Quantitative
FALSE
A content analysis is an effective method for studying the effects of violent video games on teen gamers. TRUE FALSE
e. frequency distribution
A description of the number of times that the various attributes of a variable are observed is called a a. multivariable table b. contingency table c. mean d. measure of dispersion e. frequency distribution
FALSE
A literature review is a list of summaries of prior research articles on a given topic. TRUE FALSE
false
A negative correlation between variables means that the variables are not causally related. true false
FALSE
A p-value of .04 proves that your research hypothesis is true. TRUE FALSE
a. Level of strategic framing
A researcher asked, "What is the relationship between the the level of newspaper conservatism and the strategic framing in news coverage of the Democratic primary campaign?" The dependent variable is most likely: a. Level of strategic framing b. Democratic primary campaign c. News coverage d. None of the above
b. Newspaper articles
A researcher asked, "What is the relationship between the the level of newspaper conservatism and the strategic framing in news coverage of the Democratic primary campaign?" The unit of analysis is most likely: a. Democratic primary campaign b. Newspaper articles c. None of the above d. Level of strategic framing
a. quota sampling
A researcher discovers that in a particular city 10 percent of the households are headed by a single person and that 90 percent of the families are husband-wife families. The researcher tells interviewers to conduct 80 interviews. The first 8 interviews should be with families that are headed by a single person, and the remaining 72 should be with husband-wife families. This research uses a. quota sampling b. simple random sampling c. stratified sampling d. systematic sampling
TRUE
A running head appears on every page of a paper that utilizes APA style. TRUE FALSE
c. The doi is missing
APA Reference Boccella, J. F. (2010) An empirical test of the relationship between exposure to reality teen programming and out-group identification.Journal of Communication, 32(2), 212-235. Refer to the APA formatted reference above. Which of the following statements is true? a. The name of the journal is incorrectly italicized. b. The journal is not scholarly. c. The doi is missing d. The author's first name is missing. e. The journal is not paginated by issue.
d. All of these are purposes of theory
All of the following are purposes of theory EXCEPT: Selected Answer: a. Predict b. Explain c. Social Reform d. All of these are purposes of theory
TRUE
An appropriately desgined experiment is the best method to use if you want to draw internally valid conclusions. TRUE FALSE
false
An association between two variables (such as use of social media and communication apprehension) implies that one variable is the cause of the other. false true
e. independent variable on the dependent variable
An experiment examines the effect of the Selected Answer: a. control group on the experimental group b. dependent variable on the independent variable c. posttest on the pretest d. independent variable on the stimulus e. independent variable on the dependent variable
FALSE
An experiment is an effective quantitative method for achieving external validity. TRUE FALSE
FALSE
An experiment would be a useful method for studying the effects of gender on communication job performance because you could do all of the following: perform an experimental manipulation, create equivalent groups and control for extraneous effects or variables. TRUE FALSE
True
An interactive relationship between variables typically involves a moderator variable. True False
False
Carl Hovland first argued that all theories must be falsifiable. True False
d. all of the above
Children's Reactions to a Television News Story This experiment assesses children's reactions to particular features of television news. Children from two age groups (6- to 7-year-olds vs. 10- to 11-year-olds) viewed one of four versions of a news story about gang violence. The versions were created by randomly varying the inclusion of video footage of the crime (footage vs. no footage) and proximity of the crime (local vs. nonlocal). Results revealed that proximity of the story had a significant impact on older children's responses but not those of younger children. In particular, older children were more likely to be frightened by and perceive themselves personally vulnerable to a story about local as opposed to a nonlocal crime. In contrast, the video footage unexpectedly decreased fear responses among children in both age groups. The findings are discussed in terms of developmental differences in children's processing of television news. Read the Children's Reactions to a Television News Story abstract. Which of the following criteria for causality are satisfied in this investigation? a. Covariation b. Temporal Precedence c. Non-Spuriousness d. All of the above
FALSE
Dan is designing a brand new scale to measure game-playing love styles. He wants to avoid some basic measuring problems so he makes sure he has both positively and negatively worded items. Dan is trying to avoid the problem of double-barreled questions with this strategy. TRUE FALSE
d. data creation
Data analysis software needs to perform all of the following EXCEPT: a. data manipulation b. data entry c. data presentation d. data creation
b. Whether or not a participant is exposed to sequences dealing with lesbian/gay relations, transsexuality and tattooing
Do Talk Shows Cultivate? The traditional cultivation approach assumes (a) a uniform message across all television genres, (b) a nonselective viewing pattern in the audience, and (c) long term effects. This study of possible effects of daily talk shows on adolescents involved a prolonged-exposure experiment designed to evaluate effects of exposure to sequences dealing with lesbian or gay male relationships, transsexuality, and tattooing. The experimental design allows the study of the relationship between the content of a specific genre and cultivation measures, independent of third variables. The results show that cultivation effects occurred at both first- and second order level. However, these effects were restricted to the particular issues. No transfer effects pertaining to a general change of attitudes were observed. It is concluded that cultivation effects are limited to both the genre and issue in question. Accordingly, the identification of cultivating messages within and across different television genres should be emphasized. Refer to the abstract, Do Talk Shows Cultivate? Which of the following is the independent variable? a. Television genre b. Whether or not a participant is exposed to sequences dealing with lesbian/gay relations, transsexuality and tattooing c. Attitudes toward lesbian/gay relations, transsexuality and tattooing d. Number of shows viewed
