PY 283 Exam (CH. 1 & 2)

Which of the following is a brief summary of a psychology article? A. Abstract B. Synopsis C. Key word D. Author name

A. Abstract

A ____ hypothesis is one that can be demonstrated to be false. A. Refutable B. Viable C. Testable D. Scientific

A. Refutable

Indicate where these researchers found their ideas. Annabel reads an article in a magazine about how a physical makeover can change the psychological outlook of those receiving the makeover. She wonders how often this happens and whether the psychological effects persist. A. Casual observation B. Others observations C. Personal interest D. Practical problems

B Others observations

Steven is fascinated by the interactions among various neurotransmitter systems and wants to learn more about them at the cellular level. This research is best described as: A. Functional B. Basic C. Pracitcal D. Applied

B. Basic

Which method of acquiring knowledge can be time consuming and sometimes even dangerous? A. Authority B. Empiricism C. Tenacity D. Intuition

B. Empiricism

Jared relies on looking out the window to decide what the day's weather will be like. Jared is relying on which method? A. Authority B. Intuition C. Empiricism D. Tenacity

C. Empiricism

What section of a journal article should contain an up-to-date research review? A. Discussion B. Method C. Introduction D. Results

C. Introduction

Which method of knowing is used when you find the address and phone number of a restaurant by googling the name of the restaurant? A. Method of empiricism B. Rational method C. Method of authority D. Scientific method

C. Method of authority

A researcher conducts a study in which 50 college students are assigned to different treatments and tested. In the study, the students are called A. research associates. B. research cohorts. C. research participants. D. research subjects.

C. Research participants

Identify methods and procedures. A. Find an idea B. Form a hypothesis C. Select a design D. Select a strategy

C. Select a design

What section of a journal article describes the research participants? A. Results B. Discussion C. Introduction D. Method

D. Method

Which of the following is usually the initial factor for determining whether a specific article is relevant to your research question? A. Title B. Abstract C. Discussion section D. Results section

A. Title

Indicate where these researchers found their ideas. Karey is stuck waiting in an airport after his flight has been delayed because the crew has not yet arrived. He notices that some of his fellow travelers are angry, while others seem to just settle in peacefully for the wait. He wonders what causes these different reactions. A. Casual observation B. Others observations C. Personal interest D. Practical problems

A. Casual observation

Finding an unanswered research question is often the result of: A. Critical reading B. Random selection C. Logical arguments D. Design constraints

A. Critical reading

Identify each source as a primary or secondary source. A journal article reporting on research conducted by the authors of the article A. Primary B. Secondary

A. Primary

Which ideas are good ones to keep in mind when trying to come up with a research idea? Check all that apply. A. Pick a topic in which you are interested. B. Keep an open mind. C. Gradually refine your focus.

All of the above

In what section of a journal article would you find alternative explanations for the research findings? A. Method B. Discussion C. Results D. Introduction

B. Discussion

Which of the following is the best description of the scientific method? A. A circular process that leads to a final answer B. A linear process that moves directly to a final answer C. A circular process that leads to a tentative answer D. A linear process that leads to a tentative answer

C. A circular process that leads to a tentative answer

Sara relies on news from a network known to have an extremely liberal slant, and Constance relies on news from a network known to have an extremely conservative slant. No matter what has occurred, it seems as though their takes are diametrically opposed and completely irreconcilable. Both Sara and Constance are relying on the method of: A. Tenacity B. Empiricism C. Authority D. Rationalism

C. Authority

A hypothesis is a __________ statement and a prediction is a __________ statement. A. specific; general B. specific; specific C. general; specific D. general; general

C. General; specific

Karla is conducting a literature review on children's moral development. She has progressed to the point where she wants to read the journal articles, not simply the abstracts. Her best choice would be: A. Medline B. ERIC C. PsycArticles D. PsycInfo

C. PsycArticles

Russell is shopping for a new car, and when he walks into the showroom, he notices huge monitors playing endorsements by famous athletes. He recognizes that reliance on the method of ____ is a common advertising ploy. A. Tenacity B. Empiricism C. Intuition D. Authority

D. Authority

Angela likes to try to reason things out and often creates lists of pros and cons to aid her in making decisions. Angela is using the method of: A. Empiricism B. Tenacity C. Authority D. Rationalism

D. Rationalism

Indicate which major online database related to the social sciences each type of information can be found. Janelle wants to learn about the use of whole brain irradiation for the treatment of childhood brain cancers. A. ERIC B. Medline C. PsycArticles D. PsycInfo

B. Medline

Identify each source as a primary or secondary source. A chapter in a book that provides a literature review A. Primary B. Secondary

B. Secondary

Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Applications A. Discussion B. Introduction C. Method D. Results

A. Discussion

Come up with a tentative answer. A. Find an idea B. Form a hypothesis C. Select a design D. Select a strategy

B. Form a hypothesis

In psychology, what is the definitive source for abstracts? A. Medline B. PsycInfo C. Psycarticles B. ERIC

B. PsycInfo

When the scientific method is being used, which of the following describes the characteristics or conditions that change or have different values for different individuals? A. Qualities B. Factors C. Variables D. Identifiers

C. Variables

After watching several social media debates quickly devolve into name calling, Hayden develops ______(a)_________ using ______(b)______ , or reasoning from his small number of observations to a larger generalization. On the other hand, Lindsay, who has observed the same debates, reasons from a general proposition about methods of persuasion to try to understand the interactions, using ___(c)_______.

a - hypothesis b - induction c - deduction

Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Justified Conclusions A. Discussion B. Introduction C. Method D. Results

A. Discussion

According to your text, a ____ hypothesis is one for which all of the variables, events, and individuals can be defined and observed. A. Testable B. Refutable C. Viable D. Scientific

A. Testable

Which of the following is not a good example of a research hypothesis? A. There is no relationship between fatigue and reaction time. B. Increased sugar consumption leads to an increased level of activity. C. Smaller class size is related to better academic performance. D. A person's level of self-esteem is related to how long he or she will persist at a difficult task.

A. There is no relationship between fatigue and reaction time

According to your text, the key to finding a good research idea is to find a topic that: A. You want to learn more about B. Few other have researched C. In consistent with prevailing theories D. Is well understood

A. You want to learn more about

The first step in the research process is A. identifying a topic area and searching the literature to find a research question. B. forming a hypothesis. C. deciding which individuals should participate in the study. D. selecting a research strategy.

A. identifying a topic area and searching the literature to find a research question

Frank wants to learn more about the biology of Alzheimer's disease. His best choice for a literature review would be: A. PsycInfo B. PsycArticles C. Medline D. ERIC

C. Medline

Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Procedure A. Discussion B. Introduction C. Method D. Results

C. Method

In the context of science, a statement that describes or explains a relationship between or among variables is called: A. A corollary B. A deduction C. A theory D. A hypothesis

D. A hypothesis

Select a topic and review the literature. A. Find an idea B. Form a hypothesis C. Select a design D. Select a strategy

A. Find an idea

The best strategy for finding a research idea is to begin with which of the following? A. A very specific idea B. A general topic area C. A template of an existing experiment D. A well-tested theory

B. A general topic area

Michele is very interested in how families change when a child is diagnosed with cancer, and she decides to learn more about the topic through research. Your text would describe this as picking a research topic based on: A. Curiosity B. Practical problems C. Analysis D. Casual observation

A. Curiosity

Nina is about to start chemotherapy for cancer. She is aware that chemotherapy can cause vomiting and diarrhea, and therefore reasons that she, too, will experience vomiting and diarrhea. Which of the following best describes Nina's reasoning? A. Deduction B. Induction C. Intuition D. Empiricism

A. Deduction

Indicate which major online database related to the social sciences each type of information can be found. Marta is looking for information about early childhood education programs. A. ERIC B. Medline C. PsycArticles D. PsycInfo

A. ERIC

What kind of reasoning uses a few specific observations to produce a general hypothesis? A. Inductive reasoning B. Deductive reasoning C. Scientific reasoning D. Predictive reasoning

A. Inductive reasoning

Jan decides to play the lottery because she just feels like it is her day to win. She picks the numbers based on those that feel right. Jan is relying on which of the following for her decisions? A. Intuition B. Empiricism C. Rationalism D. Authority

A. Intuition

A restaurant chef tried replacing rice with pasta in one of her recipes to see what would happen. Which method of acquiring knowledge is she using? A. Method of empiricism B. Rational method C. Method of authority D. Scientific method

A. Method of empiricism

When considering the sources in your literature review, you should remember that: A. Primary sources may include sections that are secondary sources B. Journal articles are always primary sources C. Sources can be classified as either primary or secondary, but not both D. Books cannot be primary sources

A. Primary sources may include sections that are secondary sources

Is it science or pseudoscience? Review the statements and check those that represent science. Check all that apply. A. Several parents in the support group to which Melynda belongs tell her that if she removes wheat, dairy, sugar, and artificial flavors and colors from her three-year-old son's diet, his symptoms of autism will be markedly reduced. They tell her the reason mainstream medicine claims these approaches do not work is that neither physicians nor drug companies can make money from them. B. Ami has been diagnosed with early skin cancer. She goes to the website of the National Cancer Institute to see what kinds of treatment have been shown to be effective by randomized clinical trials. C. Royce has seen advertisements about brain-building games that are "based on" neuroscience. While the website does, indeed, use a lot of neuroscience jargon, he cannot find any evidence of the games themselves having been submitted to any scientific evaluation.

B. Ami has been diagnosed with early skin cancer. She goes to the website of the National Cancer Institute to see what kinds of treatment have been shown to be effective by randomized clinical trials.

How would research studies that are intended to answer practical problems be classified? A. Basic research B. Applied research C. Systematic research D. Necessary research

B. Applied research

While shopping, you observe the behavior of adolescents at the mall and get some ideas about what may be causing the behavior. This is an example of getting research ideas from A. theory. B. casual observation. C. systematic observation. D. secondhand information.

B. Casual observation

Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Hypothesis A. Discussion B. Introduction C. Method D. Results

B. Introduction

Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Literature review A. Discussion B. Introduction C. Method D. Results

B. Introduction

Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Specific Predictions A. Discussion B. Introduction C. Method D. Results

B. Introduction

Caitlyn is faced with the choice of which of two apartments she should rent. Both have similar costs, locations, size, and amenities, so she finally decides to rent the one that just feels right to her. A. Authority B. Intuition C. Rationalism D. Tenacity

B. Intuition

Peggy is fascinated by the patterns between diet and behavior in children. She is surprised to learn that, when several researchers tried to repeat a small study of the impact of a gluten- and casein-free diet on the behavior of children with autism, they found the diet failed to produce statistically significant behavioral changes. This process of repeating experiments is known as: A. Objectification B. Replication C. Observation D. Peer-review

B. Replication

While reading her abnormal psychology text, Nancy reads about research on the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia. The textbook is best described as a _____ source. A. First-line B. Secondary C. Primary D. Summary

B. Secondary

Virginia, a graduate student in psychology, is an accomplished dog trainer. She is fascinated by how service dogs can help people with PTSD and other psychiatric disorders and conducts research on the characteristics of successful service dog-handler teams. Which of the following best describes this research? A. Basic B. Experimental C. Applied D. Bench

C. Applied

In a recent debate about a sometimes controversial scientific theory, Debater A was able to list observations that would cause her to modify the theory Debater B supported, while Debater B said nothing would cause him to change his views. This suggests that Debater B is: A. A better scientist B. More highly educated C. Engaging in pseudoscience D. Better prepared for the debate

C. Engaging in pseudoscience

Tim watches a well-known "reality" competition for fashion designers and, based on his observations of the contestants, concludes that fashion designers are prone to artificially coloring their hair and wearing long, flowing tops. Tim is engaging in: A. Rationalism B. Deduction C. Induction D. Intuition

C. Induction

Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Participants A. Discussion B. Introduction C. Method D. Results

C. Methods

Indicate where these researchers found their ideas. After losing her own father when she was 11, Bess has always wondered about how children and adolescents adjust to the knowledge that a parent is terminally ill and to the parent's death. A. Casual observation B. Others observations C. Personal interest D. Practical problems

C. Personal interest

The primary distinction between quantitative and qualitative research is that quantitative research typically: A. Involves listening and interpreting B. Produces narrative reports C. Produces numerical scores D. Involves extensive note-taking

C. Produces numerical scores

Indicate which major online database related to the social sciences each type of information can be found. Roland has already identified articles about adolescent marijuana use and is now interested in reading them. A. ERIC B. Medline C. PsycArticles D. PsycInfo

C. PsycArticles

Jina likes to weigh things out before making decisions. She is prone to creating lists of pros and cons and making choices on the basis of reasoning things out. A. Authority B. Intuition C. Rationalism D. Tenacity

C. Rationalism

What is meant by saying that "science is objective"? A. Scientific answers are based on direct observation. B. Scientific answers are based on logical reasoning. C. Scientific answers are obtained without influence by the researcher's biases or beliefs. D. Scientific answers are made available for evaluation by others.

C. Scientific answers are obtained without influence by the researcher's biases or beliefs

Upon hearing that one of her favorite actors has died, Natasha worries out loud about who the other two deaths will involve, as she is certain that deaths come in threes. Natasha's assertion that deaths come in threes is based on which of the following? A. Rationalism B. Intuition C. Tenacity D. Authority

C. Tenacity

Which of the following is typical of quantitative research? A. It involves measuring variables for each individual. B. It usually involves numerical scores. C. It uses statistical analysis to summarize and interpret results. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above

Which of the following is a distinction between science and pseudoscience? A. Pseudoscience tends to dismiss or refuse to accept negative results. B. Pseudoscience tends to rely on testimonials and selected results. C. Pseudoscience tends to treat criticism as a personal attack. D. All of the other options are differences between science and pseudoscience.

D. All of the other options are differences between science and pseudoscience

A drawback of the method of tenacity is that is: A. Tends to be extremely flexible and rapidly changing B. Is nearly always counter-intuitive C. Requires adherence to specific religious doctrine D. Does not allow for the correction of erroneous ideas

D. Does not allow for the correction of erroneous ideas

Jules is conducting a literature review on academic achievement among children who are homeless. Her best choice for a literature review would be: A. PsycArticles B. PsycInfo C. Medline D. ERIC

D. ERIC

What is typically included in the method section of a research article? A. It provides interpretation of the findings. B. It describes the overall purpose and rationale of the research. C. It includes the results of statistical analyses. D. It provides the details of the methodology used in the study.

D. It provides the details of the methodology used in the study

Indicate where these researchers found their ideas. Irwin works as an employment assistant at a sheltered workshop for adults with developmental disabilities. He notices that when his clients come back from vacation, they often have difficulty readjusting to the workplace. He wonders how he can ease the transition. A. Casual observation B. Others observations C. Personal interest D. Practical problems

D. Practical problems

Indicate which major online database related to the social sciences each type of information can be found. Jimmy has just started a literature review on cross-cultural differences in child-rearing practices. He simply wants to be able to identify articles of interest via the title and abstract. A. ERIC B. Medline C. PsycArticles D. PsycInfo

D. Psycinfo

Identify where you will find information in a journal article. Statistical Analyses A. Discussion B. Introduction C. Method D. Results

D. Results

Decide on the general approach. A. Find an idea B. Form a hypothesis C. Select a design D. Select a strategy

D. Select a strategy

Marta assures her friend Sara, who is 41 weeks pregnant and enduring a miserably hot, humid summer, with no sign of the baby being ready to be born, that everyone knows eating a salad made with spinach, blackberries, and walnuts will stimulate labor. A. Authority B. Intuition C. Rationalism D. Tenacity

D. Tenacity

Which of the following would be a danger of relying upon a primary source? A. The author of the primary source may describe or interpret research results incorrectly. B. Primary sources typically do not contain the details of methodology that are required for critical evaluation. C. The author may describe results incorrectly and the source does not contain details of methodology. D. There is no danger because you can rely on primary sources for accurate information.

D. There is no danger because you can rely on primary sources for accurate information

Deeply religious individuals may defer to their religious leaders for all types of decisions, including those that seem unrelated to religion. This method of acquiring knowledge, called the method of faith, is a variant of which method? A. Authority B. Rationalism C. Empiricism D. Tenacity

A. Authority

Scotty has no patience with social media debates about what is or is not happening in politics. He trusts one particular network, and if he hears it on that network, he knows it is true. Otherwise, it cannot be true. A. Authority B. Intuition C. Rationalism D. Tenacity

A. Authority

A researcher is intrigued by an explanation of children's problem-solving strategies found in a journal article and develops a research study to determine whether the article's ideas are correct. How would this study be classified? A. Basic research B. Applied research C. Systematic research D. Necessary research

A. Basic research

Joel volunteers with a food bank and has noticed that some individuals become more comfortable with repeat visits, while others seem to become increasingly uncomfortable and anxious on repeat visits. He comes to realize that those who become more comfortable with the process are often employed but have low pay, while those who become increasingly uncomfortable are often unemployed and have been unable to find new jobs. This illustrates finding a research idea through: A. Casual observation B. Behavioral theories C. Statistical analysis D. Practical problems

A. Casual observation

Identify each source as a primary or secondary source. A book describing an anthropologist's field research in a remote region of a Pacific island, written by the anthropologist A. Primary B. Secondary

A. Primary

Research that is intended to answer practical questions is called ____ research. A. Basic B. Applied C. Experimental D. Bench

B. Applied

What is typically included in the introduction section of a research article? A. It provides interpretation of the findings. B. It describes the overall purpose and rationale of the research. C. It includes the results of statistical analyses. D. It provides the details of the methodology used in the study.

B. It describes the overall purpose and rationale of the research

In logical reasoning, ____ statements describe facts or assumptions that are presumed to be true. A. Foundational B. Premise C. Consequential D. Deductive

B. Premise

A first-hand report in which the authors describe their own observations is a _____ source. A. First-line B. Primary C. Secondary D. Summary

B. Primary

Last year Tim and his friend Jack were both too short to ride the roller coaster. Jack went to the park this year and was tall enough to ride. Tim knows that he is taller than Jack, so he knows that he will be able to ride the roller coaster as well. Which method of knowing is Tim using? A.Method of empiricism B. Rational method C. Method of authority D. Scientific method

B. Rational method

For which of the following questions would the scientific method be an appropriate method for seeking an answer. A. How many angels can stand on the head of a pin? B. Is abortion moral or immoral? C. What conditions promote student learning in an elementary classroom? D. How would life be different if the computer had never been invented?

C. What conditions promote student learning in an elementary classroom?

Which method of knowing is being used by a student who believes that his performance on tests is influenced by wearing a lucky hat? A. The method of empiricism B. The method of faith C. The method of tenacity D. The method of authority

C. the method of tenacity

What questions should you ask when reading an introduction to a research article? A. Is the literature review up-to-date? B. Is the hypothesis related to the literature reviewed? C. Does the prediction logically follow the hypothesis? D. All of the above.

D. All of the above

Identify each source as a primary or secondary source. A meta-analysis published in a journal A. Primary B. Secondary

B. Secondary