PYSCH MIDTERM

An altered state of consciousness in which emotions range from euphoria to detachment to panic is most closely associated with the use of a. LSD. b. marijuana. c. cocaine. d. heroin.

a. LSD.

Which of the following statements is true? a. Margaret woke up when her baby began to cry. b. Juan suffers from insomnia. A sleep expert has recommended that he take the occasional sleeping pill to get rest. c. Marla often sleepwalks. She is acting out her dreams. d. Betsy dreamed of playing soccer and kicked her husband all night in her sleep.

a. Margaret woke up when her baby began to cry.

Who described the four stages of the sexual response cycle by observing more than 10,000 sexual "cycles"? a. Masters and Johnson b. Kinsey c. Wood d. LeVay

a. Masters and Johnson

Which of the following is a frequent misperception regarding reinforcers? a. Negative reinforcement and punishment are the same thing. b. Positive punishment is the same as negative reinforcement. c. Reinforcement and punishment are synonymous. d. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement are the same thing.

a. Negative reinforcement and punishment are the same thing.

For those who report experiencing a life crisis, the trigger is usually a. a major event. b. entering middle adulthood. c. mental decline. d. age.

a. a major event.

Tinnitus is a phantom ________ sensation. a. auditory b. visual c. taste d. touch

a. auditory

After getting a bad grade on an exam because he did not study, Joshua studied harder for the next exam. As a result, he not only earned a better grade on the next exam, but he was also less stressed and anxious about the class. His increased studying served as a a. both positive and negative reinforcement. b. punishment. c. positive reinforcement. d. negative reinforcement.

a. both positive and negative reinforcement.

Jack and Alon, who have been married for twenty years, first met when standing next to one another on a crowded subway. This best illustrates that the directions in which our lives develop are influenced by a. chance events. b. neurogenesis. c. neuroplasticity. d. terminal decline.

a. chance events.

Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations are called a. cognitive maps. b. prosocial models. c. mirror neurons. d. antisocial models.

a. cognitive maps.

Erika is drinking her favorite soda, Coca Cola. As she sips from the can, she notices that in the logo the tail from the first C in Coca leads her eye to Cola and that the C in Cola extends through the last few letters of the word. The design of this logo demonstrates a. continuity. b. proximity. c. difference threshold. ​d. wavelength.

a. continuity.

David does not copy his friend's homework because he doesn't want to violate school rules. This indicates that he is in Kohlberg's ________ stage. a. conventional b. intuitionist c. preconventional d. postconventional

a. conventional

To assess the extent to which death rates increase as people age, researchers would most likely make use of a. correlation. b. the double-blind procedure. c. experimentation. d. case studies.

a. correlation.

Sleep deprivation increases levels of the stress hormone a. cortisol. b. serotonin. c. leptin. d. melatonin.

a. cortisol.

After his father pats him on the head, Asher's request for a cookie is reinforced. But if his father does not pat him on the head, his subsequent request for a cookie is not reinforced. By indicating that Asher's request for a cookie will be reinforced, the father's head pat is a(n) a. discriminative stimulus. b. respondent behavior. c. primary reinforcer. d. unconditioned response

a. discriminative stimulus.

Natasha developed an intense fear of riding in a car five years ago when she was in a car accident. The fact that today she can again ride in a car, even drive, without distress indicates that her fear has undergone a. extinction. b. discrimination. c. spontaneous recovery. d. generalization.

a. extinction.

Which of the following factors is important for the development of attachment bonds between human infants and their mothers? a. familiarity b. conservation c. stranger anxiety d. egocentrism

a. familiarity

Connor is fun-loving and outgoing with his friends and quiet and respectful with his parents and their friends. When all these people come together in one situation, Connor may a. feel great discomfort not knowing which identity to assume. b. act as he does with his friends. c. find an identity between the two. d. act as he does with his parents.

a. feel great discomfort not knowing which identity to assume.

Drawing one's attention away from sensations of pain is one explanation for the pain relief associated with a. hypnosis. b. the McGurk effect. c. phantom limb sensations. d. psychokinesis.

a. hypnosis.

Francesca is trying to toilet train her young daughter. Her daughter will do well for a few days and then revert to having accidents. Her daughter may be demonstrating a. instinctive drift. b. a cognitive map. c. preparedness. d. latent learning.

a. instinctive drift.

Our seeing and hearing are enabled by the a. midbrain. b. medulla. c. hindbrain. d. forebrain.

a. midbrain.

Adopted children grow up to be a. more self-giving than average. b. less psychologically disordered than average. c. more extraverted than average. d. less aware of their unique personality traits than average.

a. more self-giving than average.