a. mode
Do Talk Shows Cultivate? The traditional cultivation approach assumes (a) a uniform message across all television genres, (b) a nonselective viewing pattern in the audience, and (c) long term effects. This study of possible effects of daily talk shows on adolescents involved a prolonged-exposure experiment designed to evaluate effects of exposure to sequences dealing with lesbian or gay male relationships, transsexuality, and tattooing. The experimental design allows the study of the relationship between the content of a specific genre and cultivation measures, independent of third variables. The results show that cultivation effects occurred at both first- and second order level. However, these effects were restricted to the particular issues. No transfer effects pertaining to a general change of attitudes were observed. It is concluded that cultivation effects are limited to both the genre and issue in question. Accordingly, the identification of cultivating messages within and across different television genres should be emphasized. Refer to the abstract, Do Talk Shows Cultivate? Which of the following is the most appropriate measure of central tendency for the independent variable? a. Mode b. Range c. Median d. Mean
d. Frequency distribution
Do Talk Shows Cultivate? The traditional cultivation approach assumes (a) a uniform message across all television genres, (b) a nonselective viewing pattern in the audience, and (c) long term effects. This study of possible effects of daily talk shows on adolescents involved a prolonged-exposure experiment designed to evaluate effects of exposure to sequences dealing with lesbian or gay male relationships, transsexuality, and tattooing. The experimental design allows the study of the relationship between the content of a specific genre and cultivation measures, independent of third variables. The results show that cultivation effects occurred at both first- and second order level. However, these effects were restricted to the particular issues. No transfer effects pertaining to a general change of attitudes were observed. It is concluded that cultivation effects are limited to both the genre and issue in question. Accordingly, the identification of cultivating messages within and across different television genres should be emphasized. Refer to the abstract, Do Talk Shows Cultivate? Which of the following is the most appropriate measure of dispersion for the independent variable? a. Sum of Squares b. Range c. standard deviation d. Frequency distribution
a. the newspaper editorials
Dr. Wilhelm examined newspaper editorials that focused on the Patriot's Act. She examined the editorials published in the major newspapers in major cities in the United States. The unit of analysis was a. the newspaper editorials b. the Patriot Act c. the newspapers d. the United States e. the major cities
e. O2 should be greater than O4
Experimental Design #1 Assume that you have developed a study technique that you expect will result in students scoring higher on research methods exams. You test your study technique with the design diagramed below. Where: R-->o1 x o2 --->o3 o4 R=random assignment, o=observation to dependent variable x=exposure to indepen variable Using the diagramed design, what are your predictions given your expectations? a. O3 should be greater than O1 b. O3 should be less than O1 c. O4 must equal O3 d. O2 should be less than O4 e. O2 should be greater than O4
d. O2 should be greater than O4
Experimental Design #1 Assume that you have developed a study technique that you expect will result in students scoring higher on research methods exams. You test your study technique with the design diagramed below. Where: R-->o1 x o2 --->o3 o4 R=random assignment, o=observation to dependent variable x=exposure to indepen variable Using the diagramed design, what are your predictions given your expectations? a. O3 should be less than O1 b. O3 should be greater than O1 c. O2 should be less than O4 d. O2 should be greater than O4 e. O4 must equal O3
a. is a full experimental design
Experimental Design #1 Assume that you have developed a study technique that you expect will result in students scoring higher on research methods exams. You test your study technique with the design diagramed below. Where: R-->o1 x o2 --->o3 o4 R=random assignment, o=observation to dependent variable x=exposure to indepen variable a. is a full experimental design b. treats X as the scores on the research methods exam c. treats O as the new teaching technique d. treats O as the old teaching technique e. is a static-group comparison design
e. that one variable precedes the other in time, that the two variables are correlated and that this relationship is not spurious
For a causal relationship to exist, there must be evidence a. of an empirical correlation between the variables b. that one variable precedes the other in time c. that a third variable did not cause the changes observed in the first two variables d. that one variable precedes the other in time and that the two variables are correlated e. that one variable precedes the other in time, that the two variables are correlated and that this relationship is not spurious
b. manifest content coding
Frio Study Professor Frio was interested in comparing two textbooks to determine whether one used more sexist language than the other. Frio counted the number of times a gender reference (ex: "he," "she," "chairman," etc.) appeared in each book. Frio was doing a. the ecological fallacy b. manifest content coding c. quota sampling d. latent content coding e. base counting
c. the words he and chairman appeared four times more in textbook A than in textbook B
Frio Study Professor Frio was interested in comparing two textbooks to determine whether one used more sexist language than the other. Frio counted the number of times a gender reference (ex: "he," "she," "chairman," etc.) appeared in each book. Professor Frio found that textbook A contained the word he 80 times and that textbook B contained it 20 times. In addition, textbook A used the word chairman 16 times, and textbook B used it only 4 times. Frio was correct in concluding that a. textbook A was four times as sexist as textbook B b. textbook B was one-fourth as sexist as textbook A c. the words he and chairman appeared four times more in textbook A than in textbook B d. textbook A was more sexist than textbook B e. all of these choices are correct
a. Type I error
Georgie is in the process of conducting a study. In her study, as hypothesized, she found that there was a significant difference between females and males and their level of communication apprehension. However, in the larger population (or reality) there isn't a difference between females and males and their levels of communication apprehension. What kind of error does this represent? Selected Answer: a. Type I error b. power c. confidence interval d. Type II error
