PY 101: Chapter 4

Babies should be put to sleep on their backs to prevent

SIDS

Three-year-old Sam is talking to his grandmother on the phone. He says, "Look what I got today." Sam's mom explains that his grandmother can't see him. Is Sam's mom wasting her time explaining?

Yes, Sam has not yet developed a theory of mind yet.

After Brita learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of _____.

accommodation

When a child adapts his current understandings to incorporate his new experience, this is known as:

accommodation

A school psychologist works with a teenage student who has lower intelligence, is hyperactive, and has behavior problems. The psychologist suspects the student also has a problem with _____.

alcohol

Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events before he was about 4 years old. This is called infantile _____.

amnesia

Sharon's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. There is no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for anyone breaking the rules he has decreed. Sharon's father has a(n) _____ type of parenting style.

authoritarian

Kiersa is a 15-year-old who receives excellent grades in school. It is expected that Kiersa will _____ her clothing style, her thoughts about her post college plans, and the way she wears her hair during the course of a semester.

change

Marcus has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer. He has come to realize that he is very lucky. He wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate. Marcus has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.

conventional

Peter is 17 years old. He has decided to help out at Buddy Ball this summer. He will help disabled children play baseball. Peter knows that this will look good on his college applications. Peter is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.

conventional

Bill learned to stand before walking because growth is _____ and fragmented.

gradual

Solvi is a 3-month-old baby who is no longer as interested in a puppet head as she once was. This is probably because she has become _____.

habituated

According to Vygotsky, teaching children phrases like, "no, no" and "please wait" gives them self-control tools that allow them to internalize cultural language and rely on _____ when they need to resist temptation later.

inner speech

According to Erikson, failure to achieve intimacy leads to:

isolation

People differ the most in their learning and memory abilities during _____ adulthood.

late

People differ the most in their learning and memory abilities during:

late adulthood

Mary's inability to toilet train her 10-month-old infant is most likely due to:

maturation

The orderly sequence of developmental growth is referred to as _____.

maturation

The orderly sequence of developmental growth is referred to as:

maturation

Donna's parents divorced when she was a little girl. Her mother works two jobs and they eat a lot of fast food. It is likely that Donna will:

mature at an earlier age

Adrianne is elated. She hasn't gotten her period in over a year. She doesn't have to worry about an unintended pregnancy either. She feels liberated. Adrianne is probably experiencing _____.

menopause

Research participants are presented with the following scenario: "There is a runaway trolley headed for five people. All will certainly be killed unless you push a larger stranger onto the tracks, where he will die as his body stops the trolley. Will you push him?" What are the likely results to this question?

most will say no

Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to neural _____ sprouting in her frontal lobes.

networks

Jack is the son of a teenage mother. His mother could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Jack was adopted by a family that loves and cares for him. It is most likely that Jack will become a(n) _____ adult.

normal

Max and Aaron are identical twins. This means that at conception, sperm fertilized _____ egg(s).

one

A 65-year-old retina receives only about _____ as much light as its 20-year-old counterpart.

one-third

What marks the beginning of adolescence?

physical signs of sexual maturation

Those who emphasize change over stability would suggest that the first two years of life provide a _____ basis for predicting a person's eventual traits.

poor

Curt is 17 years old. He has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer. He has come to realize that he is very lucky. He wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate. Curt has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.

postconventional

Ryan thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Ryan demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.

preconventional

At 19, Bianca is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. Bianca's neurons have probably started to _____.

prune

Dawson is 17. He does not drink or use drugs, but he likes to participate in reckless behavior when he is behind the wheel of a car. When Dawson is 23 he will most likely _____ this type of behavior.

reduce

Payton is a few weeks old. Her father likes to kiss her cheek and tells his wife that Payton will sometimes try to return the kiss. This occurs because Payton is _____.

rooting

When a baby's cheek is touched, she will turn toward the touch and open her mouth in search of a nipple. This is known as the _____ reflex.

rooting

Kyle's parents set firm ______ but are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight.

rules

Tommy was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to the squirrel and exclaimed, "Kitty, kitty." His father pointed out that this was a squirrel, not a kitty. This best illustrates the process of:

assimilation

Compared to children with authoritarian parents, children of _____ parents may be more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.

authoritative

Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?

