Pyschology Final

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals A. adjust their schemas to new information. B. incorporate new information into existing schemas. C. are deprived of parental warmth and sensitivity. D. are insecurely attached to their caregivers.

A. Adjust their schemas to new information

Ian came home after curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. Which of the following types of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate? A. authoritarian B. conventional C. authoritative D. neglectful

A. Authoritarian

The free-radical theory states that aging is caused by A. Damage to DNA B. The bodys lowered resistance to stress and disease C. biological constraints on cell division D. Nutritional deficiencies

A. Damage to DNA

A(n) _____ is a mental framework for understanding what it means to be male or female in one's culture. A. Gender schema B. gender diversity C. gender bias D. gender orientation

A. Gender schema

Richie's parents let him do whatever he wants. They place no demands on him, and they place no rules or restrictions on his behavior. Richie's parents have a(n) _____ parenting style. A. permissive B. authoritarian C. authoritative D. neglectful

A. permissive

Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational B. sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational C. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor D. concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor, preoperational

A. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, formal operational thought is A.logical, systematic, abstract, and idealistic. B.simplistic, egocentric, and systematic. C.intuitive and concrete. D.based on trial and error.

A.logical, systematic, abstract, and idealistic.

In the context of human development, _____ refers to the individual's environmental and social experiences. A. Nature B. Nurture C. Genetics D. Genealogy

B. Nurture

Baby Janice knows that when she is put in the highchair, it is time to eat. So when her father puts her in the highchair and hands her a book, Janice puts the corner of the book in her mouth. According to Piaget, Janice's behavior can be best explained by A. schematic thinking. B. the assimilation process. C. the accommodation process. D. deferred imitation.

B. The assimilation process

Mazie's mom is loving and caring. Her mom sets clear boundaries and engages in a lot of verbal give and take. In terms of parenting styles, she would be described as A. conventional. B. authoritative. C. authoritarian. D. permissive.

B. authoritative

In adult development, when experience conflicts with existing schemas A. one should forget the experience and move on. B. It is recommended to alter current ways of thinking. C. one should never change his current ways of thinking. D. it is necessary to fit the experiences in the existing schemas.

B. it is recommended to alter current ways of thinking.

Some researchers disagree with the notion that the labels "easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" are the best way to conceptualize temperament. These psychologists argue that _____ are the core dimensions of temperament. A. object permanence and egocentrism B. self-regulation, inhibition, and negative affectivity C. parenting style and conservation D. morality, identity, and prosocial behavior

B. self-regulation, inhibition, and negative affectivity

Judy thinks she is depressed over her teacher's criticism of her paper. Judy's therapist explains to her that Judy's own illogical belief—that the criticism means she is stupid—is really why she is depressed. Judy is likely to be seeing a therapist who is providing _____therapy. behavioral Beck's cognitive humanistic psychoanalytic

Beck's cognitive

_____ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts. Schizophrenia Dissociative identity disorder Antisocial personality disorder Borderline personality disorder

Borderline personality disorder

_____ is an eating disorder in which an individual, typically female, consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern. Bulimia nervosa Binge-eating disorder Anorexia nervosa Schizophrenia

Bulimia nervosa

According to _____, as we age our cells become less capable of dividing. A. hormonal stress theory B. free-radical theory C.cellular-clock theory D. Erikson's theory of socioemotional development

C. Cellular clock theory

_____ refers to a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times. A. Rigidity B. Assimilation C. Resilience D. Innatism

C. Resilence

.Maria is a generous and altruistic woman who has a strong religious faith. According to the big five model of personality, Maria would likely score high on which of the following traits? A. Openness b. Extraversion c. Agreeableness d. Neuroticism

C. agreeableness

According to Hyde, the gender similarities hypothesis A. is the understanding of a gender schema without the cultural factors. B. can be confirmed by the John/Joan case. C. is the idea that men and women (and boys and girls) are much more similar than they are different. D. explains the contradiction between environmental factors and gender similarities.

C. is the idea that men and women (and boys and girls) are much more similar than they are different.

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego abides by the _____ principle. A. pleasure B. self-actualization C. reality D. all-or-none

C. reality

According to Freud, the _____ is reflected in what we often call conscience and evaluates the morality of our behavior. A. id B.ego C. superego D. collective unconscious

C. superego

The most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism is a.displacement. b. sublimation. c. repression. d. fixation.

C.Repression

A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into the Hawk Club. The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Kohlberg, this child is operating at the _____ level. A. preconventional B. postconventional C. universal ethical D/ conventional

D. Conventional

Ethan is short and thin. Although he's not very strong or athletic, he excels in academics and has a great sense of humor. According to Adler, Ethan's attempts to overcome physical weaknesses by developing strengths in other areas are an example of a repression. b displacement. c sublimation. d compensation.

D. compensation

Recent research on prosocial behavior has found that A. children do not engage in prosocial behavior. B. children are inherently selfish. C. parenting style has little effect on children's prosocial behavior. D. empathic parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in children

D. empathic parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in children

A parenting style wherein very few limits or boundaries are set and ample freedom is given to children most likely indicates a(n) _____ parenting style. A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. neglectful D. permissive

D. permissive

One of the most important criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that A.his theory had very little impact on psychologists' understanding of how children's minds develop. B. the popularity of his theory was short-lived. C. his theory was never scientifically tested. D.recent research suggests his theory has underestimated the abilities of infants and overestimated the abilities of adults.

D.recent research suggests his theory has underestimated the abilities of infants and overestimated the abilities of adults.

Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed. Though Darin wasn't seriously hurt in the accident, he can't remember any of the accident details. Darin is exhibiting which ego defense mechanism? A. displacement B. rationalization C. reaction formation D. repression

D> repression

_____ is an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life. Anxiety Fear Anger Depression

Depression

_____ involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity. Anxiety disorders Mood disorders Personality disorders Dissociative disorders

Dissociative disorders

_____ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder. Dissociative amnesia Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative fugue Schizophrenia

Dissociative identity disorder

_____ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt. Egoism Altruism Ethnocentrism Utilitarianism

Egoism

_____ is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia, which means the display of little or no emotion. Catatonia Flat affect Referential thinking Hallucination

Flat affect

Which of the following statements is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)? In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time. Individuals with DID have two or more ambiguous personalities with overlapping memories and behaviors. The majority of individuals who have been sexually abused develop DID. The vast majority of individuals with DID are men.

In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time.

Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior? It has no association with brain structures. It is the personality trait that is least associated with prosocial behavior. It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex. It is most strongly associated with neuroticism.

It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.

Four-month-old baby Oscar is a participant in a preferential-looking experiment. Researchers show Oscar two photos, one of which is of his mother's face, and the other which is of a female stranger's face. The photos are presented repeatedly in differing locations, and the amount of time Oscar spends looking at the photos is recorded. What will researchers conclude if Oscar shows a reliable preference for his mother's face over the stranger's face? A.Oscar can discriminate his mother's face from a stranger's face. B.Oscar is afraid of strangers. C.Oscar likes strangers as much as his mothers. D. Oscar can't see very well.

Oscar can discriminate his mother's face from a stranger's face.

In the context of social behavior, which of the following best explains why the bystander effect occurs? People tend to look to the behavior of others for cues about what to do. People do not wait for others to offer help during emergencies. When witnesses are present, individuals feel a sense of personal responsibility. When others are watching, individuals tend to behave more altruistically.

People tend to look to the behavior of others for cues about what to do.

_____ refers to a psychological state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality. Dissociation Mania Psychosis Catatonia

Psychosis

Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model? According to the biopsychosocial model, biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors are independent of one another and operate distinctly in producing abnormal behavior. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior. According to the biopsychosocial perspective, a specific gene or a particular experience will inevitably lead to the development of a psychological disorder. The biopsychosocial model gives more importance to biological factors over psychological and sociocultural factors in producing normal and abnormal behavior.

The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.

Which of the following statements about psychosurgery is FALSE? Psychosurgery is a biological therapy that involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve an individual's adjustment. A prefrontal lobotomy is a type of psychosurgery that involves severing fibers that connect the frontal lobe and the thalamus. The effects of psychosurgery can be reversed with intensive therapy. Present-day psychosurgery involves making just a small lesion in the amygdala or another part of the limbic system.

The effects of psychosurgery can be reversed with intensive therapy.

Which of the following individuals is likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder? a person who shows an excessive attachment to moral codes and is excessively orderly in daily life a person who is prone to mood swings, excessive self-criticism, and extreme judgment of others a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain a person who perceives himself as helpless and depends on others for emotional and physical needs

a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain

Gordon Allport believed that healthy, well-adjusted individuals a show a positive but objective sense of self and others, and have a sense of humor, common sense, and a unifying philosophy of life. b use their innate strengths to fulfill their conscious and unconscious instincts for pleasure, and focus primarily on subjective reality to determine their own sense of truth. c have achieved self-actualization, are truthful, work for the common good, and believe in social justice. d do not use defense mechanisms, are logical, independent, and financially successful.

a show a positive but objective sense of self and others, and have a sense of humor, common sense, and a unifying philosophy of life.

Which of the following individuals exhibits the trait of openness to experience? a. Sarah, who is very successful in the business she has started b. Phoebe, who donates generously only to programs sponsored by her church c. Jenny, who experiences more negative states than positive states d. Maria, who dresses very stylishly and attends parties with her friends every weekend

a. Sarah, who is very successful in the business she has started

According to Rogers, an individual's need to be liked, loved, and accepted by others regardless of his or her behavior is called a. unconditional positive regard. b. conditions of worth. c. the collective unconscious. d. catharsis.

a. unconditional positive regard.

Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior. According to Rogers, Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of a.conditions of worth. b. positive self-regard. c. unconditional positive regard. d.situational worth.

a.conditions of worth.

A woman who is in relentless pursuit of thinness for more than six months, so much so that she is starving herself to achieve this goal is exhibiting symptoms of binge-eating disorder. anorexia nervosa. bulimia nervosa. bipolar disorder.

anorexia nervosa.

A superficially charming person who is indifferent to the pain of others and has spent his life in and out of prison for violent crimes would most likely be diagnosed with which type of personality disorder? borderline personality disorder narcissistic personality disorder antisocial personality disorder schizotypal personality disorder

antisocial personality disorder

In addition to providing treatment for depression, antidepressant drugs may also be an effective treatment for schizophrenia. anxiety disorders and eating disorders. dissociative amnesia. antisocial personality disorder.

anxiety disorders and eating disorders.

Xanax, Valium, and Librium are benzodiazepines that are commonly used drug therapies for treating mood disorders anxiety disorders. schizophrenia. dissociative disorders.

anxiety disorders.

The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior is known as deindividuation. validation. perception. attribution.

attribution.

Ernie is an extrovert. Bert is an introvert. What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research? a.Bert will be happier than Ernie. b.Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert. c. Bert is less neurotic than Ernie. d Ernie has been denied unconditional positive regard.

b.Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert.

Which of the following is true of Carl Rogers's approach to personality? A. Rogers believed that conditions of worth cannot become part of who we think we ought to be. b.Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment. c. Roger believed that personality psychology should focus on understanding healthy, well-adjusted individuals. d. Rogers believed that the person must not reconnect with his or her true feelings and desires.

b.Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment.

Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking antidepressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the sociocultural approach. biological approach. psychological approach. social cognitive approach.

biological approach.

Which of the following is NOT one of the big five personality factors? a/neuroticism b. agreeableness c dominance d extraversion

c dominance

According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following traits is least likely to be associated with self-actualizers? A>spontaneity b.creativity c. intolerance d. sense of humor

c. intolerance

Cindy's therapist uses the technique of distraction to help her deal with anxiety and asks her to count to 200 by 13s when she feels herself becoming anxious. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Cindy's therapist practices psychodynamic therapy. humanistic therapy. behavioral therapy. cognitive therapy.

cognitive therapy.

Which of the following is NOT one of the essential qualities needed in a relationship to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires according to Rogers? a. unconditional positive regard b.empathy c. genuineness d. defense mechanisms

d. defense mechanisms

Which of the following is a part of the process of systematic desensitization? hypnosis cognitive restructuring deep relaxation dream analysis

deep relaxation

Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder? dissociative amnesia dissociative identity disorder dissociative fugue schizophrenia

dissociative identity disorder

The _____ is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do. fundamental attribution error self-serving bias stereotype threat false consensus effect

false consensus effect

When an individual hears and sees people who are not actually there, the individual is likely to be experiencing hallucinations. delusions. mirages. catatonia.

hallucinations.

Mary has been working with a therapist because she has felt very confused and unsure about herself for the past few years. Mary's therapist tends to be very nondirective and devotes a great deal of the session to allowing Mary to explore her identity, wants, and dreams for the future. The therapist rarely gives direct advice and instead is primarily interested in helping Mary clarify her own ideas and feelings. Mary's therapist is most likely associated with the _____ perspective of psychotherapy. cognitive behavioral humanistic biological

humanistic

According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions? internal/external causes known/unknown causes regular/irregular causes consistent/inconsistent causes

internal/external causes

Catatonia is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time. means giving personal meaning to completely random events. refers to false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture. refers to sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli.

is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time.

According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression? low levels of hostility low levels of irritability low levels of neuroticism low levels of conscientiousness

low levels of conscientiousness

The Americans with Disabilities Act made it illegal to hold social stigmas against those with mental disorders. made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions. was designed to eliminate the cultural stereotypes of people with mental disorders. was designed to provide additional healthcare coverage to people with mental disorders who were stereotyped as violent.

made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions.

Cathy is worried about her mental health. She visits Dr. Henderson, a psychiatrist, to seek treatment for her condition. When Dr. Henderson asks her questions about herself, Cathy reveals that she is unhappy and feels worthless most of the time. She doesn't eat or sleep well and has even contemplated suicide. Dr. Henderson also learns that Cathy has been experiencing these distressing symptoms for almost three weeks. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Henderson is likely to diagnose Cathy with issociative identity disorder. bipolar disorder. major depressive disorder. social anxiety disorder.

major depressive disorder.

Robert, a nine-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night, he used several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior? observational learning frustration-aggression theory identity crisis cognitive dissonance

observational learning

A man who slaps his wife during an argument is most likely exhibiting relational aggression. subtle aggression. overt aggression. covert aggression.

overt aggression.

John has sudden attacks of intense fear in which he experiences palpitations, he feels dizzy, and he has trouble catching his breath. During these attacks, he worries that he is going to die. From this description, it sounds like John has schizophrenia. obsessive-compulsive disorder. panic disorder. generalized anxiety disorder.

panic disorder.

John often experiences unanticipated attacks of intense fear. During these episodes, he feels like fainting and has trouble catching his breath. John cannot identify the source of his feelings and worries that he might die of heart failure. In the context of psychological disorders, John is exhibiting the symptoms of disruptive mood regulation disorder. paranoid personality disorder. panic disorder. social anxiety disorder.

panic disorder.

The _____ of schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function, whereas the _____ reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions. positive symptoms/negative symptoms negative symptoms/positive symptoms physical symptoms/psychological symptoms psychological symptoms/physical symptoms

positive symptoms/negative symptoms

Dissociative disorders often occur in individuals who also show signs of bipolar disorder. post-traumatic stress disorder. antisocial personality disorder. panic disorder.

post-traumatic stress disorder.

Soldiers who have returned from the frontlines often struggle with overwhelming anxiety, nervousness, depression, and flashbacks. In many cases, these soldiers have problems with memory and an inability to experience happiness. These characteristics are indicative of obsessive-compulsive disorder. post-traumatic stress disorder. specific phobia. dissociative identity disorder.

post-traumatic stress disorder.

When Sandra was 18 years old, she was in a serious car accident. Although she made a full recovery from her injuries, she experienced extreme anxiety afterward. Sandra is now very anxious when driving, has nightmares about the accident, and flinches when she goes through intersections. Sandra has symptoms suggestive of generalized anxiety disorder. social phobia. post-traumatic stress disorder. panic disorder.

post-traumatic stress disorder.

Harry, a behavioral psychologist, is in the process of analyzing his patient Maria Valentine's report. Maria has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID). According to Harry, severe physical abuse in childhood could serve as a plausible explanation for Maria's psychological disorder. Maria is emotionally damaged and forms alternate identities in order to shut out past memories and to cope with the trauma. In the context of theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Harry's explanation of Maria's condition conforms to the to psychological disorders psychological approach. biological approach. cognitive approach. sociocultural approach.

psychological approach.

Which of the following forms of treatment would be used only as a last resort to help patients with severely debilitating conditions? drug therapy cognitive therapy psychosurgery psychoanalysis

psychosurgery

Which of the following is a biological intervention that involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve an individual's adjustment? electroconvulsive therapy psychotherapy psychoanalysis psychosurgery

psychosurgery

All of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder EXCEPT chronic feelings of emptiness. recurrent suicidal behavior. reduced awareness. wild mood swings.

reduced awareness.

Juanita returned home after being away for several years. When she saw her father, whom she thought she disliked, she hugged him and cried. Based on her crying when she saw him, she determined that she must like him more than she thought. This is most consistent with the of attitudes evolutionary theory. social learning theory. self-perception theory. social identity theory.

self-perception theory.

Depressed people tend to have fewer receptors of the neurotransmitters dopamine and GABA. GABA and epinephrine. oxytocin and serotonin. serotonin and norepinephrine.

serotonin and norepinephrine.

When treating a client with a psychological disorder, a therapist makes the assumption that the person's difficulties stem primarily from the context in which a person lives. This therapist most likely identifies with the _____ to psychological disorders. biological approach psychological approach sociocultural approach cognitive approach

sociocultural approach

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) does not seem to have a genetic component because it does not run in families. is found in people with high levels of serotonin in their brain pathways. is characterized by a nonfunctioning limbic system. sometimes occurs during a period of life stress.

sometimes occurs during a period of life stress.

Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders? the sociocultural approach the psychological approach the humanistic approach the biological approach

the psychological approach