c. exposure to violent cartoons
Given the following hypothesis in a survey investigation: H1: Increased exposure to violent cartoons is related to higher levels of reported aggression in teenagers. a. teenagers b. cartoons c. exposure to violent cartoons d. reported aggression
D. exposure to violent cartoons
Given the following hypothesis in a survey investigation: H1: Increased exposure to violent cartoons is related to higher levels of reported aggression in teenagers. What is independent variable a. cartoons b. teenagers c. reported aggression d. exposure to violent cartoons
a. applied
Google is interested in launching a new homepage and wants to determine whether or not including dynamic visual images will increase traffic to their website. The company is most likely conducting what type of research? a. Applied b. Basic c. Content analysis d. Focus groups
d. applied
Google is interested in launching a new homepage and wants to determine whether or not including dynamic visual images will increase traffic to their website. The company is most likely conducting what type of research? a. Basic b. Focus groups c. Content analysis d. Applied
1. cate 2. contin 3. contin 4. cate
Identify the type of data most likely produced by each of the following variables. 1. Graduation Class (1=2017, 2=2018, 3=2019) 2. SAT Score 3. Total annual household income in US dollars 4. Class rank
1. Categ 2. Contin 3. Contin 4. Cate
Identify the type of data most likely produced by each of the following variables. (Categorical or Continuous) 1.Race 2.Grade Point Average 3.Total annual household income in dollars 4.Religious Affiliation (cath vs. non cath)
d. level of prejudice
Implicit and Explicit Consequences of Exposure to Violent and Misogynous Rap Music Laurie A. Rudman Rutgers University Matthew R. Lee University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign In two experiments, primed subjects were exposed to violent and misogynistic rap music and control subjects were exposed to popular music. Experiment 1 showed that violent and misogynistic rap music increased the automatic associations underlying evaluative racial stereotypes in high and low prejudiced subjects alike. By contrast, explicit stereotyping was dependent on priming and subjects' prejudice level. In Experiment 2, the priming manipulation was followed by a seemingly unrelated person perception task in which subjects rated Black or White targets described as behaving ambiguously. As expected, primed subjects judged a Black target less favorably than a White target. By contrast, control subjects rated Black and White targets similarly. Subjects' level of prejudice did not moderate these findings, suggesting the robustness of priming effects on social judgments. Read the Rudman and Lee (2002) abstract. The conditional variable in Experiment 2 was most likely a. Automatic associations Answers: a. Automatic associations b. None of the above c. Type of music d. Level of prejudice
a. Automatic associations
Implicit and Explicit Consequences of Exposure to Violent and Misogynous Rap Music Laurie A. Rudman Rutgers University Matthew R. Lee University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign In two experiments, primed subjects were exposed to violent and misogynistic rap music and control subjects were exposed to popular music. Experiment 1 showed that violent and misogynistic rap music increased the automatic associations underlying evaluative racial stereotypes in high and low prejudiced subjects alike. By contrast, explicit stereotyping was dependent on priming and subjects' prejudice level. In Experiment 2, the priming manipulation was followed by a seemingly unrelated person perception task in which subjects rated Black or White targets described as behaving ambiguously. As expected, primed subjects judged a Black target less favorably than a White target. By contrast, control subjects rated Black and White targets similarly. Subjects' level of prejudice did not moderate these findings, suggesting the robustness of priming effects on social judgments. Read the Rudman and Lee (2002) abstract. The dependent variable in Experiment 1 was most likely a. Automatic associations b. None of the above c. Type of music d. Level of prejudice
a. type of music
Implicit and Explicit Consequences of Exposure to Violent and Misogynous Rap Music Laurie A. Rudman Rutgers University Matthew R. Lee University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign In two experiments, primed subjects were exposed to violent and misogynistic rap music and control subjects were exposed to popular music. Experiment 1 showed that violent and misogynistic rap music increased the automatic associations underlying evaluative racial stereotypes in high and low prejudiced subjects alike. By contrast, explicit stereotyping was dependent on priming and subjects' prejudice level. In Experiment 2, the priming manipulation was followed by a seemingly unrelated person perception task in which subjects rated Black or White targets described as behaving ambiguously. As expected, primed subjects judged a Black target less favorably than a White target. By contrast, control subjects rated Black and White targets similarly. Subjects' level of prejudice did not moderate these findings, suggesting the robustness of priming effects on social judgments. Read the Rudman and Lee (2002) abstract. The independent variable in Experiment 1 was most likely a. Type of music b. Level of prejudice c. Automatic associations d. None of the above
e. the researchers failed to control for all of these choices
Improving Math Study A researcher administered a math test to a single group of 9th graders in September. During the school year the students received an intensive program designed to improve their math skills. In May the math test was again given and the math scores improved. Refer to the Improving Math Study description. A major problem in this research is that the researcher failed to control for a. history b. maturation c. testing d. selection biases e. the researchers failed to control for all of these choices
d. ratio
Improving Math Study A researcher administered a math test to a single group of 9th graders in September. During the school year the students received an intensive program designed to improve their math skills. In May the math test was again given and the math scores improved. Refer to the Improving Math Study description. The researcher found a 25% increase in performance on the May math test. The test most likely represents what level of measurement? a. Ordinal b. Interval c. Nominal d. Ratio
TRUE
In SPSS, data manipulation such as recoding involves reclassifying the categories for a variable. TRUE FALSE
FALSE
In SPSS, the best place to look to determine the level of measurement for a variable is the data view. TRUE FALSE
c. both reliable and valid.
