Q4 Dr J
There are ____ thoracic vertebrae
12
The peripheral nervous system consists of ____ and of ____
12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 or 32 pairs of spinal nerves
The body of the sternum is made up of ____
4 fused sternabrae
These make up the body of the sternum
4 fused sternebrae
There are ____ (number) lumbar vertebrae
5
The sacral vertebrae consist of
5 fused vertebrae
This is what the sacrum is.
5 fused vertebrae
There are ____ (number) cervical vertebrae
7
A neuron that usually conducts impulse from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. This is a functional classification. The answer does not begin with "S"
Afferent neurons
This is the manubriosternal joint and is located at the level between the bodies of thoracic vertebrae 4 and 5. It is an important landmark as it is where the costal cartilage of rib 2, the first rib that can be palpated, joins the sternum. This answer does not begin with "S"
Angle of louis
Both motor and sensory neurons are found in the posterior rami and in the ____.
Anterior ramus
This structure has mixed neurons; that is, afferent and efferent. It moves toward the anterior side of the body from the intervertebral foramen.
Anterior ramus
The ____ is the bundle of efferent neurons that leave the spinal cord.
Anterior root
This is the name of the bundle of efferent neurons that exit the spinal cord
Anterior root
The ____ is the outer layer of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the intervertebral discs.
Anulus fibrosis
This is a structure that surrounds the intervertebral disc It is made up of three layers of fibrous connective tissue. The fibers are oriented obliquely to each other, thereby increasing the strength of the structure.
Anulus fibrosus
The middle layer of the meninges that derives its name from the fact that it resembles a spider web It is impermeable to the cerebrospinal fluid and anchored to the underlying tissues by rootlets.
Arachnoid mater
Substance, primarily hyaline, covering the articular surfaces of joints. It is very smooth and lubricated with synovial fluid, which reduces friction in the joints. It also acts as a shock absorber and helps distribute pressure in joints.
Articular cartilage
The ____ covers the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral bodies
Articular cartilage
The three parts of the intervertebral disc are: the annulus fibrosis, nucleus pulpous, and the ____
Articular cartilage
This is where two vertebrae articulate. There will be one pair of them on the superior side of the vertebrae and one pair on the inferior side of the vertebrae. Their plane of articulation is oblique in the cervical region, nearly coronal in the thoracic region, and sagittal in the lumbar region. The oblique plane of articulation of the cervical vertebrae increases the range of motion possible for the neck. The coronal plane of articulation of the thoracic vertebrae allow for some torsion, but not too much because of the ribs. The sagittal plane of articulation of the lumbar vertebrae allow for the most flexibility in anterior/posterior direction.
Articular facet
This is a landmark on the vertebrae where two vertebrae articulate with each other. You could pinch this.
Articular process
This is the name given to the first cervical vertebra (C1). It is unusual in that it lacks a body of its own and also lacks a well-developed spinous process.
Atlas
The ____ is the only cervical vertebra that has no body and no spinous process
Atlas (C1)
The ____ is the functional division of the peripheral nervous system that is below the level of consciousness
Autonomic nervous system
This is one of the two physical divisions of the skeletal system and includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. The other physical division is the appendicular skeleton.
Axial skeleton
The two physical divisions of the skeletal system are the ____ and ____ divisions
Axial, appendicular
This is the name given to the second cervical vertebra (C2). It is unusual in that it has the dens (odontoid process) that the at leas rotates around when one shakes his/her head "no".
Axis
The ____ is the only cervical vertebra that has two bodies - its own plus the dens
Axis (C2)
The second cervical vertebra is referred to as the ____
Axis (C2)
This is a structure made of four fused bones. It looks like a small sword. This name does not begin with "G"
Body of the sternum
This is a relatively large portion of each vertebra to which the intervertebral disc attaches. It is responsible for transferring most of the weight to the vertebra inferior to it.
Body of the vertebra
The vertebral arteries that pass through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae are of particular importance because they serve the ____.
Brain
This organ plus the spinal cord make up the central nervous system
Brain
The central nervous system consists of the ____ and the ____
Brain, spinal cord
The ____ is the portion of the spinal cord at its inferior end that looks like a horse's tail because of the meninges and the spinal nerves.