Women are ________ likely than men to report having had some same-sex sexual contact, and they are ________ likely to report having exclusively same-sex attractions. a. more; less b. less; more c. less; less d. more; more

a. more; less

In a random sequence of coin tosses, series of successive heads occur ________ often than people expect and series of tails occur ________ often than people expect. a. more; more b. less; less c. more; less d. less; more

a. more; more

A quarter appears larger to a group of children who really want the money than to another group of children who don't. This best illustrates that perceptions are influenced by a. motivation. b. subliminal stimulation. c. masking stimuli. d. sensory adaptation.

a. motivation.

A biopsychosocial approach is one that requires the use of a. multiple levels of analysis. b. behaviorism. c. the psychodynamic perspective. d. introspection.

a. multiple levels of analysis

Terri and Jan's two sons are very different: Kris is shy and fearful, and Matt is bold and daring. "I think it's because Kris was first, so we were more nervous around him when he was a baby," Terri muses. "No, it's definitely genetic; Kris is a lot like I was as a kid, and you're fearless, just like Matt," Jan replies. Terri and Jan are debating the relative contributions of a. nature and nurture. b. behavior and mental processes. c. conscious and unconscious thoughts. d. neuroscience and cognition.

a. nature and nurture.

The teenagers in Mr. Louis' neighborhood drive recklessly on the local roads and have loud parties when their parents are away. He concludes that today's teens are typically inconsiderate and irresponsible. Mr. Louis ought to remind himself that reasonable generalizations depend on a. observing representative samples. b. recognizing that others may not share our opinions. c. eliminating confounding variables. ​d. realizing that correlation does not mean causation

a. observing representative samples.

When we associate our own actions with consequences, ________ has occurred. a. operant conditioning b. modeling c. classical conditioning d. observational learning

a. operant conditioning

When sexual intercourse happens in a committed relationship rather than a one-night sexual hook-up, men and women are more likely to experience a. orgasm. b. paraphilias. c. the older-brother effect. d. erotic plasticity.

a. orgasm.

Your brain is able to do many things at once—for example, recognize the color, shape, size, and speed of a passing motorcycle at the same time. This best illustrates a. parallel processing. b. perceptual constancy. c. priming. d. perceptual adaptation

a. parallel processing.

The depolarization of an axon is most likely to occur when a. positively charged sodium ions rush into the axon. b. negatively charged potassium ions rush out of the axon. c. negatively charged potassium ions rush into the axon. d. positively charged sodium ions rush out of the axon.

a. positively charged sodium ions rush into the axon.

Dominic insists that by intense mental concentration he can actually influence the mechanically generated outcomes of slot machines. Dominic is most specifically claiming to possess the power of a. psychokinesis. b. telepathy. c. clairvoyance. d. precognition.

a. psychokinesis.

Which of the following is the fourth and last stage of the sexual response cycle? a. resolution b. excitement c. orgasm d. plateau

a. resolution

The enhanced memory that accompanies repeated self-testing of previously learned material best illustrates the value of a. retrieval practice. b. random sampling. c. replication. d. informed consent.

a. retrieval practice.

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, a CR was a. salivation to the sound of a tone. b. the sound of a tone. c. salivation to the taste of food. d. the taste of food.

a. salivation to the sound of a tone.

A mother who is consistently sensitive and responsive to her infant's cries for care and protection is most likely to encourage a. secure attachment. b. conservation. c. egocentrism. d. stranger anxiety.

a. secure attachment.

In 2009, two pilots who were focused on their laptops and conversation overflew their destination by 150 miles, even missing air traffic controllers' attempts to warn them. What may have explained this potentially dangerous error? a. selective attention b. change blindness c. consciousness d. inattentional blindness

a. selective attention

Diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as a. sensory adaptation. b. prosopagnosia. c. transduction. d. priming.

a. sensory adaptation.

Bella has her eyes closed and her nose plugged. She is unable to taste the difference between an apple and a potato. Her experience best illustrates the importance of a. sensory interaction. b. synesthesia. c. the McGurk effect. d. psychokinesis.

a. sensory interaction.

Consciously focusing on one aspect of a problem at a time is called a. sequential processing. b. selective attention. c. parallel processing. d. blindsight.

a. sequential processing.

Fifteen-year-old Trudy is learning how to ride a motorcycle. Because this is something new to her, it will require a. sequential processing. b. blindsight processing. c. dual processing. d. parallel processing.

a. sequential processing.

During their early teen years, girls who are more physically mature than most other girls their age are most likely to experience higher-than-average levels of a. sexual harassment. b. formal operational thinking. c. role confusion. d. conventional morality.

a. sexual harassment.

Darren mostly watches videos involving casual sex between strangers. He now tends to hook up with many different women, enjoying uncommitted sex. His behavior would best be attributed to the fact that the videos provided him with a memorable a. social script. b. refractory period. c. older-brother effect. d. paraphilia.

a. social script.