Andrei will walk within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on or nearly on the same day.

Thirteen-year-old Erin and her mother were in a car accident. Her mother was fine, but Erin had a cut on her forehead. When the EMT came over to her, Erin would be most likely to say:

"Don't look at me. I must look terrible."

The tendency to emphasize the impact of parents' child-rearing practices on children's personality has been most characteristic of _____ psychologists.

Freudian

This famous experiment by _____ involved rearing monkeys with two artificial mothers.

Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow

Juan is 3 years old. His brother jumped out the closet and frightened him. A few seconds later, Juan realized that it was his brother that scared him. What response would you expect Juan to have at this stage in his development?

He continued to cry, since he could not reverse the mental image.

At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. What is probably happening to Celia?

Her frontal lobes are growing.

Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events before he was about 4 years old. What is the most likely cause for this infantile amnesia?

His hippocampus was not developed enough.

Parker is 3. He after he finishes his meals with his family. He likes to pretend to feed his stuffed animals and toys. His mother laughs and joins in on the fun. Why isn't Parker's mother bothered by his behavior?

Pretend play is a normal phenomenon in his development.

Carolyn Rovee-Collier's research on infants revealed what conclusion?

Infants retained specific motor learning, but not generalized motor learning.

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by:

Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory.

Yun Hee is concerned about her daughter, who will be a 1-year-old next week. Her baby is not walking yet, and Yun Hee's family is starting to comment on this. Should she be worried?

No, she should not worry. Only 50 percent of all babies in the U.S. are walking within a week after their first birthday.

Babies should be put to sleep on their backs to prevent:

SIDS

Megan is 13. Until she reached puberty she was a calm girl. Her 11-year-old sister borrowed a shirt without asking. Based upon her age, which response mirrors Megan's expected behavior?

She screams, slams the door and turns up her music.

Why did research participants state that they would kill one person to save five when it involved flipping a trolley switch but then refuse to apply the same "kill one to save five" when it involved pushing a person?

They used the emotional part of the brain to refuse to push.

Thirteen-year-old Ariana is getting more involved in risky behaviors, which has her mother very worried. Ariana is also more impulsive and emotionally volatile than she used to be. What is the most likely explanation for Ariana's behavior? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

a pubertal hormonal surge

Kevin is an exceptionally talented violinist and has an extraordinary knowledge of music history, but he has a hard time playing in an orchestra. He is easily distracted when he should be paying attention to the conductor and never socializes or makes eye contact with other players. Kevin may have _____ disorder.

autism spectrum

The Markowitz family has a son, Noah, who is exceptionally intelligent and excels in math. However, he lacks social and communicative skills, which limits his ability to sustain normal peer relationships. Noah has been diagnosed with:

autism spectrum disorder

Kevin is an exceptionally talented violinist and has an extraordinary knowledge of music history, but he has a hard time playing in an orchestra. He is easily distracted when he should be paying attention to the conductor and never socializes or makes eye contact with other players. Kevin may have:

autism spectrum syndrome

Jeremy is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by the pairing of shirts and pants, the earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Jeremy is in the stage of development called identity vs. role _____.

confusion

Within the first week after conception, the cells of the zygote begin to _____. In other words, the cells begin to specialize in structure and function. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

differentiate

Three-year-old Sam is talking to his grandmother on the phone. He says, "Look what I got today." Sam is displaying _____.

egocentrism

Rebecca's cousin miscarried during her eighth week of pregnancy. Her baby was in the ______ stage of prenatal development.

embryo

Malcolm was contemplating dropping out of high school when he was asked to enroll in a volunteer program. Every week he worked in a local daycare center, helping the children with their projects. The children appreciated his help. After a few months, it is likely that Malcolm will:

feel better about himself and drop out

Due to complications from lupus, Ann's pregnancy had to be terminated during the fifth month in order to save her life. In what stage of prenatal development did she have the termination?