Cauda Equina
This portion of the spinal cord and meninges resembles a horse's tail
Cauda equina
The ____ and ____ are the two physical divisions of the nervous system
Central nervous system, Peripheral nervous system
The ____ is between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. It acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system
Cerebrospinal fluid
This fluid originates from the brain. It is found in cavities of the central nervous system as well as between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. Functionally it is very important in reducing the potential of physical shock to the central nervous system. It also helps provide nutrients to the brain while removing waste products and provides a bath in which the brain floats.
Cerebrospinal fluid
Collectively, the superior most vertebrae are called ____
Cervical vertebrae
This is the name given to the most superior seven vertebrae. They are unique in several ways: most have a bifid spinous process; they have transverse foramina (that conduct the vertebral arteries and veins which serve the brain); they are smaller than the other types of vertebrae because they support less weight; they articulate with each other along an oblique plane; and, they have a relatively large vertebral foramen for passage of the superior (largest) portion of the spinal cord
Cervical vertebrae
The manubrium of the sternum articulates with the ____, ____, ____ and ____
Clavicle, rib 1, superior half of rib 2, body of sternum
The girdle of the pectoral appendage includes the ____ and the ____
Clavicle, scapula
The inferior most three to five vertebrae are often fused. They are the ____
Coccygeal vertebrae
There may be between three and five of these in a human, although most people have four. They are located inferior to the sacrum and often the last few are fused together.
Coccygeal vertebrae
The inferior most portion of the vertebral column is the ____. It may include between 3 and 5 vertebrae. Most people have four of these vertebrae.
Coccyx
This is the name for the inferior-most four vertebrae (although in this region the number of vertebrae can range from two to five.) Usually the inferior vertebrae are fused together, while the superior-most vertebra is not usually fused to the sacrum. It can be broken during a fall, or sometimes during the delivery of a baby.
Coccyx
The inferior end of the spinal cord, normally found at the inferior edge of lumbar 1 body in adult humans, is called the ____
Conus medullaris (terminale)
A plane that cuts a human into anterior and posterior portions. It is also the plane of articulation for the vertebral facets of the thoracic vertebrae.
Coronal plane
The anterior thoracic wall consists of ____, ____, ____, and the ____
Costal cartilage, ribs, sternum, intercostal muscle
There are twelve pairs of these. They originate in the brain (except XI) and are numbered using roman numbers
Cranial nerves
This is where the subcostal groove is found.
Deep side of rib
This is actually half of a facet and is where the head of each rib articulates with the body of a vertebra. The superior one receives the head of the rib with the same number as the vertebra of interest. The inferior one receives the head of the rib with a number greater than the number of the vertebra.
Demi facet
Rib 5 articulates with the thoracic vertebra 5 at the transverse costal facet, the superior demifacet and with thoracic vertebra 4 at the inferior ____.
Demifacet
Although the atlas has no body, the ____ of the axis acts as the body of the atlas and the atlas articulates with it
Dens (odontoid process)
The inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity consists of the ____
Diaphragm
The superior boundary of the thoracic cavity is formed by the ____
Dome of the neck
The ____ is the tough outer layer of the meninges.
Dura mater
Translated this means "tough mother" - you may know someone who fits this description. It is the outer layer of the meninges. Functionally it is important because it reduces the risk of abrasion of the inner layers and the central nervous system
Dura mater
This is the name for neurons that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to an organ. This is a functional classification. The answer does not begins the letter "M"
Efferent neurons
The ____ muscle assists in inspiration, especially during deep breathing.
External intercostal
Rib pairs 8, 9 and 10 are called
False ribs
There are three pairs of these ribs. They are intermediate between the true ribs and the floating ribs. They are sometimes called vertebrochondral ribs. They differ from true ribs because they do not directly articulate with the sternum. Their costal cartilages join together, however. This fused structure articulates with the costal cartilage of rib seven and thereby indirectly articulates with the sternum.
False ribs
The ____ results from sympathetic nerve stimulation
Fight or flight
The ____ is made of pia mater and dura mater and anchors brain and spinal cord to the coccyx
Filum terminale
The thin piece of material that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
Filum terminale
Rib pairs 11 and 12 do not articulate anteriorly and are known as ____
Floating ribs
Ribs 11 and 12 are referred to as the ____
Floating ribs
There are two pairs of these ribs and they are the most inferior of the ribs. They are different from the other ribs of the thoracic region because they do not articulate anteriorly with the sternum or the costal cartilage of other ribs. They do articulate with the thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 posteriorly, and they also have costal cartilage that is embedded cartilage that is imbedded in the muscles of the body wall in the lateral region. They are sometimes called vertebral ribs.
Floating ribs
This structure is made up of both pia mater and dura mater. It anchors the brain and spinal cord to the coccyx
Flum terminale
The ____ is a large opening in the skull. It allows the medulla oblongata to enter/exit the skull and merge with the brain
Foramen magnum
This is a of functional importance since it provides for the passage of the spinal cord. It gets progressively more narrow as one moves inferiorly. The large size is not beneficial in the inferior regions because the spinal cord becomes smaller in diameter as it moves inferiorly. This occurs because the spinal nerves are leaving it at each intervertebral foramen.
Foramen magnum
This is a structure made of four fused bones. It looks like a small sword. This name does not begin with "B"
Gladiolus
Inferior to the manubrium and superior to the xiphoid process we find the ____
Gladiolus (body)
This is the central portion (control center) of the spinal cord and the outer portion of the brain. This is where the cell bodies of the interneurons and motor neurons ext.
Gray matter
The ____ is referred to as the control center of the spinal cord. It is the inner layer of the spinal cord
Grey matter
The superior most sterner is known as the manubrium or ____. It articulates with the clavicle, rib 1, half of rib two, and the body of the sternum.
Handle
This structure articulates inferiorly with the body of the sternum (this is the sternal angle or angle of Louis). It also articulates with the clavicle, rib 1, and the superior half of rib 2 on each side. It forms part of the origin of pectoralis major as well as part of the origin for the sternocleidomastoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles. This answer does not begin with "M"
Handle
When a layer of material does not let things leak out of it, it is said to be this.
Impermeable layer
The body of the sternum articulates with ____, ____, ____ and ____
Inferior half of rib 2, ribs 3-7, manubrium, xiphoid process
The subcostal groove is located in the deep, ____
Inferior side of rib
The ____ muscle is the intercostal muscle that stabilizes the ribs
Innermost intercostal
The ____ and ____ are responsible for supplying blood to and draining blood from the anterior thoracic wall
Internal (mammary) thoracic arteries (2), internal thoracic vein (1)
The ____ muscle assists with expiration, especially during deep breathing
Internal intercostal
These cells are completely within the central nervous system. They transmit impulses between the sensory neurons and the brain, the brain and the motor neurons, and in reflex arcs between the sensory and motor neurons. This is a functional classification.
Interneurons
The curves of the vertebral column are largely formed because of the ____
Intervertebral discs
These structures exist between the vertebrae. They are composed of three parts; the articular cartilage on the surfaces of the vertebral bodies, the annulus fibrosis that surrounds the structure, and the nucleus pulposus located within the structure. Functionally they are important because they are responsible for the curvatures that develop in the normal vertebral column and they help absorb shock that is transferred to the vertebral column. Collectively, they are responsible for about 25 percent of the length of vertebral column.
Intervertebral discs
There is no ____ between C1 and C2 because their bodies fuse into one piece
Intervertebral disk
The inferior end of the spinal cord in an average adult human is at the level of ____
Lumbar vertebra 1, inferior edge of the body
The ____ have a blunt, short spinous process that points inferiorly
Lumbar vertebrae
There are five of these. They have a short, blunt spinous process that projects in a posterior direction. Their transverse processes project laterally and are relatively long. They have relatively small vertebral foramina since the spinal cord is very thin by the time it gets to this region. The articulations between these vertebrae occur in the sagittal plane. In adults the body is relatively large when compared to vertebrae from other regions.
Lumbar vertebrae
The superior most sternabra is called the ____
Manubrium
This structure articulates inferiorly with the body of the sternum (this is the sternal angle or angle of Louis). It also articulates with the clavicle, rib 1, and the superior half of rib 2 on each side. It forms part of the origin of pectoralis major as well as part of the origin for the sternocleidomastoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles. This answer does not begin with "H"
Manubrium
The superior most portion of the sternum is the ____
Manubrium (handle)
The ____ is the origin of the spinal cord
Medulla oblongata
These are the three layers of protective covering which surround the central nervous system. From superficial to deep they are: 1. dura mater. 2. arachnoid mater. 3. pia mater.
Meninges
The anterior and posterior rami have ____ neurons.
Mixed
The anterior ramus has both sensory neurons ____ in it.
Motor neurons
These are cells that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to an organ. This is a functional classification. This answer does not begin with "E"
Motor neurons
The ____ are of the three functional types of neurons. They conduct impulses from the central nervous system to an organ.
Motor neurons (efferent)
The structures found in the subcostal groove of the rib are collectively called a(n) ____
Neurovascular bundle
This is the name for a group of structures that includes an artery, a vein, and a nerve. Typically these structures run together as a group
Neurovascular bundle
This is the name given to an artery, a vein, and a nerve that run together
Neurovascular bundle
The ____ is found in the middle of vertebral discs. It absorbs shock and makes the discs wedge-shaped, giving rise to vertebral curves.
Nucleus pulposus
The name of the gelatinous center of the intervertebral disc is the ____
Nucleus pulposus
This material is found in the middle of the vertebral discs. It is a viscous fluid that acts as a shock absorber and inflates the disc, giving rise to vertebral curves and allowing for movement of the spine. This material is gradually reabsorbed as one gets older which results in loss of height and flexibility.
Nucleus pulposus
The intervertebral disc is made up of ____, ____ and ____
Nucleus pulposus, articular cartilage, anulus fibrosus
The articular facets of the cervical vertebrae articulate in this plane
Oblique plane
The cervical vertebrae articulate in a(n) ____. This has functional significance in that it increases flexibility of the cervical region.
Oblique plane
The subcostal groove is located ____
On the deep, inferior side of the rib
The girdle of the pelvic appendage is the ____. It is made up of three bones; the ____, ____ and ____
Os coxa; Ilium, ischium, pubis
____, ____, ____, and ____ make up the appendicular skeleton
Pectoral appendage, pectoral girdle, pelvic appendage, pelvic girdle
Translated, this name means "delicate mother" It is a thin, vascular layer found covering the central nervous system. It shares blood supply with the underlying nerve tissue.
Pia mater
This is the name for the bundle of neurons that leaves the intervertebral foramen and passes to the posterior side of the body.
Posterior ramus
The ____ is the bundle of afferent neurons that pass from intervertebral foramen to spinal cord
Posterior root
This is the name for the bundle of afferent neurons that pass from the intervertebral foramen to the spinal cord.
Posterior root
There is very little or no space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. This is referred to as a(n) ____.
Potential space
When two structures are touching each other but are not physically attached, we say this is between them. For example, there is one between the dura mater and arachnoid mater. Normally they touch each other, but it would be possible for this space to expand, as with a subdural hematoma.
Potential space
This is the name of a structure that is usually only found in the thoracic region of the body. There are twelve pairs of them and they all articulate with the vertebral column on the posterior side of the body. The intercostal muscles are found between them.
Rib
The lateral thoracic wall includes ____ and ____
Ribs, intercostal muscle
The dura and arachnoid mater extend to the level of ____
Sacral vertebra 2
This is the level to which the dura and arachnoid mater normally descend.
Sacral vertebra 2
This is the name of a group of five fused vertebrae. Superiorly they articulate with the fifth lumbar vertebra. Inferiorly they articulate with the coccyx.
Sacral vertebrae
The articulations between the articular facets of the lumbar vertebrae are in a ____. Functionally this is important because it allows for the most flexibility in an anterior and posterior direction.
Sagittal plane
This is the name of a plane that cuts a human or cat into left and right portions. It is also the name of the orientation of the articulations of the lumbar vertebrae
Sagittal plane
The dorsal (posterior) root of the spinal cord is made up of ____. (Sensory neurons, or, motor neurons)
Sensory neurons
This is the name for neurons that usually conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. This is a functional classification. The answer does not begin with "A"
Sensory neurons
The ____ are one of the three functional types of neurons. They conduct impulses toward the central nervous system.
Sensory neurons (afferent)
The vertebral curves are functionally important for ____
Shock absorption
The axial skeleton consists of the ____, ____, ____, and ____
Skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum
The axial skeleton consists of ____
Skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
This structure, along with the brain, forms the central nervous system. It resides within the vertebral foramen. It tapers as it passes inferiorly and usually ends at the level of the inferior edge of lumbar vertebra 1 body
Spinal cord
There are normally thirty-one or thirty-two pair of these. They arise from or return to the spinal cord.
Spinal nerves
This is the name of the portion of a vertebra that projects in a posterior direction. In the thoracic region it also projects inferiorly.
Spinous process
This is the manubriosternal joint and is at the level between the bodies of thoracic vertebrae 4 and 5. It is an important landmark as it is where the costal cartilage of rib 2, the first rib that can be palpated, joins the sternum. The answer does not begin with "A"
Sternal angle
This is the name of the six bones that form the sternum.
Sternebrae
This is a structure that is made up of six bones in adults. The central four are fused. It is found on the anterior wall of the thoracic cavity.
Sternum
This is the name of the space that exists between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. It is normally filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Subarachnoid space
The vertebral bodies get larger as we move inferiorly to ____
Support the increasing weight
Immediately inferior to the cervical vertebrae are the ____ vertebrae
Thoracic
The ____ vertebrae have a long spinous process pointing inferiorly
Thoracic
This is the name for twelve vertebrae that are easily recognized, because from the posterior side they look like the head of a giraffe. However, their distinguishing characteristics (which should be used on a quiz) include: A long spinous process that points inferiorly, transverse processes that project posteriorly like a "V" and rib articulations which include the transverse costal facets, and superior and inferior demifacets. Lastly, their superior and inferior articular facets articulate in nearly a coronal plane.
Thoracic vertebrae
The posterior boundary of the thoracic wall includes ____ ____ and ____
Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, intercostal muscle
The primary function of the lumbar curve in humans is to ____
Transfer weight to lower limbs
The tubercle of the rib articulates with the ____ of the thoracic vertebrae
Transverse costal facet
This is an opening in the transverse process that is found only on cervical vertebrae. It accommodates the vertebral artery and vein. These vessels are important because they serve the brain.
Transverse foramen
The vertebral arteries and veins pass through the ____
Transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae
The ____ of lumbar vertebrae are shaped like the wings of a glider.
Transverse process
This structure is a part of a vertebra that usually extends laterally from the junction of the pedicle and the lamina.
Transverse process
The superior seven pairs of ribs are called ____ They articulate anteriorly directly with the sternum
True Ribs
Ribs 1 through 7 are referred to as the ____
True ribs
This is the name for the superior seven pairs of ribs in a normal individual
True ribs
From superior to inferior the structures in the subcostal groove include ___ ___ ___
Vein, Artery, Nerve
The ____ pass through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae
Vertebral arteries and veins
Since the spinal cord is tapered, the ____ gets smaller as we move inferiorly from cervical vertebra 2.
Vertebral foramen
This feature is of functional importance since it provides for the passage of the spinal cord. It gets progressively more narrow as one moves inferiorly. This narrowing is advantageous because the spinal cord becomes smaller as it moves inferiorly. The spinal cord narrows because spinal nerves exit at each intervertebral foramen. In an adult human, the spinal cord normally terminates at the level of the inferior edge of L1 body.
Vertebral foramen
The ____ is the outer layer of the spinal cord.
White matter
This is the outer portion of the spinal cord and the central portion of the brain. It contains the anions of neurons but no cell bodies. The myelin sheath that insulates the axons is responsible for its color. Functionally it is important because these axons facilitate communication between parts of the central nervous system.
White matter
The inferior most portion of the sternum is the ____
Xiphoid process
This structure is the most inferior of the sternebrae. In a young person it is hyaline cartilage, but it becomes bone by the time one is forty years old. It is sometimes broken when a person receives CPR.
Xiphoid process