PYSC - Ch. 9.1-9.3

Schemata

are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. When children learn new information, they adjust their schemata through two processes: assimilation and accommodation.

normative approach

asks, "What is normal development?"

Accommodation

describes when they change their schemata based on new information.

discontinuous development

development takes place in unique stages: It occurs at specific times or ages. With this type of development, the change is more sudden, such as an infant's ability to conceive object permanence.

assimilation

is when they take in information that is comparable to what they already know.

developmental milestones

(e.g., crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty).

psychosocial stages of development

1: 0-1 Trust vs. mistrust Trust (or mistrust) that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met 2: 1-3 Autonomy vs. shame/doubt Develop a sense of independence in many tasks 3: 3-6 Initiative vs. guilt Take initiative on some activities—may develop guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries overstepped 4: 7-11 Industry vs. inferiority Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not 5: 12-18 Identity vs. confusion Experiment with and develop identity and roles 6: 19-29 Intimacy vs. isolation Establish intimacy and relationships with others 7: 30-64 Generativity vs. stagnation Contribute to society and be part of a family 8: 65-death Integrity vs. despair Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions

Cognitive Stages of Development

1: 0-2 Sensorimotor World experienced through senses and actions Object permanence Stranger anxiety 2: 2-6 Preoperational Use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning Pretend play Egocentrism Language development 3: 7-11 Concrete operational Understand concrete events and analogies logically; perform arithmetical operations Conservation Mathematical transformations 4: 12- Formal operational Formal operations Utilize abstract reasoning Abstract logic Moral reasoning

psychosexual stages of development

According to Freud, children's pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

psychosocial theory of development

Erikson's stages - Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature. Erik viewed development as continuous. Erikson suggested that how we interact with others is what affects our sense of self, or what he called the "ego identity". According to psychosocial theory, we experience 8 stages of development over our lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood.

psychosexual theory of development

Freud's stages - Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed that personality develops during early childhood. Freud viewed development as discontinuous. According to Freud, children's pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone.

Cognitive Theory of Development

Jean Piaget believed that thinking is a central aspect of development and that children are naturally inquisitive. Piaget viewed development as discontinuous.

Moral Theory of Development

Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) extended upon the foundation that Piaget built regarding cognitive development.