fetus

Jacob learned to stand before walking because growth is gradual and ______.

fragmented

Lindy is a cheerleader. She has been hanging around with the same group of very popular friends for the last two years of high school. It is a month before senior prom and she is asked by one boy from her social group with whom she is friends and another boy from her physics class whom she really likes but is not popular. Lindy will most likely go to the prom with her _____.

friend

Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in the _____ lobe.

frontal

Eva's grandmother lives in Europe and likes to read bedtime stories to her grandchildren when she visits. Eva is almost 6, but her grandmother has not seen her since she was 3. Rapid growth in Eva's _____ lobes allow her to sit and listen.

frontal

Farrah's grandmother lives in Europe and likes to read bedtime stories to her grandchildren when she visits. Farrah is almost 6, but her grandmother has not seen her since she was 3. Rapid growth in Farrah's _____ lobes allow her to sit and listen.

frontal

Five-year-old Serenity is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to neural networks sprouting in her _____.

frontal lobes

"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their:

frontal lobes are not fully developed

Peter just celebrated his 25th anniversary at the company. He felt that the gold watch he received was just a meaningless trinket, and was glad that he balanced his work with family life. According to Erik Erikson, Peter is in the stage of development called:

generativity vs. stagnation

Pam is a cheerleader. She has been hanging around with the same group of very popular friends for the last two years of high school. It is a month before senior prom and she is asked by one boy from her social group with whom she is friends and another boy from her physics class whom she really likes but is not popular. With whom will Pam most likely go to the prom?

her popular firend because of her social group

Growing up on the South Side of Chicago was rough for Lee. He worked hard in school, kept out of trouble, and graduated college this past year. All of the following are possible reasons for his success to this point EXCEPT:

his parents were not involved in his life

Ten-year-old Marie is sad. She is crying. Her older brother Paul looks at her and then continues watching TV. Paul may be showing signs of:

impaired theory of mind

As a 5-year-old, Peter suffered a brain injury and lost his ability to speak. With help he was able to relearn how to speak. As an adult, Peter experienced a stroke and he lost his ability to speak again. This time, however, he could not relearn speech. His inability to relearn how to speak after the stroke was most likely due to the _____ process

pruning

What process happens at the neural level in adolescence?

pruning

Kaylee's grandmother lives in Europe and likes to read bedtime stories to her grandchildren when she visits. Kaylee is almost 6, but her grandmother has not seen her since she was 3. Which of these explains why Kaylee can now sit and listen to the books her grandmother likes to read?

rapid growth of neural networks in her frontal lobes

Naseem is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. Naseem is more likely to experiment with _____.

sex

John is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. John is more likely to be:

sexually active

Teens who smoke typically have friends who smoke. To avoid overestimating the impact of peer pressure on teens' smoking habits, it would make the most sense to consider the impact of:

smoking preferences on friendship choices.

Julia was born in France. For the first 3 years of her life, she spoke both French and English. Then she moved to the United States. From age 3 on, she only spoke English. Now, as a high school student, Julia will study French. It is most likely that she will:

speak with a genuine French accent

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issues of:

stability or change

Parvati has a great job, a cat named Peanut, and 30 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. Most likely Parvati is:

struggling with intimacy issues

Brenda has suffered from epilepsy all her life. She takes Trileptal to control her seizures. Recently she found out she was pregnant with her first child. She read that her medication is a Category C medication, meaning the benefits may outweigh the risks. However, no adequate studies have been performed on the medication for pregnant women. While she was excited to be pregnant, she was concerned about continuing to take the medication. She asked her doctor whether Trileptal was a _____.

teratogen

Tran was born in a country where rubella vaccinations are not routinely given. She recently became pregnant and asked her doctor if she can be vaccinated while pregnant and the doctor advised against it. Tran asked her doctor if rubella is a _____.

teratogen

Cada is a 15-year-old who receives excellent grades in school. Which of the following would one NOT expect Cada to change during the course of a semester?

the spelling of her name

After being kissed on the cheek, a newborn baby will often:

turn towards the person