Many modern developmental psychologists do not identify as ________. Even so, the concept is useful for a variety of reasons. a. stage theorists b. Piagetians c. cognitive theorists d. evolutionary psychologists

a. stage theorists

Dwayne, who is 65, experiences diminished sexual activity, arousal, and desire. What may be able to help him? a. testosterone-replacement therapy b. sexual response cycle therapy c. therapy for male arousal disorder d. Nothing can really help him as he is experiencing a sexual dysfunction.

a. testosterone-replacement therapy

Researchers found that in the United States and Canada, homicide rates doubled over a time in which TV with violent programming was introduced. This finding does not prove that viewing violence on TV causes aggression because a. the research finding involved correlational evidence. b. the finding could not be replicated in another country. c. the researchers randomly assigned viewers to watch either violent or nonviolent programming. d. the research participants knew they were part of an ongoing TV viewing study.

a. the research finding involved correlational evidence.

A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that "classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools." Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that "classroom prayer in public schools should be banned." These differing findings best illustrate the importance of a. wording effects. b. representative samples. c. the placebo effect. d. random assignment.

a. wording effects.

Recording electrodes are placed directly on the scalp during a(n) a. MRI. b. EEG. c. fMRI. d. PET scan.

b. EEG.

Which of the following is true about the placenta during prenatal development? a. It protects the embryo from all teratogens. b. It transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to embryo. c. It helps the embryo become a fetus. d. It is the third stage of prenatal development.

b. It transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to embryo.

During which sleep stage does your brain emit large, slow delta waves? a. N1 b. N3 c. REM d. N2

b. N3

in Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the a. CR. b. US. c. UR. d. CS.

b. US.

Which of the following best describes how the brain operates? a. Researchers are not able to determine exactly how the brain operates. b. While some brain structures are involved in specific behaviors, they are also involved in other mental phenomena as well. c. It is nicely organized into structures that correspond to specific behavior categories. d. It is not an integrated system.

b. While some brain structures are involved in specific behaviors, they are also involved in other mental phenomena as well.

Functionalism is to structuralism as ________ is to Edward Titchener. a. B. F. Skinner b. William James c. John B. Watson d. Carl Rogers

b. William James

Mr. Rooney's hands cause him constant pain. His pain is influenced by his culture's expectations, his experiences, and nerve damage caused by an accident at work. An integrated understanding of Mr. Rooney's suffering is most clearly provided by a. the volley principle. b. a biopsychosocial approach. c. gate-control theory. d. the McGurk effect.

b. a biopsychosocial approach.

A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning at any point in the sexual response cycle is a. a refractory period. b. a sexual dysfunction. c. pedophilia. d. a paraphilia.

b. a sexual dysfunction.

The moment when a person first develops a response to a neutral stimulus is known as a. extinction. b. acquisition. c. spontaneous recovery. d. generalization.

b. acquisition.

Sympathetic nervous system activity is reduced by a. nicotine. b. alcohol. c. amphetamines. d. cocaine.

b. alcohol.

Evolutionary psychology would be most likely to suggest that human preferences for sweets and fats a. vary widely across cultures. b. are genetically predisposed. c. are epigenetic marks. d. have hindered sexual reproduction.

b. are genetically predisposed.

The process of linking sensory information with stored memories takes place in a. the cerebellum. b. association areas. c. the corpus callosum. d. the thalamus.

b. association areas.

Professor Belsky is studying high school students' interactions at a dance. According to the definition of psychology, the students' interactions would be considered a(n) a. mental process. b. behavior. c. action. d. conclusion.

b. behavior.

Theresa was in an accident that resulted in damage to her visual system. She is now functionally blind. However, she is able to correctly gauge the shapes of objects placed in front of her. This is an example of a. depth perception. b. blindsight. c. retinal disparity. d. grouping.

b. blindsight.

A susceptibility to the curse of knowledge is especially likely to be associated with a. assimilation. b. egocentrism. c. stranger anxiety. d. conservation.

b. egocentrism.

Equipment for which brain imaging technique is so small that it can fit in a backpack, enabling researchers to study hard-to-reach populations? a. MRI b. fNIRS c. PET d. EEG

b. fNIRS

The volley principle is particularly relevant to the ________ theory. a. place b. frequency c. gate-control d. dissociation

b. frequency

Exploratory research involves a. manipulating one or more variables to observe the effect on some behavior or event. b. gathering data and then seeking to identify patterns in the data that can be used to guide theories in the field. c. observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations. d. using preregistered hypotheses and preplanned analyses to test a theory.

b. gathering data and then seeking to identify patterns in the data that can be used to guide theories in the field.