In assessing your newly developed scale for measuring anti-Semitism, you get highly similar results when you administer your scale twice to the same group. You also get a high correlation between your new anti-Semitism scale and another scale designed to measure the tendency of people to give socially desirable responses. According to this evidence, your scale is Selected Answer: Incorrectb. reliable but not valid. Answers: a. neither reliable nor valid. b. reliable but not valid c. both reliable and valid. d. valid but not reliable.
b. the sampling error decreases in size
In general, as sample size increases, the sampling error is a constant b. the sampling error decreases in size c. the sampling error increases in size d. the sampling error will remain the same regardless of changes in sample size
d. all of the above
In general, survey research is an appropriate method for Selected Answer: a. describing a population too large to observe directly b. the measurement of attitudes prevalent in a larger population c. studies that have individual people as the unit of analysis d. all of the above
False
Interpretive scholars pursue social change through value-free research. True False
c. null hypothesis
Jevon is conducting a study and hypothesizes the following: There will be a positive relationship between verbal aggression and physical aggression. What does the following represent: There will not be a relationship between verbal aggression and physical aggression. Selected Answer: a. hypothesis b. alternative hypothesis c. null hypothesis d. directional hypothesis
c. Concurrent
Joey has created a scale that measures "extraterrestrial communication competence." He asks participants to complete his Extraterrestrial Communication Competence Scale along with the established Weiner (2012) Communication Competence Scale because he theorizes the two should be related. What type of validity is this? a. Internal b. Predictive c. Concurrent d. External
d. interval
Kevon creates the following scale to measure people's perceptions of the attractiveness of a new website: strongly agree-1 disagree-2 neutral-3 agree-4 strongly agree-5 If Kevon sums the responses to these questions to cerate a website attractiveness scale, what type of variable does his newly designed scale represent? a. ratio b. ordinal c. nominal d. interval
a. Interval
Last fall, the presidential candidates squared off in several debates. To explore the effects of such discourse, Professor Emily is examining the impact of exposure to candidate debates on candidate liking. She uses a 100 point feeling thermometer to gauge how warm or cold a person feels toward a candidate where a 50 means that a person feels warmest toward a candidate and a -50 means that a person feels the coldest toward a candidate. This question represents what level of measurement? a. Interval b. Ratio c. Nominal d. Ordinal
False
Longitudinal survey designs can be used to make causal conclusions about relationships and differences. True False
d. volunteer sample
Mairead is conducting a study examining firefighters' communication satisfaction with their station chief. She visits all the fire stations in the region of her state and recruits participants who would like to participate in her study. What sampling approach is Mairead using? a. quota sample b. purposive sample c. convenience sample d. volunteer sample e. network sample
Indirect Inverse Interactive
Match each of the following with the type of relationship below: Question This type of relationship includes an intervening variable. This type of relationship includes negatively related variables This type of relationship includes a conditional variable. indirect, interactive, inverse.....???
1. experiments 2. content analysis 3. surveys
Match the following descriptions with the correct method. 1. Tests cause and effect relationships. 2. Objectively studies the messages conveyed through texts. 3. Seeks to describe the attitudes, beliefs and/or behaviors of a population -surveys -experiments -content analysis
1. One sample t-test 2. One-way ANOVA 3. Chi square test 4. Independent samples t-test 5. Correlations 6. Paired sample t-test
Match the statistical test described or required below: 1. This test allows you to compare the average GPA of communication majors the total University GPA average 3.12 in 2017. 2. This test allows you to compare the relationship between political party affiliation (Democrat, Republican and other) and hours spent reading the news per day. 3. This test allows you to examine the relationship between gender and whether or not someone volunteered for Special Olympics. 4. This test allows you to compare the differences in male and female time spent on Snapchat. 5. This test allows you to examine the relationship between grade point average at graduation and income earned on first job. 6. This test allows you to compare hours spent reading news online and hours spent reading printed news sources within subjects. -chi square test -independent samples t test -correlations -paired sample t test -one sample t test -one way ANOVA
c. As one's talkaholism score goes up, one's communication apprehension score goes down.
Natalia found that an individual's level of talkaholism is negatively related to her or his level of communication apprehension. Which of the following represents this concept? a. As one's talkaholism score goes up, one's communication apprehension score stays the same. b. As one's communication apprehension score goes up, one's talkaholism score stays the same. c. As one's talkaholism score goes up, one's communication apprehension score goes down. d. As one's talkaholism score goes up, one's communication apprehension score goes up. e. As one's talkaholism score goes down, one's communication apprehension score goes down.
