PY201 Exam 3 MC

Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg's theory of morality. A. post-conventional B. pre-conventional C. conventional D. concrete operational

a

During Piaget's proposed ________ stage of development, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. At the same time, they lack the ability to think abstractly. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

a

Early maturing girls are ________. A. at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders B. less likely to drop out of high school C. more confident D. more likely to go to college

a

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________. A. confirmation bias B. availability heuristic C. representativeness bias D. self-fulfilling prophecy

a

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills. A. fine B. gross C. native D. manipulative

a

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect. A. Asch B. Cacioppo C. Milgram D. Zimbardo

a

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________. A. forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart B. places stress on the thyroid system, which inflames the arteries C. restricts a person's salt intake, which suppresses the immune system D. slows the heart rate, which leads to less efficient distribution of oxygen through the body

a

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact. A. cognitive B. emotional C. physical D. social

a

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love. A. companionate B. consummate C. fatuous D. romantic

a

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________. A. emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition B. ethnographies, case studies, archives, and statistics C. prejudice and discrimination, helping behavior, aggression, and group processes D. society and social interaction, families, ecology, and religion

a

The notion that the manner in which one's brain develops can have a significant impact on a person's cognitive functioning is central to the ________ perspective in developmental psychology. A. neuroconstructivist B. biopsychosocial C. epigenetic D. naturist

a

Victoria has learned that she has metastatic breast cancer and has only a few months to live. She immediately goes to church and prays that she will "change her ways" and will become a model Christian if God will just heal her illness. Victoria is at the _______ stage of grieving. A. bargaining B. denial C. anger D. depression

a

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment? A. social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior B. students cannot be relied upon to act appropriately C. students cannot be trusted in roles of authority D. when operating in a group, some people will put forth less effort than if they were operating alone Text Section: 12.2 Self

a

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________. A. accommodation B. assimilation C. seriation D. reversibility

a

According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training? A. Simon bites his mother B. Simon goes to sleep C. Simon retreats to a corner and mopes D. Simon's mother gets frustrated with Simon

a

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________. A. milestones B. norms C. markers D. boundaries

a

Alma has a serious disease in which the airways of her respiratory system become obstructed, leading to great difficulty expelling air from the lungs. Which disease does Alma have? A. asthma B. heart disease C. lung cancer D. systemic lupus erythematosus

a

Angela transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. She expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. She believes she has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends; therefore, she experiences ________. A. less stress than someone who has no effective options B. more anxiety than someone who has no effective options C. more stress than someone who has no effective options D. no physiological response to the stressor of having no friends

a

Anna is a school counselor. She hates going to work and wants to lock the door and cry whenever a student comes to her for help. She just doesn't feel like she has anything left to give. What dimension of job burnout does this exemplify? A. dimension 1 - exhaustion B. dimension 2 - depersonalization C. dimension 3 - diminished personal accomplishment D. dimension 4 - giving up

a

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other and have an active and satisfying sex life, and are each deeply committed to supporting each other. They share ________ love. A. consummate B. fatuous C. companionate D. romantic

a

A flat tire in the morning, realizing that you forgot to get your homework done, and getting into an argument with a buddy are all examples of ________. A. traumatic events B. hassles C. life changes D. eustressors

b

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes? A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

b

According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved. A. Abraham Maslow B. Erik Erikson C. Jean Piaget D. Lawrence Kohlberg

b

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development. A. generativity vs. stagnation B. identity vs. confusion C. isolation vs. intimacy D. trust vs. mistrust

b

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills. A. fine B. gross C. reflexive D. native

b

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________. A. discrimination B. a stereotype C. prejudice D. conformity

c

Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress; he immediately uses the internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using? A. proactive B. emotion-focused C. problem-focused D. stress reduction

c

During adolescence there is a tendency to see people engage in higher levels of risk-taking behavior. Emotional outbursts are also quite common. This is explained by the relative underdevelopment of the ________ lobe of the cerebral cortex. A. occipital B. temporal C. frontal D. parietal

c

Erikah has just arrived at the funeral of her friend's father. Even though Erikah is usually very outspoken and jovial, she keeps her voice down, expresses her sympathy to the family members, and sits quietly and respectfully during the religious service. Erikah is following the ________ of how to behave in this particular situation. A. social role B. social norm C. script D. heuristic

c

Hans Selye's definition of stress is considered a response-based definition because it conceptualizes stress chiefly in terms of the ________. A. best action to take in order to eliminate the stressor B. body's baseline reaction to ordinary events C. body's physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it D. mental health of the individual

c

Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has a high level of ________. A. altruism B. groupthink C. reciprocity D. infatuation

c

In Hans Selye's rat study, rats that were exposed to stressors over a long period of time showed signs of ________. A. adrenal dissipation, thymus and lymph node mortification, and constipation B. adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node enlargement, and stomach ulceration C. adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration D. adrenal shrinkage, thymus and lymph node enlargement, and stomach ulceration

c

In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the "learner" was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgram's instructions. A. ally B. associate C. confederate D. union

c

Jade hears a rattle. When she turns around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This response is called the ________ response. A. emotion-threat B. eustress-distress C. fight-or-flight D. social supportive

c

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________. A. accommodation B. egocentrism C. assimilation D. centration

c

Ross has learned that he has Parkinson's disease, and that in time he will lose some of his cognitive faculties. He and his wife have a lawyer draw up a document that names her a health care ________ who will be able to make medical decisions for Ross when he is unable to do so for himself. A. beneficiary B. designee C. proxy D. executor

c

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________. A. aggression B. cognitive dissonance C. diffusion of responsibility D. prosocial behavior

c

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve. A. equal status B. come-uppance C. just-world D. equipoentiality

c

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________. A. chi focusing B. biofeedback C. transcendental meditation D. the practice of tai chi

c

The saying is "Money can buy happiness," but research finds that in the United States those who earn more than ________ per year are not measurably happier than those who earn below that amount. A. $40,000 B. $55,000 C. $75,000 D. $92,000

c

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? A. cognitive capacity B. environment and culture C. genes and biology D. language acquisition

c

What is an advanced directive? A. A legal document that bars anyone from providing resuscitative care if one's heart should stop or they stop breathing. B. A statement of what a person wants done with their estate, including who their possessions should go to. C. A legal document that provides specific interventions that a person wants. D. An indication of what a person wants for their own funeral ceremonies (including requesting that no funeral be held).

c

When Jacob came home from work upset about a disagreement he'd had with his boss, his wife Jodi sat down to listen to him. She imagined the argument that had occurred, and tried to understand how her husband was feeling. Jodi is demonstrating a high level of ________. A. sympathy B. instrumental support C. empathy D. infatuation

c

When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, we'd say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory. A. continuous B. unidirectional C. discontinuous D. bidirectional

c

Which of the following is an example of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome? A. Betty steps down as class treasurer her senior year because she needs to focus on her grades. B. Burt is determined to learn how to play chess, so he spends all his time reading chess books. C. After wondering for months if he was going to lose his job, Nicolao begins to develop stomach ulcers. D. Nanette stays up all night to study for her math test.

c

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage? A. egocentrism B. language development C. object permanence D. pretend play

c

Doug is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy's pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify? A. dimension 1 - exhaustion B. dimension 2 - depersonalization C. dimension 3 - diminished personal accomplishment D. dimension 4 - giving up

b

During which kind of situation might a person be most likely to yield to the effects of informational social influence? A. when they feel sure of their own decisions B. when the correct choice is unclear C. when they really want to be liked by a group of peers D. when they have no personal investment in the outcome of their actions

b

Heather considers taking a new job. She focuses on the increased opportunities for promotion and the higher salary rather than her increased responsibilities; therefore, she views the new position as a ________ rather than a ________. A. hassle; major life event B. challenge; threat C. distress; eustress D. Type A stressor; Type B stressor

b

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. She thinks that those who do not play chess must be less intelligent than those who do, and thus she doesn't want to spend time with them. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias. A. confirmation B. in-group C. out-group D. scapegoating

b

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify? A. conservation B. egocentrism C. abstract thought D. reversibility

b

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this? A. avoidant B. disorganized C. resistant D. secure

b

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion? A. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use B. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year C. getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether D. supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking

c

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring? A. avoiding the development of any contingency plans B. having the group leader make their position known before discussion begins C. seeking outside opinions on group decisions D. voting publicly in front of group members

c

Which pair of psychiatrists were responsible for developing the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? A. Selye and Cannon B. Lazarus and Folkman C. Holmes and Rahe D. Diener and Seligman

c

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces? A. autopilot B. biofeedback C. coping D. distress

c

Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by one's culture as well as their interactions with their own environment? A. Piaget B. Kohlberg C. Vygotsky D. Ainsworth

c

Why are girls more likely than boys to be victims of cyberbullying? A. because girls are more likely to share photographs of themselves on social media sites B. because girls are found to spend more time online C. because it is a less direct and nonphysical form of bullying D. because girls' parents tend spend less time monitoring their daughters' online activities

c

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. A. Cognitive B. Learning C. Physical D. Psychosocial

c

________ is/are the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance. A. Peak experiences B. Distress C. Eustress D. Anastress

c

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. A. embryo B. placenta C. fetus D. zygote

d

According to three separate surveys, administered in 1983, 2006, and 2009, which statement about the relationship between stress and sex is the most accurate? A. Men and women report experiencing approximately the same amount of stress. B. Men report experiencing more stress than women. C. While women report experiencing less stress later in life, men report experiencing more stress later in life. D. Women report experiencing more stress than men.

d

Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all different forms of ________. A. the relaxation response technique B. achieving flow C. health maintenance D. social support

d

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. generativity vs. stagnation B. identity vs. guilt C. initiative vs. guilt D. integrity vs. despair

d

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson's developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. identity vs. confusion C. industry vs. inferiority D. trust vs. mistrust

d

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. Freudian D. permissive

d

Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact. A. cognitive B. mental C. morbid D. physiological

d

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

d

During the international coronavirus pandemic, many people began acting aggressively toward individuals of Chinese descent, blaming them for the virus even though most of those people had lived in the United States for their entire lives. Those Chinese-Americans were the victim of a process called ________. A. confirmation bias B. effort justification B. in-group bias D. scapegoating

d

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and he'd get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify? A. conventional B. formal operational C. post-conventional D. pre-conventional

d

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period. A. experiments B. case studies C. naturalistic observations D. surveys

d

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________. A. groupthink B. the self-serving bias C. the actor-observer effect D. the fundamental attribution error

d

Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, "man, that isn't a cool way to be. You do realize that you're expressing a form of prejudice called ________, don't you?" A. gender dysphoria B. asexuality C. transphobia D. homophobia

d

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence. A. groupthink B. informational C. confirmatory D. normative

d

The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________. A. John Cacioppo B. Solomon Asch C. Stanley Milgram D. Philip Zimbardo

d

The process by which one's physiological defense system becomes less efficient at fighting illness is called ________ and this process is enhanced by elevated stress levels. A. problem-focused stressors B. exhaustion C. biopsychosocial flux D. immunosuppression

d

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? A. avoidant B. disorganized C. resistant D. secure

d

What is a main feature of the jigsaw classroom? A. participants are required to express at least one of their own held biases or prejudices B. people work together toward a superordinate goal that cannot be achieved without cooperation C. adults are forced to work together to solve a puzzle but does not know that there are pieces missing D. students work together with others who are of different racial backgrounds or different ability sets

d

What is a social role? A. group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members B. group's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting C. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting D. a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

d

What is the main point of the quizmaster study? A. People will overlook obvious dispositional influences on their behavior. B. People will attack other people by claiming situational influences are making them behave badly. C. People will defend themselves by claiming situational influences changed their behavior. D. People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.

d

What is the single most important fact that predicts the person with whom you will become friends or have a romantic relationship? A. your financial wellbeing B. your physical attractiveness C. your similarity to others you meet D. the amount of contact you have with people

d

What was the most stressful event found on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale with a LCU score of 100? A. declaring bankruptcy B. divorce C. being the victim of a sexual assault D. the death of a spouse

d

When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself. A. central B. haloed C. compliance D. peripheral

d

Which aspect of the definition of happiness gives the impression that it is a long-term state rather than a brief mood that we experience from time to time? A. feelings of joy B. a state of contentment C. a sense of wonder D. a feeling that ones' life has meaning and value

d

Which dimension of the Type A behavior pattern is most predictive of heart disease? A. impatience B. competitiveness C. time urgency D. anger/hostility

d

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias? A. Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams. B. Leonard gets a bad grade in his psychology class and a good grade in his sociology class, so he believes he should study harder to prepare for his next psychology exam. C. Leonard gets bad grades in sociology and psychology, so he switches his major to biology because he will like it more. D. Leonard gets good grades in sociology and psychology, so he sends his professors a card thanking them for what good professors they are.

a

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress? A. Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside. B. Carrie experiences stress because she notices her car is almost out of gas and worries about being stranded on the highway, but then she feels better when she sees a gas station nearby. C. Grace experiences stress when she notices her heartbeat increasing in response to being separated from her parents at the amusement park. D. Laura experiences stress because she gasped and had difficulty breathing when she saw a spider.

a

Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome? A. A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path. B. Bill collapses by the side of the road after the marathon. C. Sheila almost drowned, but she was able to keep her head out of the water and focus on swimming to shore. D. William sleepwalks when he eats too much candy before bed.