Mrs. Jacobs concludes that boys are not as skilled as girls at math because most of the students in her remedial math classes are boys. Mrs. Jacobs' conclusion best illustrates the danger of a. random assignment. b. generalizing from vivid cases. c. confusing correlation with causation. d. random sampling.

b. generalizing from vivid cases.

The complete set of genetic instructions in an organism's chromosomes is called the a. double helix. b. genome. c. epigenetic mark. d. DNA molecule.

b. genome.

Greer and Parker have been happily partnered for almost a decade and share a very close bond. Which of the following likely helped to bind this couple together? a. having lived together before making a permanent commitment b. high levels of self-disclosure from both partners c. not prioritizing material goods d. spending equal amounts of time alone and together

b. high levels of self-disclosure from both partners

Our sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female is our gender a. type. b. identity. c. role. d. schema.

b. identity.

Dr. Abram studies the genetic underpinnings of intellectual capacity; Dr. Rossi studies the influence of educational experiences on intellectual capacity. According to the biopsychosocial approach, Dr. Abram's and Dr. Rossi's research a. is difficult to test scientifically. b. is complementary. c. illustrates the distinction between behavior and mental processes. d. illustrates the conflict between psychology and psychiatry.

b. is complementary.

Which of the following is NOT a shared aspect of humanity? a. auditory sensations b. language variations c. visual sensations d. hunger pangs

b. language variations

People in the United States tend to like the smell of wintergreen more than do those in Britain. This best illustrates that our preferences for certain odors depends on a. psychokinesis. b. learned associations. c. the vestibular sense. d. the McGurk effect.

b. learned associations.

Compared with 57 years ago, in the United States today people are likely to a. experience their first menstrual period at a later age. b. marry for the first time at a later age. c. establish their adult careers at an earlier age. d. live separately from their parents at an earlier age.

b. marry for the first time at a later age.

Direct stimulation of areas within the motor cortex would most likely result in a. acceleration of heartbeat. b. movement of the mouth and lips. c. feelings of anger. d. a sensation of being touched on the arm.

b. movement of the mouth and lips.

After Warren's left hand was paralyzed, the somatosensory cortex area that had processed sensations of touch from that hand gradually began to process touch sensations from his lower left arm. This best illustrates the consequences of a. neurogenesis. b. neuroplasticity. c. the split brain. d. lateralization.

b. neuroplasticity.

Asexual people are sexually attracted to a. only males or females. b. no one at all. c. those of any sex or gender identity. d. only those of their own sex.

b. no one at all.

At a football game, your brain interprets the loudness in the stadium from the a. cheering of the people in the stands. b. number of activated hair cells. c. number of people in the stands. d. number of players on the field.

b. number of activated hair cells.

The main female sex hormones, the estrogens, peak during a. menstruation. b. ovulation. c. the refractory period. d. the resolution stage.

b. ovulation.

Professor Benson is explaining to his class how people hear high-pitched sounds but not how they hear low-pitched sounds. His explanation focuses on a. temporal coding. b. place theory. c. gate-control theory. d. frequency theory.

b. place theory.

Dr. Jones treats patients who suffer from psychological disorders and often prescribes medication as a form of treatment. Dr. Jones is a a. personality psychologist. b. psychiatrist. c. community psychologist. d. social psychologist

b. psychiatrist.

In recall and recognition tests of memory for recently learned material, older adults are more likely than young adults to have difficulty a. recognizing meaningless material. b. recalling meaningless material. c. recalling meaningful material. d. recognizing meaningful material.

b. recalling meaningless material.

The reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron is called a. the all-or-none response. b. reuptake. c. an action potential. d. a refractory period.

b. reuptake.

The impact of genes on observable traits can vary in different environments. Thus, genes are said to be a. dizygotic. b. self-regulating. c. epigenetic. d. free-floating.

b. self-regulating.

Information is carried from the body's tissues and sensory receptors to the central nervous system by a. interneurons. b. sensory neurons. c. motor neurons. d. endocrine glands.

b. sensory neurons.

Classical conditioning involves a learned association between a. two reinforcers. b. two stimuli. c. two responses. d. behaviors and their consequences.

b. two stimuli.

In one nation, slender women are considered especially beautiful; in another, larger women are viewed this way. In both nations, however, women perceived as very beautiful receive preferential treatment. This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences. a. common psychological processes b. unconscious preferences Incorrect c. genetic dissimilarities d. gender differences

b. unconscious preferences Incorrect

A slow but steady rate of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-interval b. variable-interval c. fixed-ratio d. variable-ratio

b. variable-interval

Fly fishing is an example of a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. variable-interval b. variable-ratio c. fixed-ratio d. fixed-interval

b. variable-ratio

Samson has not slept well for more than 10 days. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to a. insomnia. b. viral infections. c. sleep apnea. d. night terrors.

b. viral infections.

Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote a. insomnia. b. weight gain. c. sleep apnea. d. night terrors.

b. weight gain.

According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are turned "on" by ________ light are turned "off" by ________ light. a. red; blue b. yellow; blue c. blue; green d. yellow; green

b. yellow; blue

Delilah is learning to drive a car for the first time. What can we say about Delilah's conscious awareness? a. Inattentional blindness will make Delilah prone to traffic accidents. b. The car and the road will trigger weaker visual cortex activity that quickly fades. c. Her conscious awareness will focus her attention as she learns, but over time, driving will become semi-automatic. d. She will likely flit between multiple states of consciousness as she learns.

c. Her conscious awareness will focus her attention as she learns, but over time, driving will become semi-automatic.

Travis has taken LSD. If he were given a brain scan, what would it most likely reveal? a. There is reduced brain activity in areas that control judgment and inhibitions. b. Brain cells that enhance energy and mood have been stimulated. c. His visual cortex is hypersensitive and strongly connected to his brain's emotion centers. d. His auditory cortex is unresponsive to sound and his mood has improved.

c. His visual cortex is hypersensitive and strongly connected to his brain's emotion centers.

Hypnosis is a. directly related to our interpretation of sensory information regarding our tactile sense. b. a device for converting sounds into electrical signals. c. a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. d. involved in the misinterpretation of neural activity related to phantom limb sensations.

c. a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

A lack of sleep is associated with weight gain for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a. a decrease in leptin. b. an increase in cortisol. c. an increase in the metabolic rate. d. an increase in ghrelin.

c. an increase in the metabolic rate.

Floyd has experienced unwanted touching by his boss. He is experiencing sexual a. attitude. b. aggression. c. assault. d. harassment.

c. assault.

Depressant drugs include alcohol, a. nicotine, and caffeine. b. cocaine, and amphetamines. c. barbiturates, and opioids. d. marijuana, and LSD.

c. barbiturates, and opioids.

Which of the following is NOT a conditioned reinforcer? a. earning praise for a good deed b. receiving your first paycheck at a new job c. biting into your favorite sandwich after having skipped lunch d. seeing that others have liked your social media post

c. biting into your favorite sandwich after having skipped lunch

The amplitude of electromagnetic waves determines the ________ of light. a. wavelength b. jnd c. brightness d. hue

c. brightness

A type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli is called a. observational learning. b. modeling. c. classical conditioning. d. operant conditioning.

c. classical conditioning.

Learning to associate two stimuli is to ________ as an automatic response to a stimulus is to ________. a. operant behavior; classical conditioning b. shaping; reinforcement c. classical conditioning; respondent behavior d. generalization; discrimination

c. classical conditioning; respondent behavior

The retinal photoreceptors that are concentrated in and around the fovea are called a. feature detectors. ​b. bipolar cells. c. cones. d. ganglion cells.

c. cones.

Studies reveal that, in humans, stimulation of the brain's reward circuits produces more ________ than pure enjoyment. a. fatigue b. agitation c. desire d. pain relief

c. desire

Curiosity, skepticism, and humility are all a. included in the definition of psychology today. b. aspects of the empirical approach. c. elements of the scientific attitude. d. related to subfields in psychology.

c. elements of the scientific attitude.

Bradley jogs more than two miles every day. When asked why, he states that it makes him feel good. This feeling can be explained by the release of a. glutamate. b. neurons. c. endorphins. d. norepinephrine.

c. endorphins.

Context effects illustrate that our perception of particular stimuli is influenced by the ________ of those stimuli. a. absolute threshold b. just noticeable difference c. environmental surroundings d. subliminal sensation

c. environmental surroundings

in classical conditioning, an organism forms associations between a. primary and secondary reinforcers. b. immediate and delayed reinforcers. c. events that it does not control. d. its own behavior and resulting outcomes.

c. events that it does not control.

Which of the following indicates that a person is dreaming? a. sleep paralysis b. increased temperature c. eye movements d. rapid heartbeat

c. eye movements

The belief that girls are friendlier than boys is a(n) a. secondary sex characteristic. b. sexual orientation. c. gender schema. d. androgyny.

c. gender schema.

Liza and Ella are sisters who are gay. Which of the following was a likely contributing factor to their sexual orientation? a. parental relationships b. peer relationships c. genes d. early sexual experiences

c. genes

The brain's own natural production of endorphins is likely to be suppressed by a. physical pain. b. antidepressant drugs. c. heroin use. d. physical exercise.

c. heroin use.