d. t test
National Survey of Black Americans Using data from the National Survey of Black Americans, this study examines the way in which gender socially constructs the importance of skin tone for evaluations of self-worth and self-competence. Skin tone has negative effects on both self-esteem and self-efficacy but operates in different domains of the self for men and for women. Skin color is an important predictor of self-esteem for Black women but not Black men. And color predicts self-efficacy for Black men but not Black women. This pattern conforms to traditional gendered expectations of masculinity and femininity. Moreover, there are conditions of success that allow women to escape the effects of colorism. The impact of skin tone on self-esteem was much weaker for women from the higher social class. Those who had lower self-esteem scores were dark-skinned women from working classes and dark-skinned women who were judged unattractive. Referring to the "National Survey of Black Americans," self-esteem was measured on a 100 point scale where 1 represented very low self-esteem and 100 represented very high self-esteem. Skin color was measured categorically with just two categories, light and dark. What is the most appropriate statistical test to assess the relationship between skin color and self-esteem? a. Correlations b. Chi-Square c. ANOVA d. t-Test
b. Interactive
National Survey of Black Americans Using data from the National Survey of Black Americans, this study examines the way in which gender socially constructs the importance of skin tone for evaluations of self-worth and self-competence. Skin tone has negative effects on both self-esteem and self-efficacy but operates in different domains of the self for men and for women. Skin color is an important predictor of self-esteem for Black women but not Black men. And color predicts self-efficacy for Black men but not Black women. This pattern conforms to traditional gendered expectations of masculinity and femininity. Moreover, there are conditions of success that allow women to escape the effects of colorism. The impact of skin tone on self-esteem was much weaker for women from the higher social class. Those who had lower self-esteem scores were dark-skinned women from working classes and dark-skinned women who were judged unattractive. Referring to the "National Survey of Black Americans," the relationship between skin color and self-efficacy can best be described as what kind of relationship? a. Positive b. Interactive c. Nonlinear d. Indirect
b. Black Americans
National Survey of Black Americans Using data from the National Survey of Black Americans, this study examines the way in which gender socially constructs the importance of skin tone for evaluations of self-worth and self-competence. Skin tone has negative effects on both self-esteem and self-efficacy but operates in different domains of the self for men and for women. Skin color is an important predictor of self-esteem for Black women but not Black men. And color predicts self-efficacy for Black men but not Black women. This pattern conforms to traditional gendered expectations of masculinity and femininity. Moreover, there are conditions of success that allow women to escape the effects of colorism. The impact of skin tone on self-esteem was much weaker for women from the higher social class. Those who had lower self-esteem scores were dark-skinned women from working classes and dark-skinned women who were judged unattractive. Referring to the "National Survey of Black Americans," the unit of analysis was most likely? a. None of the above b. Black Americans c. Black men d. Black women
Perceived learning
Perceptions of Authenticity (Hall, 2009) This survey study investigated whether viewer perceptions of reality programs' authenticity were associated with involvement, enjoyment, and perceived learning. Four dimensions of perceived authenticity were identified: cast ec- centricity, representativeness, candidness, and producer manipulation. Per- ceptions that the cast was not eccentric, that they were representative of people the respondents could meet, that they were behaving candidly, and that the producers were manipulating the show were associated with cogni- tive involvement. Cast representativeness was also positively associated with social involvement. Each form of involvement was associated with enjoyment. Perceptions of the cast members' representativeness, candidness, and lack of eccentricity were associated with perceived learning. Refer to the Perceptions of Authenticity (Hall, 2009) abstract. Which of the following is most likely a dependent variable in this investigation? Selected Answer: a. Perceived learning b. Random sampling c. Viewer perceptions d. College students
d. viewer perception
Perceptions of Authenticity (Hall, 2009) This survey study investigated whether viewer perceptions of reality programs' authenticity were associated with involvement, enjoyment, and perceived learning. Four dimensions of perceived authenticity were identified: cast ec- centricity, representativeness, candidness, and producer manipulation. Per- ceptions that the cast was not eccentric, that they were representative of people the respondents could meet, that they were behaving candidly, and that the producers were manipulating the show were associated with cogni- tive involvement. Cast representativeness was also positively associated with social involvement. Each form of involvement was associated with enjoyment. Perceptions of the cast members' representativeness, candidness, and lack of eccentricity were associated with perceived learning. Refer to the Perceptions of Authenticity (Hall, 2009) abstract. Which of the following is most likely an independent variable in this investigation? Answers: a. Perceived learning b. Random sampling c. College students d. Viewer perceptions
a. college students
Perceptions of Authenticity (Hall, 2009) This survey study investigated whether viewer perceptions of reality programs' authenticity were associated with involvement, enjoyment, and perceived learning. Four dimensions of perceived authenticity were identified: cast ec- centricity, representativeness, candidness, and producer manipulation. Per- ceptions that the cast was not eccentric, that they were representative of people the respondents could meet, that they were behaving candidly, and that the producers were manipulating the show were associated with cogni- tive involvement. Cast representativeness was also positively associated with social involvement. Each form of involvement was associated with enjoyment. Perceptions of the cast members' representativeness, candidness, and lack of eccentricity were associated with perceived learning. Refer to the Perceptions of Authenticity (Hall, 2009) abstract. Which of the following is most likely the unit of analysis in this investigation? Selected Answer: a. College students b. Viewer perceptions c. Perceived learning d. Random sampling