a

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion? A. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use B. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year C. encouraging your parents to quit smoking by switching to chewing tobacco, then convincing them to chew less tobacco each week D. supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking

a

Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a ________. A. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting B. prescription for psychotropic medicine C. set of instructions to be carried out without deviation D. written record of a person's history, including their actions and qualities

a

________ is having an experience that is so engaging and engrossing that it becomes worth doing for its own sake. During this state a person might say that they feel that they "lose themselves" in the activity. A. Flow B. Completion C. Chi D. Zen

a

________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes. A. Biofeedback B. Meditation C. Relaxation response technique D. The Selye Method

a

________ is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating. A. Distress B. Eustress C. Type A stress D. Type B stress

a

Keegan is a police officer. She was recently placed on administrative leave because she was shot during an armed robbery. Since the shooting, she can't stop thinking about how it felt to be shot, she is often angry with her husband, she jumps when she hears a loud noise, and she takes a 15 minute detour when driving home to avoid the neighborhood where it happened. Keegan probably suffers from ________. A. physiological stressors related to her shooting B. posttraumatic stress disorder C. bipolar depressive disorder D. the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome

b

Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor. A. acute B. chronic C. non-threatening D. threatening

b

Lydia is often described as having an easy, laid-back outlook on life. She tends to be very relaxed, is not particularly competitive, and rarely feels or demonstrates anger or hostility. Lydia exemplifies a Type ________ behavior pattern. A. A B. B C. C D. D

b

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? A. egocentrism B. object permanence C. reversibility D. stranger anxiety

b

The goal of hospice care is to provide A. medical options for the treatment of terminal illnesses so that death can be avoided. B. death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable setting. C. liaisons to experimental treatments that might not be readily available for some patients. D. legal options for family members making medical decisions on the part of another.

b

What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory? A. Intense stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material. B. Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material. C. Recall of educational material is best under stress-free conditions. D. Stress has no effect on remembering educational material.

b

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? A. biology B. environment and culture C. genetics D. sexual preference

b

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study? A. When acting in a group, people will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person. B. Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person. C. Stanley Milgram was driven by political and personal agendas that demonstrated how research can be biased. D. Research is only useful if it can be successfully replicated time and time again.

b

Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives rather than focusing on pathology, faults and problems? A. eustress psychology B. positive psychology C. gestalt psychology D. humanistic psychology

b

Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor? A. Ava decides to quit her job because her employer is so unpleasant. B. Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat. C. Mekhi weighs his options on dealing with the bully who is harassing him. D. Sophia decides to get a divorce because her husband is cheating on her.

b

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion? A. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use B. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year C. encouraging your parents to quit smoking by switching to chewing tobacco, then convincing them to chew less tobacco each week D. supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking

b

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding social exchange theory? A. Most people are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits. B. People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love. C. People are motivated to maximize the benefits of social exchanges, or relationships, and minimize the costs. D. People prefer to have more benefits than costs or to have nearly equal costs and benefits.

b

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America? A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. disorganized D. permissive

b

Which statement about groupthink is correct? A. Group members modify their opinion to go against what they believe is the group consensus. B. Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus. C. Group members will never agree if there is a minority influence present. D. Group members will use brainstorming to discover the solution that most group members agree on.

b

Which type of persuasion approach involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item? A. door-in-the-face strategy B. foot-in-the-door technique C. lowball technique D. effort justification strategy

b

White blood cells that circulate in the bloodstream and are an important part of the body's immune system are called ________. A. histamines B. lymphocytes C. basophils D. leukotrienes

b

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. A. Artistic B. Cognitive C. Emotional D. Psychosocial

b

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments. A. Collectivism B. Dispositionism C. Moralism D. Situationism

b

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group. A. Cognitive dissonance B. Group polarization C. Social loafing D. Social facilitation

b

Which of the following illustrates conservation? A. Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels but he doesn't know the value of either coin by itself. B. Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower but doesn't realize that he is wasting water that way. C. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries because she doesn't think they can be recycled. D. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

d

Which of the following individuals is demonstrating an optimistic outlook on life? A. Cary, who gets angry when his favorite baseball team is losing a game. B. Carlotta, who has had enough of her job and doesn't feel it will ever make her happy. C. Carla, who is in a relationship that is just "for now" while waiting for the love of her life. D. Carl, who tends to see the good in situations and always looks on the bright side of things.

d

Which of the following is an example of eustress? A. getting a divorce B. losing a job C. recovering from a car accident D. buying a new home

d

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood? A. changes in the workforce B. changing cultural expectations C. taking longer to complete a college degree D. younger average age for marriage

d

Which option is the greatest risk factor for the development of burnout? A. a Type A problem B. resistance C. an absence of eustressors D. job strain

d

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development? A. Erik Erikson B. Jean Piaget C. Lawrence Kohlberg D. Sigmund Freud

d

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. A. Categories B. Cognitions C. Prototypes D. Schemata

d