PY-221-01 (Psych of Learning) Exam 1 (for final)

When Jared ate too much cake one day, he became quite sick. Afterwards, he could no longer eat cake. The act of eating too much cake obviously functioned as a(n) _____ with respect to the subsequent likelihood of again eating cake. --establishing response --dependent variable --establishing operation --extraneous operation

The correct answer is: establishing operation

Depriving an animal of food is an example of a(n) --stimulus operation. --functional operation. --establishing response. --establishing operation.

The correct answer is: establishing operation.

The withdrawal of reinforcement for a behavior is called --inhibition. --negative punishment. --extinction. --dishabituation.

The correct answer is: extinction.

Neobehaviorism utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesized _____, to help explain behavior. --physiological processes --fixed action patterns --cognitive processes --unconscious conflicts

The correct answer is: physiological processes

Jim compliments his secretary on her sexy new outfit when she offers to bring him coffee one morning. She never again offers to bring him coffee. Out of the following, this is an example of which type of process? --negative punishment --positive punishment --positive reinforcement --negative reinforcement

The correct answer is: positive punishment

When Amir teased his sister, she hugged him. He never again teased her. This seems to be an example of what process? --negative reinforcement --positive reinforcement --positive punishment --negative punishment

The correct answer is: positive punishment

Kyle's mother tells him: "If you don't clean your room, you won't get to watch television." This can be classified as what type of contingency? --positive reinforcement --extinction --positive punishment --negative reinforcement

The correct answer is: positive reinforcement

Paula laughs at her child when he breaks a dish. As result, he breaks dishes even more frequently. This is an example of --negative reinforcement. --positive reinforcement. --negative punishment. --positive punishment

The correct answer is: positive reinforcement.

Events that are innately reinforcing are called --secondary reinforcers. --primary reinforcers. --extrinsic reinforcers. --generalized reinforcers.

The correct answer is: primary reinforcers.

According to Skinner, thoughts and feelings are --impossible to study. --reflexes more than operants. --the ultimate causes of behavior. --private behaviors that also require explanation.

The correct answer is: private behaviors that also require explanation.

If a mother kisses her child whenever he breaks a dish and, as a result, he breaks fewer dishes in the future, the kissing would by definition be a --reinforcer. --punisher. --punishment. --reinforcement.

The correct answer is: punisher.

A useful device for measuring the _____ of a behavior is a cumulative recorder. --topography --intensity --latency --rate

The correct answer is: rate

Classical conditioning is to _____ behavior as operant conditioning is to ______ behavior. --voluntary; reflexive --novel; voluntary --reflexive; novel --reflexive; voluntary

The correct answer is: reflexive; voluntary

The term ____ refers to a process or procedure. --reinforcement --reinforcer --both reinforcer and punisher --punisher

The correct answer is: reinforcement

According to the text, learning is a _____ in behavior that results from some type of experience. --conscious change --relatively permanent change --permanent change --change

The correct answer is: relatively permanent change

For a reversal design to clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of a certain treatment, the behavior must --remain at the treatment level during the second baseline phase. --both b and c --return to its original baseline level during the second baseline phase. --remain at the baseline level during the treatment phase.

The correct answer is: return to its original baseline level during the second baseline phase.

The original law of effect stated that behaviors leading to a(n) ____ are ____. --unconditioned stimulus; stamped out --positive reinforcer; strengthened --satisfactory state of affairs; stamped in --reinforcer; stamped in

The correct answer is: satisfactory state of affairs; stamped in

A reversal design may be inappropriate when --the behavior is expected to change quickly. --neither a nor b --both a and b --the change in behavior may be irreversible.

The correct answer is: the change in behavior may be irreversible.

Reinforcers and punishers are entirely defined by --the manner in which they influence behavior. --the extent to which they are appetitive or aversive. --their hedonic value. --both their hedonic value and the extent to which they are appetitive or aversive.

The correct answer is: the manner in which they influence behavior.

A dog is given a treat each time it comes when called, and as a result no longer comes when called. The ______ is an example of ______. --treat; a punisher --treat; negative reinforcement --decrease in behavior; a punisher --treat; punishment

The correct answer is: treat; a punisher

Extrinsic rewards are less likely to damage intrinsic interest when they are --verbal. --expected. --all of these --delivered contingent upon mere performance of the activity.

The correct answer is: verbal.

According to the text, the word "behavior" refers to any activity of an organism that can be --both a and b --indirectly observed. --directly observed. --precisely measured.

The correct answers are: directly observed., indirectly observed., precisely measured., both a and b

The problem with a simple comparison design is that --both a and b --it is insufficient for demonstrating a clear functional relationship. --it doesn't fully control for the influence of other variables. --the independent variable cannot be manipulated.

The correct answers are: it doesn't fully control for the influence of other variables., it is insufficient for demonstrating a clear functional relationship., the independent variable cannot be manipulated., both a and b

Which of the following behaviorists would be most interested in manipulating the degree to which a rat has been food deprived? --Bandura --Hull --Watson --Tolman

The correct answer is: Hull

When Leena finished her homework, her mother gave her some apple pie. This is obviously an example of --positive punishment. -negative reinforcement. --positive reinforcement. --It is impossible to know given the information provided.

The correct answer is: It is impossible to know given the information provided.

The basic components of the operant conditioning process include --a response that produces a certain consequence. --a consequence that strengthens or weakens the response. --all of these --a preceding stimulus that signals the availability of the consequence.

The correct answer is: all of these

In correct order, the three-term contingency consists of --antecedent, consequence, and behavior. --behavior, antecedent, and consequence. --antecedent, behavior, and consequence. --consequence; behavior, and antecedent.

The correct answer is: antecedent, behavior, and consequence.

For most children, a bee sting is to _____ as candy is to _____. --adversive; imperative --aversive; appetitive --appetitive; aversive --adversive; appetitive

The correct answer is: aversive; appetitive

A(n) ____ response occurs before the aversive stimulus is presented and thereby prevents its delivery. --escape --reflexive --avoidance --primary

The correct answer is: avoidance

The advantages of using a click or whistle as a secondary reinforcer during shaping include --both a and b --the animal will not satiate upon it. --neither a nor b --it can be delivered immediately following the correct behavior.

The correct answer is: both a and b

The number of hours that I clean house each week is a _____ measure of behavior, while the length of time that I procrastinate before starting to clean house on a particular evening is a _____ measure of behavior. --duration; speed --latency; speed --duration; latency --speed; latency

The correct answer is: duration; latency

Aristotle was a(n) _____ while Plato was a(n) _____. --functionalist; structuralist --structuralist; functionalist --empiricist; nativist --nativist; empiricist

The correct answer is: empiricist; nativist

A(n) ____ response results in the termination of an aversive stimulus. --avoidance --escape --reflexive --primary

The correct answer is: escape

An SD is a stimulus that --both increases the probability of a certain behavior and signals that a reinforcers is now available for the behavior. --increases the probability of a certain behavior. --decreases the probability of a behavior. --signals that a reinforcer is now available for the behavior.

The correct answer is: both increases the probability of a certain behavior and signals that a reinforcers is now available for the behavior.

An SD is a stimulus that. --both increases the probability of a certain behavior and signals that a reinforcers is now available for the behavior. --increases the probability of a certain behavior. --signals that a reinforcer is now available for the behavior. --decreases the probability of a behavior.

The correct answer is: both increases the probability of a certain behavior and signals that a reinforcers is now available for the behavior.

A reinforcer that has been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior and is not a common aspect of a certain situation is called a(n) ______ reinforcer. --secondary --contrived --both secondary and contrived --natural

The correct answer is: both secondary and contrived

If the intent of your program is to gradually increase the amount of weight you lift each day, the most appropriate design for measuring your improvement would probably be a _____ design. --multiple-baseline --reversal --simple comparison --changing-criterion

The correct answer is: changing-criterion

Behaviorists have found it useful to define operant behaviors as a(n) --unconditioned stimulus. --covert stimulus. --class of responses. --specific response.

The correct answer is: class of responses.

The dream I had last night is best described as an example of a(n) --establishing operation. --overt behavior. --covert behavior. --extraneous behavior.

The correct answer is: covert behavior.

It is difficult to study on the weekend because the reinforcers for studying are often ____, while the reinforcers for having fun are ____. --primary; secondary --delayed; immediate --immediate; delayed --secondary; primary

The correct answer is: delayed; immediate

Thorndike found that cats learned to escape from a puzzle box --both suddenly and with insight --suddenly. --with insight. --gradually.

The correct answer is: gradually.

In general, the more ____ the reinforcer, the stronger its effect on behavior. --negative --positive --delayed --immediate

The correct answer is: immediate

The use of punishment can be quite seductive in that its delivery is often followed by ____ for the person who delivered it. --immediate negative reinforcement --delayed negative punishment --immediate positive reinforcement --delayed positive punishment

The correct answer is: immediate negative reinforcement

"Daydreams cannot be scientifically investigated." This statement would most likely come from a --cognitive behaviorist. --neobehaviorist. --radical behaviorist. --methodological behaviorist.

The correct answer is: methodological behaviorist.

If you were testing a behavioral treatment for eliminating a severe addiction in a small group of patients, the most appropriate and ethical design would be a(n) _____ design. --multiple-baseline across persons --ABAB --ABA --control group

The correct answer is: multiple-baseline across persons

Suppose your friend smiles after you give her a compliment. As a result, you are now more likely to compliment her in the future. This is best described as an example of --classical conditioning. --operant conditioning. --cognitive learning. --observational learning.

The correct answer is: operant conditioning.

Ivan creates a treatment program to alter his family's tendency to swear at him. He first applies the program to his sister, then to his mother, and finally to his father. What type of research design is he employing to measure his family's improvement? --multiple-baseline across persons --multiple-baseline across behaviors --reversal design across behaviors --reversal design across settings

The correct answer is: multiple-baseline across persons

Melissa stayed out past her curfew and subsequently lost car privileges for a week. As a result, she never again stayed out past her curfew. This example best illustrates the process of --negative punishment. --positive reinforcement. --negative reinforcement. --positive punishment.

The correct answer is: negative punishment.

Jamaal's mother tells him: "If you clean your room, you won't have to do the dishes." What type of contingency is she attempting to apply? --positive punishment --positive reinforcement --negative reinforcement --negative punishment

The correct answer is: negative reinforcement

When I banged on the heating pipe, it stopped making a noise. The next time I heard that noise, I immediately banged on the pipe. This seems to be an example of --negative reinforcement. --negative punishment. --positive punishment. --positive reinforcement.

The correct answer is: negative reinforcement.

Maria gives her canary some food each time it flutters its wings. The food is a --punisher. --none of these; further information is needed to determine the answer --reinforcer. --discriminative stimulus.

The correct answer is: none of these; further information is needed to determine the answer

The baseline of a behavior is the --normal frequency of that behavior prior to an intervention. --enhanced frequency of that behavior following an intervention. --normal frequency of that behavior following an intervention. --suppressed frequency of that behavior prior to an intervention.

The correct answer is: normal frequency of that behavior prior to an intervention.

A good behavioral definition should be --unambiguous and abstract. --objective and ambiguous. --subjective and abstract. --objective and unambiguous.

The correct answer is: objective and unambiguous.

All of the following are major schools of behaviorism EXCEPT --ontological behaviorism. --purposive behaviorism. --social learning theory. --neobehaviorism.

The correct answer is: ontological behaviorism.

As I look at the spotlight, I am reminded of the sun. This is best described as an example of Aristotle's law of --contrast. --similarity. --proximity. --contiguity.

The correct answer is: similarity.

Observational learning is a particularly important aspect of --methodological behaviorism. --purposive behaviorism. --social learning theory. --Neobehaviorism.

The correct answer is: social learning theory.

Natural selection leads to changes in a species because --some individuals survive longer than others. --traits are learned, rather than genetic. --none of these --some individuals reproduce more than others.

The correct answer is: some individuals reproduce more than others.

A chair and a table are side by side. This means that they are --temporally contingent. --temporally contiguous. --spatially contingent. --spatially contiguous.

The correct answer is: spatially contiguous.

A flashing light, a loud bang, and a bad smell are all --stimuluses. --stimuli. --responses. --stimulis.

The correct answer is: stimuli.

From an operant conditioning perspective, chocolate is a reinforcer if it --strengthens the behavior that follows it. --elicits salivation. --both strengthens the behavior that precedes it and elicits salivation. --strengthens the behavior that precedes it.

The correct answer is: strengthens the behavior that precedes it.