cast eccentricity
Perceptions of Authenticity (Hall, 2009) This survey study investigated whether viewer perceptions of reality programs' authenticity were associated with involvement, enjoyment, and perceived learning. Four dimensions of perceived authenticity were identified: cast ec- centricity, representativeness, candidness, and producer manipulation. Per- ceptions that the cast was not eccentric, that they were representative of people the respondents could meet, that they were behaving candidly, and that the producers were manipulating the show were associated with cogni- tive involvement. Cast representativeness was also positively associated with social involvement. Each form of involvement was associated with enjoyment. Perceptions of the cast members' representativeness, candidness, and lack of eccentricity were associated with perceived learning. Refer to the Perceptions of Authenticity (Hall, 2009) abstract. Which of the following was most directly used to operationalize the independent variable in this investigation? Selected Answer: a. Viewer perceptions b. Audience Involvement c. Cast eccentricity d. Study respondents
a. Dependent
Perceptions of Authenticity (Hall, 2009) This survey study investigated whether viewer perceptions of reality programs' authenticity were associated with involvement, enjoyment, and perceived learning. Four dimensions of perceived authenticity were identified: cast eccentricity, representativeness, candidness, and producer manipulation. Perceptions that the cast was not eccentric, that they were representative of people the respondents could meet, that they were behaving candidly, and that the producers were manipulating the show were associated with cognitive involvement. Cast representativeness was also positively associated with social involvement. Each form of involvement was associated with enjoyment. Perceptions of the cast members' representativeness, candidness, and lack of eccentricity were associated with perceived learning. Refer to the Perceptions of Authenticity (Hall, 2009) abstract. Perceived learning is most likely what kind of variable? a. Dependent b. Moderator c. Independent d. None of the Above
d. College students
Perceptions of Authenticity (Hall, 2009) This survey study investigated whether viewer perceptions of reality programs' authenticity were associated with involvement, enjoyment, and perceived learning. Four dimensions of perceived authenticity were identified: cast eccentricity, representativeness, candidness, and producer manipulation. Perceptions that the cast was not eccentric, that they were representative of people the respondents could meet, that they were behaving candidly, and that the producers were manipulating the show were associated with cognitive involvement. Cast representativeness was also positively associated with social involvement. Each form of involvement was associated with enjoyment. Perceptions of the cast members' representativeness, candidness, and lack of eccentricity were associated with perceived learning. Refer to the Perceptions of Authenticity (Hall, 2009) abstract. Which of the following is most likely to be the unit of analysis in this investigation? Answers: a. Random sampling b. Perceived learning c. Viewer perceptions d. College students
d. Random sampling
Perceptions of Authenticity (Hall, 2009) This survey study investigated whether viewer perceptions of reality programs' authenticity were associated with involvement, enjoyment, and perceived learning. Four dimensions of perceived authenticity were identified: cast eccentricity, representativeness, candidness, and producer manipulation. Perceptions that the cast was not eccentric, that they were representative of people the respondents could meet, that they were behaving candidly, and that the producers were manipulating the show were associated with cognitive involvement. Cast representativeness was also positively associated with social involvement. Each form of involvement was associated with enjoyment. Perceptions of the cast members' representativeness, candidness, and lack of eccentricity were associated with perceived learning. Refer to the Perceptions of Authenticity (Hall, 2009) abstract. Which of the following is most likely to ensure external validity in this study? a. Nonrandom samling b. College students c. Viewer perceptions d. Random sampling
a. the accuracy or representativeness of the sample can be estimated
Random samples are advantageous to the researcher because a. the accuracy or representativeness of the sample can be estimated b. they are perfectly representative of the population from which they are drawn c. they allow for the evaluation of causal relationships d. all of the above
a. Inclusion of video footage
Read the Children's Reactions to a Television News Story abstract. Which of the following did not interact with age to produce differences in the dependent variable? a. Inclusion of video footage b. Gang violence news c. Proximity of the crime d. Fear response
c. fear response
Read the Children's Reactions to a Television News Story abstract. Which of the following is most likely the dependent variable? a. Proximity of the crime b. Inclusion of video footage c. Fear response d. Age group
b. women
Refer to the T-Test Analysis. According to the presented results, who watches more television? GROUP STATS sex-0 Female N: 296 Mean: 3.24 Std Dev: 2.680 St. Error Mean: .135 1 Male N: 313 Mean: 2.65 Std dev: 1.863 Std. error mean: .105 INDEPENDENT STATS tv hours per day: equal variance assumed: F: 20.060 sig. .000 t: 3.306 df: 707 sig t tailed .001 mean difference .589 Std Error diff: .178 equal variances no assumed: F: n/a Sig: n/a t: 3.444 df: 696.201 sig (2 tailed): .001 Mean diff: .589 std error diff: .171 a. Men b. Women c. No difference d. Cannot Tell
a. There is a significant group difference t(696.20)= 3.44, p=.001
Refer to the T-Test Analysis. Which of the following best reports the relationship between gender and television viewing habits. GROUP STATS sex-0 Female N: 296 Mean: 3.24 Std Dev: 2.680 St. Error Mean: .135 1 Male N: 313 Mean: 2.65 Std dev: 1.863 Std. error mean: .105 INDEPENDENT STATS tv hours per day: equal variance assumed: F: 20.060 sig. .000 t: 3.306 df: 707 sig t tailed .001 mean difference .589 Std Error diff: .178 equal variances no assumed: F: n/a Sig: n/a t: 3.444 df: 696.201 sig (2 tailed): .001 Mean diff: .589 std error diff: .171 a. There is a significant group difference t(696.20)= 3.44, p=.001 b. The relationship is positive and statistically significant, F=20.60, p=.000. c. There is a significant group difference M= .59, SE=.18 d. The relationship is not statistically significant, F=20.60, p=.000.
FALSE
Research has shown that as an individual's level of job satisfaction rises, her or his verbal aggression decreases. This is an example of an indirect relationship. TRUE FALSE
b. Discovery/Positivist
Research in which of the following paradigms would be most interested in establishing a causal relationship between exposure to public service announcements encouraging people to quit smoking and subjective norms about smoking? a. Interpretive b. Discovery/Positivist c. Axiological d. Critical
B Critical
Research in which of the following paradigms would be most interested in exploring whether corporations exploit amateur content producers who post content to YouTube? a. Positivist b. Critical c. Interpretive d. Axiological
a. critical
Research in which of the following paradigms would be most interested in exploring whether corporations exploit amateur content producers who post content to YouTube? Selected Answer: a. Critical b. Positivist c. Axiological d. Interpretive
FALSE
SPSS reports a sig. value of .000. This means that there is no probability that an observed relationship occurred by chance. TRUE FALSE
True
Social scientists seek to set aside their personal values to reveal value-free knowledge. TRUE FAlSE
d. none of the above
Stratifying a population prior to drawing a sample Selected Answer: a. eliminates the need for simple random sampling b. is most useful for studying causal relationships c. is an alternative to either random or systematic sampling d. none of the above
c. survey
The Content of Reality Dating Shows and Viewer Perceptions of Dating This research utilized a content analysis of 64 hours of reality dating shows and a survey of 197 young adults to determine the extent to which the content on these shows was related to actual dating attitudes, preferred date characteristics, and dating behaviors of viewers of that genre. Results show that male viewers, those who perceived higher realism in the shows, and those with higher average viewing scores were more likely to endorse attitudes found within the programming. Dating characteristics were portrayed infrequently, and no relationship between viewing and endorsement of those characteristics was found. Viewing reality dating shows was related to self-reports of drinking alcohol and using hot tubs early in the dating relationship. Refer to the The Content of Reality Dating Shows and Viewer Perceptions of Dating abstract above. This study was a multi-method investigation. Which of the two methods actually employed in the study was more likely to reveal how the "hot tub effect" correlated with viewing reality dating shows. a. Experiment b. Focus groups c. Survey d. Content Analysis
b. survey
The Content of Reality Dating Shows and Viewer Perceptions of Dating This research utilized a content analysis of 64 hours of reality dating shows and a survey of 197 young adults to determine the extent to which the content on these shows was related to actual dating attitudes, preferred date characteristics, and dating behaviors of viewers of that genre. Results show that male viewers, those who perceived higher realism in the shows, and those with higher average viewing scores were more likely to endorse attitudes found within the programming. Dating characteristics were portrayed infrequently, and no relationship between viewing and endorsement of those characteristics was found. Viewing reality dating shows was related to self-reports of drinking alcohol and using hot tubs early in the dating relationship. Refer to the The Content of Reality Dating Shows and Viewer Perceptions of Dating abstract above. This study was a multi-method investigation. Which of the two methods actually employed in the study was more likely to reveal how the "hot tub effect" correlated with viewing reality dating shows. a. Focus groups b. Survey c. Content Analysis d. Experiment
c. content analysis
The Content of Reality Dating Shows and Viewer Perceptions of Dating This research utilized a content analysis of 64 hours of reality dating shows and a survey of 197 young adults to determine the extent to which the content on these shows was related to actual dating attitudes, preferred date characteristics, and dating behaviors of viewers of that genre. Results show that male viewers, those who perceived higher realism in the shows, and those with higher average viewing scores were more likely to endorse attitudes found within the programming. Dating characteristics were portrayed infrequently, and no relationship between viewing and endorsement of those characteristics was found. Viewing reality dating shows was related to self-reports of drinking alcohol and using hot tubs early in the dating relationship. Refer to the The Content of Reality Dating Shows and Viewer Perceptions of Dating abstract above. This study was a multi-method investigation. Which of the two methods was more likely to reveal the relationship between the sex of a reality dating show character and character expression of the belief that dating is a game. a. Experiment b. Survey c. Content Analysis d. Focus groups
d. content analysis
The Content of Reality Dating Shows and Viewer Perceptions of Dating This research utilized a content analysis of 64 hours of reality dating shows and a survey of 197 young adults to determine the extent to which the content on these shows was related to actual dating attitudes, preferred date characteristics, and dating behaviors of viewers of that genre. Results show that male viewers, those who perceived higher realism in the shows, and those with higher average viewing scores were more likely to endorse attitudes found within the programming. Dating characteristics were portrayed infrequently, and no relationship between viewing and endorsement of those characteristics was found. Viewing reality dating shows was related to self-reports of drinking alcohol and using hot tubs early in the dating relationship. Refer to the The Content of Reality Dating Shows and Viewer Perceptions of Dating abstract above. This study was a multi-method investigation. Which of the two methods was more likely to reveal the relationship between the sex of a reality dating show character and character expression of the belief that dating is a game. Selected Answer: Incorrectc. Survey Answers: a. Experiment b. Focus groups c. Survey d. Content Analysis
c. independent
The Content of Reality Dating Shows and Viewer Perceptions of Dating This research utilized a content analysis of 64 hours of reality dating shows and a survey of 197 young adults to determine the extent to which the content on these shows was related to actual dating attitudes, preferred date characteristics, and dating behaviors of viewers of that genre. Results show that male viewers, those who perceived higher realism in the shows, and those with higher average viewing scores were more likely to endorse attitudes found within the programming. Dating characteristics were portrayed infrequently, and no relationship between viewing and endorsement of those characteristics was found. Viewing reality dating shows was related to self-reports of drinking alcohol and using hot tubs early in the dating relationship. Refer to the The Content of Reality Dating Shows and Viewer Perceptions of Dating abstract above. Viewing reality dating shows is most likely what kind of variable? a. Dependent b. Moderator c. Independent d. None of the Above
c. RFCP scale scores
The Influence of Family Communication Patterns on Religious Orientation Among College Students Fife, Nelson and Messersmith (2014) A web survey of 215 participants was conducted to determine if the Revised Family Communication Patterns (RFCP) scale predicted a variety of dependent variables related to religiosity, including extrinsic and intrinsic orientations toward religion, along with strength of religious faith. Both dimensions of the RFCP significantly predicted strength of religious faith, intrinsic orientation and extrinsic orientation beyond the amount of variance predicted by demographic variables and church attendance in the family of origin. Implications for family communication patterns for the socialization of religious values are considered. Read The Influence of Family Communication Patterns on Religious Orientation Among College Students (Fife, Nelson & Messersmith, 2014) abstract. Which of the following could be considered the main independent variable in this investigation? a. Web participants b. Strength of religious faith c. RFCP scale scores d. Church attendance
a. ordinal
The amount of sexual content in reality programming is measured using the following scale: 1= A lot, 2= A little, 3= None. This scale reflects what level of measurement? Selected Answer: a. Ordinal b. Interval c. Ratio d. Nominal
a. experimental group receives the independent variable and the control group does not
The difference between the experimental and control groups should be that the a. experimental group receives the independent variable and the control group does not b. control group receives the dependent variable and the experimental group does not c. control group receives the independent variable and the experimental does not d. experimental group receives the dependent variable and the control group does not e. nothing, these are synonyms that refer to the same group
FALSE
The goal of positivist research is to agitate change. TRUE FALSE
b. whether the experimental stimulus really affected the dependent variable
The question of internal validity refers to Selected Answer: a. the determination of the proper time to do the pretest b. whether the experimental stimulus really affected the dependent variable c. the comparison of the results obtained for the experimental group with those obtained for the control group d. generalizability e. the determination of the proper time to do the posttest
e. the alternative hypothesis
The statistical notation "H1" represents what concept? Selected Answer: a. the null research question b. the null hypothesis c. a hypothetical question d. a research question e. the alternative hypothesis
FALSE
The three criteria for establishing causality are association, linearity, and intervening variables. TRUE FALSE
TRUE
This type of relationship includes a conditional variable. TRUE FALSE
e. communication
What is the process by which one person stimulates meaning in the mind(s) of another person (or persons) through verbal and nonverbal messages? a. mass media b. information processing c. nonverbal behavior d. verbal behavior e. communication
c. test-retest reliability
Which of the following forms of reliability is assessed when you give the same group the same measure twice and then compare the consistency of responses on that measure? a. inter-coder reliability b. alternative-form validity c. test-retest reliability d. split-half validity Response Feedback: A researcher uses the test-retest method of reliability when the same group of people are giving the same measurement more than once to examine the consistency of their responses. An important assumption of this method is that the responses, regardless of the number of times observed, should remain the same.
a. null
Which of the following hypotheses assumes that there is no relationship between two variables? Selected Answer: a. null b. secondary c. research d. alternate
a. H1: Communication competence and loneliness are negatively related.
Which of the following hypotheses is directional? a. H1: Communication competence and loneliness are negatively related. b. H1: Criticism and defensiveness are related in martial interactions. c. H1: Administrators and faculty will differ in the amount of problem-focused statements forwarded in small group interactions. d. H1: Male and female managers will use directives with different frequencies.
c. H: Communication competence and loneliness are negatively related.
Which of the following hypotheses is directional? Selected Answer: Answers: a. H: Criticism and defensiveness are related in martial interactions. b. H: Male and female managers will use directives with different frequencies. c. H: Communication competence and loneliness are negatively related. d. H: Administrators and faculty will differ in the amount of problem-focused statements forwarded in small group interactions. Response Feedback: The directional hypothesis predicts the nature of the relationship between communication competence and loneliness: As communication competence increases, loneliness will decrease. See text and course notes for a discussion of the direction of research hypotheses.
d. political party affiliation (Republican/Democrat/Independent/Other/None)
Which of the following is an example of the nominal level measurement? a. family size (number of children in a family) b. political participation (number of times voted in the last 10 civic elections) c. educational attainment (highest year or grade in school completed) d. political party affiliation (Republican/Democrat/Independent/Other/None) e. none of the above
c. r "italicized" (489) = .62, p "italicized"< .005
Which of the following is the correct APA formatting for a correlation result? a. r"italicized" (489) = .62, p < .005 b. R (489) = .62, p < .005 c. r "italicized" (489) = .62, p "italicized"< .005 d. R "italicized" (489) = .62, p "italicized"< .005 e. r "italicized" (N = 489) = .62, p < .005
c. Hypotheses
Which of the following should be addressed at the end of a quantitative literature review? a. Procedures b. Sample c. