during the phallic stage (c) a and b (d) concept Freud ultimately eliminated from his theory
c
John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist is most closely associated with: (a) the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a matruationist (b) developmental stage theories (c) bonding and attachment (d) the unconscious mind
c
Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual: (a) must truly content with psychosexual urges (b) has the so-called good boy good girl orientation (c) has self-imposed morals and ethics (d) a and b
c
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested: (a) a single level of morality (b) two levels of morality (c) three levels of morality (d) preoperational thought as the basis of morality
c
Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive (a) are nonassertive (b) are aggressive (c) have other positive traits (d) are socially adept but not very intelligent
c
Piaget is a. a maturationist b. a behaviorist c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative d. cognitive-behavioral
c
Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage: (a) abstract thinking emerges (b) problems can be solved using deduction (c) a and b (d) the child has mastered abstract thinking but still feels helpless
c
Piaget's preoperational stage: (a) is the final stage, which includes abstract reasoning (b) includes mastering conservation (c) includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema (d) all the above
c
Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as: (a) hysteria (b) pics (c) fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli (d) dysfunctional repetition
c
Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which (a) the client is urged to relieve a traumatic experience in an encounter group (b) biofeedback training is highly recommended (c) the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction (d) the activity of meaning making is discouraged
c
The statement, "All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different," is based on the (a) emic viewpoint (b) alloplastic viewpoint (c) etic viewpoint (d) autoplastic viewpoint
c
Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is: (a) the primal scene (b) preconscious psychic processes (c) sibling rivalry (d) BASIC-ID
c
_______ and _______ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight (a) Maslow;Rogers (B) Ellis;Harper (c) Freud; Lorenz (d) Glasser; Rogers
c
_______ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior (a) instinct theories (b) innate aggression theorists (c) social learning theorists (d) followers of Erikson
c
__________ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development. (a) erik erikson (b) Lev Vygotsky (c) Lawrence Kohlberg (d) John B. Watson
c
a counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on: (a) Maslow's higher order needs, self-actualization (b) building accurate empathy of family members (c) Maslow's lower order needs such as physiological and safety needs (d) the identified patient
c
a preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. this means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus the child may fantasize than automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to (a) jung's concept of anima, animus (b) Freud's wish fulfillment (c) Piaget's preoperational period (ages 2-7) years (d) ego identity
c
a wealth of research demonstrates that: (a) surprisingly enough, African Americans generally request Asian American counselors (b) surprisingly enough, Asian Americans generally request African American counselors (c) in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and similar cultural background (d) in most instances clients prefer a counselor of the same race, yet a different culture
c
a(n) ________________ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor (a) white female (b) african american female (c) african american male (d) upper class white male
c
according to the foot-in-the=door compliance technique which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client's home. (a) should conduct the interview from the porch (b) should double bind client (c) should ask to come in home (d) should exude empathy but never ask to enter the home
c
an african american client tells a white counselor that the dance she went to last night was "bad" though she literally means it was good. The counselors misunderstanding could be best described as (a) client of color error (b) cognitive dissonance error (c) connotative error (d) confounding variable
c
development (a) begins at birth (b) begins during the first trimester (c) is a continuous process which begins at conception (d) a and c
c
early vocalization in infants: (a) is more complex in african american babies (b) is more complex in white babies (c) nearly identical with cultures around the globe (d) the finest indicator of elementary school performance
c
elementary school counseling and guidance services (a) have been popular since the early 1900's (b) became popular during world War II (c) are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960's (d) none of the above
c
imprinting - rapid learning during a critical period of development - is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by: (a) Erik Erikson (b) Milton Erickson (c) Konrad Lorenz (d) Harry Harlow
c
in freudian theory attachment is a major factor (a) in the preconscious mind (b) in the mind of the child in latency (c) which evolves primarily during the oral age (d) a and b
c
in intercultural/multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means: (a) nothing it is not a valid term (b) most therapists will give up in 16 sessions or less if progress is not evident (c) the cx psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts (d) the therapist assumes a passive therapeutic stance
c
in the US middle and upper class citizens seem to want a counselor who (a) will give them a good talking to (b) gives specific and steady stream of advice (c) helps them work it out on their own (d) is highly authoritarian and autocratic
c
in the general US population: (a) the suicide rate is 2/100,000 (b) suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode but rarely after the depression lifts (c) suicide rates tend to increase with age (d) suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode but rarely after the depression lifts and suicide rates tend to increase with age
c
in this stage of kohlbergs moral development, a person is concerned with universal, ethical, principles of justice, dignity and equality of human rights. what stage is this? (a) preconventional (b) conventional (c) postconventional
c
our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. this means the client: (a) is culturally biased (b) suffers from the diagnosis of cultural relativity (c) belongs to a different culture from the helper (d) presents problems which deal only with culturally charged issues
c
positive transference is to love or affection as negative transference is to hostility and as ambivalent transference is to (a) anger (b) hate (c) uncertainty (d) admiration
c
sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud and as ______ is to Erikson
c
the eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is (a) actual the major theme in all of the eight stages (b) generativity vs stagnation (35-60) (c) intimacy versus isolation -- ages 23-34 (d) critical factor erikson doesn't mention
c
the harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life (a) still developed in a normal fashion (b) still related very well with animals reared normally (c) appeared to be autistic (d) were fixated in concrete operational thought patterns
c
theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as (a) organismic theorists (b) statistical developmentalists (c) empiricists (d) all the above
c
when development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client (a) has learned helplessness syndrome (b) suffers from a phobia (c) suffers from fixation (d) is displaying the risky shift phenomenon
c
whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society: (a) is defined as a set of mores (b) has a distinct lack of norms (c) is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory (d) none of the above
c
A child masters conservation in the Piaget Stage Known as
concrete operational
clients with ______ disorders sometimes display la belle indifference also called belle indifference, meaning they do not seem to be bothered or concerned by their condition
conversion
_______ is an experiential process in which a researcher varies the order of conditions to eliminate irrelevant variables such as fatigue or practice effects
counterbalancing
what is the behavioral technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable stimulus
counterconditioning
__________ suggests that all cultures - like children -- pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing
cultural epoch theory
what term suggests that a minority cultural group will keep their own unique cultural values, yet they still participate in the wider or dominant culture
cultural pluralism
_________ connotes that a behavior cannot be assessed as good or bad except within the context of a given culture
cultural relativism
A critical period: (a) makes imprinting possible (b) emphasizes manifest dream content (c) signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior wont be learned at all (d) a and c
d
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage: (a) generativity vs. stagnation (b) initiative versus guilt (c) identity crisis of the later years (d) integrity vs despair
d
According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests: (a) that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift (b) the child is ambidextrous (c) the child is more cognizant of mass than weight (d) one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial state
d
According to the Yale research by Daniel J Levinson (a) Erikson's generativity versus stagnation doesn't exit (b) 80% of men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises (c) an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes (d) b and c
d
America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as: (a) cross cultural counseling (b) multicultural counseling (c) intercultural counseling (d) all the above
d
Carol Gilligan, although she was an assistant to Kohlberg was critical of his theory of his development (a) as she felt it was too psychoanalytic (b) she felt it was too behavioristic (c) she felt it was not applicable to African Americans (d) she felt it was more applicable to males than females
d
Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage-crisis view theory with several major life transitions. He (a) is the father of multicultural counseling (b) wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man's Life and the 1997 sequel Seasons of a Woman's life (c) postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40-45 and for women approximately 5 years earlier (d) b and c
d
Equilibration is: (a) a term which emphasizes the equality between the sexes (b) performed via the id according to the Freudians (c) a synonym for concrete operational thought (d) the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and what is changed (accommodation)
d
Erikson's middle-age stage (age 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to: (a) the ability to do creative work or raise a family (b) the opposite of stagnation (c) the productive ability to crate a career family and leisure time (d) all the above
d
In adolescence: (a) females commit suicide more than males (b) suicide is a concern but statistically very rare (c) the teens who talk about suicide are not serious (d) males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often
d
In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender (a) it is easier to trust people from one's own culture (b) lower-income people often don't trust others from a higher social class (c) lower-income clients may feel that they will end up as lowers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class (d) all of the above
d
John Bowlby has asserted that (a) attachment is not instinctual (b) attachment is best explained via the Skinnerian principle (c) a and b (d) conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood
d
Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by: (a) psychosexual urges (b) a desire to live up to society's expectations (c) a desire to conform (d) b and c
d
Piaget felt: (a) that homework depresses the elementary child's IQ (b) strongly that the implementation of Glasser's concepts in Schools Without Failure should be mandatory in all elementary settings (c) that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours daily (d) that teachers should lecture less as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation
d
The 1971 Stanford Prison experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated that (a) passivity is the norm for most individuals (b) assertive behavior is clearly the healthiest behavioral alternative (c) it takes people several weeks to change their behavior (d) people conform to social roles
d
The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is (a) oral (b) anal (c) phallic (d) latency
d
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg's theory as (a) a brick is to a house (b) freud is to young (c) the menninger clinic is to biofeedback (d) a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered
d
The frustration-aggression theory is associated with (a) albert ellis (b) Robert Havinghaust who created developmental task concept (c) Eric Berne, transactional analysis (d) John Dollard and Neal Miller
d
There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists: (a) conduct therapy in the here and now (b) focus primarily on nonverbal behavior (c) believe group work is most effective (d) allow clients to work through early conflicts
d
Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency? (a) Rogers (b) Skinner (c) Frank Parsons (d) Konrad Lorenz
d
______ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues (a) Mark Savickas, a major figure in career construction theory relying on narrative theory (b) adler, the father of individual psychology (c) Maxie Maultsby the father of RBT (d) Frank parson's, father of guidance
d
_________ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling (a) Frankl's experience in concentration camp (b) Perl's use of the German concept of gestalt (c) Freuds visit to the US (D) 1954 Brown Vs. Board of Education which outlawed public school segregation
d
a counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be: (a) universal culture (b) national culture (c) ecological culture (d) b and c
d
a counselor who is seeing a 15 year old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that (a) in general, boys possess better verbal skills than girls (b) in general girls possess better verbal skills than boys (c) in general, boys have better visual perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls
d
a counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means (a) behavior results from unconscious aggression (b) women will show the behavior to a higher degree than men (c) a and b (d) behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species
d
a counselor who works primarily with older adults needs to be aware that (a) too many counselors choose gerontology as their specialty (b) individuals over 65 tend to overuse hotline and helpline counseling services (c) surprisingly attractiveness is a fine predictor of retirement adjustment (d) surprisingly financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment
d
a mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. the child has not mastered: (a) object permanence (b) reflexive response (c) representational thought (d) a and c
d
a person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles: (a) has according to kohlberg reached the highest stage of moral development (b) in the preconventional level (c) in the post conventional level of self-accepted morals (d) a and c
d
according to kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted, moral principles: (a) refers to the naive hedonism stage (b) operates on the premise that rewards guide morals (c) a and b (d) is the highest level of morality. however some never reach this level
d
balance theory postulates: (a) a move from cognitive consistency to inconsistency (b) a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency (c) a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state (d) b and c
d
biological similarities and sameness are indicated by: (a) ecological culture (b) mores (c) regional and national culture (d) universal culture
d
culture refers to: (a) customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups (b) values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group (c) attitudes, beliefs, art, language which characterizes members of the group often passed from generation to generation (d) all the above
d
eleanor gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilzing (a) piaget's concept of conservation (b) Erikson's trust vs. mistrust paradigm (c) piaget's formal operations (d) an apparatus known as the visual cliff
d
ethnocentrism: (a) is not universal (b) promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty (c) promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age (d) b and c
d
heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and (a) assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes (b) assumes that hereditary characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes (c) assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code (d) all the above
d
in a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures (a) passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner (b) a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice (c) assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate (d) all the above
d
in cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective (a) when structured exercises are utilized (b) when a counselor takes an active-directive stance (c) when nondirective procedures are emphasized (d) when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session
d
in girls the oedipus complex may be referred to as: (a) systematic desensitization (b) cover desensitization (c) in vivo desensitization (d) the electra complex
d
in the US a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy: (a) this trend seems to be true in any area of the world (b) this is true for LPC but not LCSW (c) this is true for LPC and LCSW but not other clinical psychologists (d) in other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help
d
in the case of an individual who purchased a 50,000 watch cognitive dissonance theory postulates that (a) he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the 50,000 platinum model (b) he or she might sell the 50,000 watch immediately following the purchase (c) he or she might focus heavily on negative information including rival models (d) a and c
d
in the famous experiment by Harry Harlow frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers (a) showed marked borderline personality traits (b) surprisingly enough became quite friendly (c) demonstrated a distinct lack of emotion (d) ran over and clung to cloth and wire surrogate mothers
d
multicultural counselors adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word emic (a) is associated with supreme court 1954 segregation (b) suggests that all clients are alike regardless o culture (c) is associated with RBT (d) culture specific perspective from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language
d
overall, Rogerian person centered counseling: (a) is rarely utilized in cross cultural counseling (B) is too nondirective for intercultural counseling (c) a and b (d) has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between culture and races
d
the sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of: (a) freud (b) adler on birth order (c) erikson (d) bowlby
d
the statement: males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations is (a) false (b) true due to genetics (c) true only in middle aged men (d) true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
d
to research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow (a) used goslings as did Konrad Lorenz (b) psychoanalyzed over 400 neurotics (c) worked exclusively with schizophrenics in residential settings (d) interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average"
d
we often refer to individuals as conformists. which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers (a) 19 year old male college student (b) 23 year old male drummer in a rock band (c) 57 year old female stockbroker (d) 13 year old male middle school student
d
when comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general (a) girls grow up to smile more (b) girl are usually more feeling words by age 2 (c) girls are better able to read people with out verbal cues at any age (d) all of the abice
d
which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement? (a) Freud (b) Durkheim (c) McDougall (d) berne
d
you are counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot move her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest physicians and they cannot find any physical reason for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and thus is not an issue to deal with in counseling sessions: (a) she is displaying malingering (b) she was severely abused as a child (C) she is suicidal (d) she has a conversion disorder with labelle indifference
d
_______________ position involves selecting treatment intervention strategies from diverse counseling models
eclectic
the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else is what _____ in Piaget's theory
egocentrism
____ complex in which the female child fantasizes about sexual relations with the parent of the opposite sex.
electra
the difference is that breaking folkways generally results in ____________ while breaking mores causes _______
embarrassment;harm to others
who is considered one of the main founders of modern sociology
emile durkheim
according to this theory, scientists can learn only from objective facts, what is this theory?
empiricism
Kohlberg's, Erikson's and Maslows theories are all ______
epigenetic
biological term borrowed from embryology, this principle states that each stage emerges from the one before it.... what is this term?
epigenetic
__________________ conveys the notion that one's own group is superior
ethnocentrism
_______ is used when the client resorts to psychosis to avoid dealing with current life difficulties
flight from reality
______ is an analytic concept which asserts that the client has improved too rapidly and the real difficulty (unconscious conflicts) have not been resolved
flight to health defense
_______ is the the phenomenon asserts that when a person agrees to a less-repugnant request (step 1) then he or she will be more likely to comply with a request which is even more distasteful (step 2).
foot in the door
who researched the foot in the door technique with housewives
freedmen and fraser
one method used by kohlberg to assess the level and stage of moral development in an individual:
heinz dilemma
the portion of the trait that can be explained via genetic factors is ______
heritability
______ is a historical term today known as somatization disorder, is said to occur when an individual displays an organic symptom (blindness, paralysis, deafness) yet no physiological causes are evident
hysteria
what means related to libido which is the sexual impulse or desire
libidinal
_______ refers to the dominant culture or the culture that is accepted by the majority of citizens in a given society
macroculture
_______ occurs when a person fakes a physical or emotional illness to avoid work, military duty or prison
malingering
what term suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment
maturation theory
a ___________ personality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question.
modal
a _______ perspective indicates that the counselor perceives all the people in a given group for being identical
monolithic
_______ is a term used to describe the cultural patterns common to a given country
national culture
the ______ complex occurs during the phallic stage
oedipus
when does a baby usually speak its first word?
one year of life
the term _______ also has been used to describe gestalt psychologists, such as Kurt Goldstein, who emphasize a holistic model
organismic
_______ implies that the counselor will make the best progress if he or she sees the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than a diseased patient
personalism
what are Kohlberg's three levels of moral development?
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
the ________ is a psychoanalytic concept that suggest that a young child witnesses his parents having sexual intercourse or is seduced by a parent, provides impetus for later neuroses.
primal scene
______ refers to the fact that some individuals have an unearned advantage, giving person dominance, access to resources and therefore power
privelege
social psychologists refer to the tendency for people who are in close proximity to be attracted to each other as ________
propinquity
________ of _______ suggests we are attracted to people who like us and find us attractive. For long-term relationships, the matching hypothesis asserts we very often pick a partner who roughly matches our level of attractiveness
reciprocity of attraction
the child needs ______ to master object permanence
representational thought
everybody assumes somebody else will step in and take charge is known as diffusion of ________
responsibility
_______ describes the fact that a group decision is typically more liberal than the average decision of an individual group member prior to participation in the group.
risky shift phenomenon
according to the ______ point of view each stage is a way of making sense out of the world
structuralist
_______ occurs when a client is able to trust the counselor and self-discloses.
therapeutic surrender
what term describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor
zone of proximal development