The election for Governor of New York is quickly approaching. Prior to the election, the Democratic and Republican candidates seem to be tied. After the winner is announced, Jonas proclaims, "I knew Elena would win! Elena ran a great campaign." This is an example of a. perceiving patterns in random events. b. scientific inquiry. c. hindsight bias. d. overconfidence.

c. hindsight bias.

seventy-five-year-old Ian is finding it difficult to answer the questions on a memory test. Ian's problem is due in part to a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in the a. pons. ​b. telomeres. c. hippocampus. d. hypothalamus.

c. hippocampus.

Rida, who is participating in a study, is instructed to observe and report her immediate thoughts and feelings in response to smelling a series of different fragrances. The researchers are using the method known as a. natural selection. b. critical thinking. c. introspection. d. psychoanalysis.

c. introspection.

When the transmission of ACh is blocked, the result is a. aggression. b. schizophrenia. c. muscular paralysis. d. depression.

c. muscular paralysis.

Within little more than the past century, biological psychologists have learned all of the following EXCEPT that a. our experiences wire our adaptive brain. b. specific brain systems serve specific functions. c. nerve cells are unable to communicate with one another. d. humans integrate information processed in different brain systems.

c. nerve cells are unable to communicate with one another.

Another name for sensorineural hearing loss is a. impaired cochlea. b. auditory nerve damage. c. nerve deafness. d. conduction hearing loss.

c. nerve deafness.

When provided with three-word puzzles, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams. This best illustrates a. wording effects. b. perceiving order in random events. c. overconfidence. d. confounding variables.

c. overconfidence.

Melissa, who speaks two languages, has just given birth. Research indicates that the newborn will a. be unable to recall the sound of a honking device placed on Melissa's abdomen. b. be unable to recognize language. c. prefer Melissa's voice to other voices. d. recognize only one of Melissa's spoken languages.

c. prefer Melissa's voice to other voices.

Monika's therapist suggests that her romantic feelings for her boss reflect her unconscious longings for her father's attention. The therapist's assessment most clearly reflects a(n) ________ perspective. a. behavioral b. evolutionary c. psychodynamic d. behavior genetics

c. psychodynamic

To minimize any differences between participants who are in the control and experimental groups, psychologists make use of a. correlation. b. random sampling. c. random assignment. d. replication.

c. random assignment.

A 3-D movie enhances our sense of depth perception by exaggerating normal a. perceptual constancy. b. linear perspective. c. retinal disparity. d. interposition.

c. retinal disparity.

Lee is a teen and is going through puberty. His voice is changing, and he is developing body hair. Both of these changes are examples of a. primary sex characteristics. b. spermarche. c. secondary sex characteristics. d. androgyny.

c. secondary sex characteristics.

Long-haul truck drivers are at a much-greater-than-normal risk of a collision if texting while driving. This best illustrates the impact of a. blindsight. b. change blindness. c. selective attention. d. the cocktail party effect.

c. selective attention.

Drugs such as cocaine and caffeine that excite neural activity and speed up body functions are known as a. depressants. b. opioids. c. stimulants. d. hallucinogens.

c. stimulants.

Ruth and Walter's infant daughter, Mary Ann, usually showed little reaction to being left with various nursery caregivers while they went to work. But when Mary Ann was 8 months old, she began crying whenever her parents placed her in the arms of a nursery caregiver. Mary Ann's crying best illustrates an emerging a. understanding of conservation. b. sense of self-awareness. c. stranger anxiety. d. egocentrism.

c. stranger anxiety.

Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will a. ignore both what the model says and does. b. ignore what the model says but act in ways consistent with what the model does. c. talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does. d. ignore what the model does but talk in ways consistent with what the model says.

c. talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does.

Which sense was most closely linked to the survival of our ancestors? a. smell b. touch c. taste d. sight

c. taste

Psychology experiments are typically designed to a. observe behaviors that are unobservable outside the laboratory. b. re-create the naturally occurring conditions that influence people's daily behaviors. c. test principles that help explain behavior. d. observe a truly random sample of human or animal behavior.

c. test principles that help explain behavior.

Seth and his two male cousins are gay. The two cousins are on his mother's side of the family, as would be predicted by a genetic explanation for a same-sex sexual orientation called a. erotic plasticity. b. the fraternal birth-order effect. c. the fertile females theory. d. the older-brother effect.

c. the fertile females theory.

In the process of beginning an action potential, the threshold refers to a. the junction between a sending and receiving neuron. b. neuron extensions that send messages to other neurons. c. the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. d. neuron extensions that conduct messages toward the cell body.

c. the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

Caleb was recently asked what causes schizophrenia. Rather than admit that he doesn't know the answer, Caleb provided an explanation that has no basis in scientific research. Caleb is demonstrating a. collectivism. b. cultural influences on behavior. c. the male answer syndrome. d. relational aggression.

c. the male answer syndrome.

The American Psychiatric Association now categorizes the severity of substance use disorder according to a. the form of the substance involved. b. whether the drug is legally available to an individual. c. the number of disruptive symptoms involved. d. its effect on the person's social life but not on his or her physical health.

c. the number of disruptive symptoms involved.

Children's ability to infer other people's intentions and feelings is indicative of their emerging a. object permanence. b. egocentrism. c. theory of mind. d. conservation.

c. theory of mind.

In search of genes that influence human sexual orientation, researchers have found links between sexual orientation and a. peer relationships. b. parental influence. c. two genes on chromosomes 13 and 14. d. childhood sexual experiences.

c. two genes on chromosomes 13 and 14.

Sixty-five-year-olds should drive cars with ________ windshields because with age the eye's lens becomes ________ transparent. a. tinted; more b. untinted; more c. untinted; less d. tinted; less

c. untinted; less

As an amphetamine derivative, ________ releases dopamine, but its major effect is to release stored serotonin and block its reuptake. a. heroin b. Nembutal c. alcohol d. Ecstasy

d. Ecstasy

Which of the following is passed much more often from men to women than from women to men? a. refractory periods b. paraphilias c. orgasmic disorder d. HIV infections

d. HIV infections

Who believed that basic laws of learning were similar in all animals? a. Kimble and Garcia b. Breland and Garcia c. Breland and Watson d. Pavlov and Watson

d. Pavlov and Watson

Which of the following is true of physical development in adult life? a. The outward signs of advancing years are psychologically stressful for adults in every culture. b. None of these statements is true. c. Most adults are keenly aware of the first signs of physical decline. d. Sensory ability and reaction time reach their peak by the mid-twenties.

d. Sensory ability and reaction time reach their peak by the mid-twenties.

Alyssa, who is nearly 3 years old, keeps grabbing the toys that other children are playing with. Her failure to recognize that they are very upset when she does this best illustrates that she has not developed a. a sense of object permanence. b. a secure attachment. c. stranger anxiety. d. a theory of mind.

d. a theory of mind.

Jim's many nights of heavy drinking have led to tolerance. If Jim suddenly stops drinking, he suffers withdrawal symptoms and a strong desire to return to drinking. Jim likely suffers from a. excess dopamine. ​b. excessive self-awareness. c. sensory deprivation. d. alcohol use disorder.

d. alcohol use disorder.

The nucleus of each cell of your body contains a. chromosomes. b. DNA molecules. c. genes. d. all of these elements.

d. all of these elements.

Professor Gutierrez suggests that women are naturally choosier about their sexual partners than men are, because women have more at stake. The professor's suggestion best illustrates a. the older-brother effect. b. social learning theory. c. erotic plasticity. d. an evolutionary perspective.

d. an evolutionary perspective.

Aaliyah is not sexually attracted to anyone and has never been in a sexual relationship. She can best be described as a. pansexual. b. bisexual. c. heterosexual. d. asexual.

d. asexual.

Zach's mother and many of his friends use opioids. Zach is a. at a decreased risk for using opioids. b. at an increased risk for using barbiturates. c. at an increased risk for using alcohol. d. at an increased risk for using opioids.

d. at an increased risk for using opioids.

If the sound of dishes being placed on the table causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the presentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the dishes is a(n) a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response.

d. conditioned response.

The behavioral technique that psychologists have used to reduce clients' fears is a. observational learning. b. operant conditioning. c. discrimination. d. counterconditioning.

d. counterconditioning.

In Bandura's classic Bobo doll experiment, children both imitated adults' aggressive behaviors and a. overimitated adults' irrelevant behaviors. b. imitated adults' prosocial behaviors. c. displayed empathy for the Bobo doll. d. displayed some non-modeled aggressive behaviors.

d. displayed some non-modeled aggressive behaviors.

Which of the following is NOT an opiate? a. morphine b. heroin c. fentanyl d. dopamine

d. dopamine

According to Piaget, the preoperational stage is to the concrete operational stage as ________ is to ________. a. assimilation; accommodation b. object permanence; stranger anxiety c. responsive parenting; temperament d. egocentrism; conservation

d. egocentrism; conservation

Elena is in her sixth week of pregnancy. Her developing child is called a(n) a. infant. b. zygote. c. fetus. d. embryo.

d. embryo.

Helga is an 18-year-old who lives with her parents while attending a nearby college. She works part time as a waitress to help cover outside expenses, including her phone and social activities. She is a(n) a. young adult. b. extended adolescent. c. late adolescent. d. emerging adult.

d. emerging adult.

If a shock is always preceded by a tone, and then sometimes also is preceded by a light that accompanies the tone, a rat will react with a. fear to the light but not to the tone. b. no fear either to the tone or to the light. c. equally high levels of fear both to the tone and to the light. d. fear to the tone but not to the light

d. fear to the tone but not to the light

Which of the following is NOT a common STI? a. gonorrhea b. chlamydia c. HSV d. female orgasmic disorder

d. female orgasmic disorder

Kate, who is transgender, suffers harassment in her community and is now experiencing frequent distress associated with her gender identity. She may therefore meet the criteria for a. gender expression. b. androgyny. c. gender typing. d. gender dysphoria.

d. gender dysphoria.

Lucia, a 50-year-old concert pianist, has been practicing the piano almost daily since she was 6 years old. If they were to study her brain, researchers would likely find that a. her pons is roughly double the average size. b. her hippocampus is larger than average. Incorrect c. her adrenal glands are smaller than average. d. her auditory cortex is larger than average.

d. her auditory cortex is larger than average.

In a psychological experiment, researchers are interested in studying the potential effects of the ________ variable. a. confounding b. random c. dependent d. independent

d. independent

Kohlberg's critics have noted that a postconventional level of morality is most likely to be found among people who value a. concrete operations. b. moral intuitions. c. simple equality rather than equity. d. individualism.

d. individualism.

The cells that serve as the basic building blocks of the body's nervous system are called a. genes. b. neurotransmitters. c. agonists. d. neurons.

d. neurons

Psychologists report that genders differ in their risk of all of the following EXCEPT a. alcohol use disorder. b. eating disorders. c. depression. d. obesity.

d. obesity.

Research regarding those who identify as ________ is only just beginning. a. bisexual b. heterosexual c. having a same-sex sexual orientation Incorrect d. pansexual

d. pansexual

Perceiving objects as having consistent shape, size, and color regardless of the angle, distance, and lighting conditions from which we view them is known as a. perceptual adaptation. b. interposition. c. feature detection. d. perceptual constancy.

d. perceptual constancy.

Within each taste bud pore, receptor cells ________ that sense food molecules. a. activate nearby bipolar cells b. form vestibular sacs c. contain nociceptors d. project antenna-like hairs

d. project antenna-like hairs

A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) ________ perspective. a. behavioral b. evolutionary c. social-cultural d. psychodynamic

d. psychodynamic

Carmen doesn't really care for Sarah and tells all of her friends lies about Sarah. This is an example of what is called ________ aggression. a. verbal b. physical c. emotional d. relational

d. relational

The thalamus serves as a a. reward center. b. memory bank. c. master gland. d. sensory control center.

d. sensory control center.

Researchers have determined that if they can ________ nonverbal organisms to respond to one stimulus and not to another, they will be able to understand what the nonverbal organism can perceive. a. teach b. convince c. reinforce d. shape

d. shape

Eric, a recruiter, believes that he is a fair-minded and unprejudiced person. At Eric's annual review, however, his boss rebukes him for privileging White male job candidates, whom Eric places in the best positions even when they are significantly less qualified. This illustrates the principle that a. conscious awareness allows us to exert voluntary control over our lives. b. when careful thought conflicts with our desires, we may be motivated to avoid thinking. c. we think more deliberately than we realize. d. sometimes our unconscious biases do not match our conscious beliefs.

d. sometimes our unconscious biases do not match our conscious beliefs.

Jan slowly sways with her baby in her arms until the baby falls asleep. When Jan attempts to put the baby in the crib, the baby's arms and legs spring out and the baby begins to cry. Which reflex is the baby exhibiting? a. rooting b. sucking c. grasping d. startle

d. startle

One effect of frequent drug use is brain changes. This leads to a. increased REM sleep. b. increased behavioral inhibitions. c. decreased drug tolerance. d. strong cravings when situations trigger memories of drug use.

d. strong cravings when situations trigger memories of drug use.

Epileptic seizures may trigger sensations similar to a. disinhibition. b. heroin withdrawal. c. dehydration. d. the near-death experience.

d. the near-death experience.

The loudness of sounds is conveyed to the brain by a. the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve. b. the region of the basilar membrane that triggers hair cell vibrations. c. the intensity of hair cell vibrations. d. the number of hair cells that are activated.

d. the number of hair cells that are activated.

Five-year-old Amy is being tested for developmental delays. Her pediatrician holds up a drawing of a cat and asks Amy to identify the animal. What will help Amy to complete this task? a. parallel processing b. blindsight c. visual action track d. visual perception track

d. visual perception track

Worldwide, attitudes toward same-sex attractions are becoming more accepting, especially among ________. a. men and older adults b. men and younger, more educated adults c. women and older adults d. women and younger, more educated adults

d. women and younger, more educated adults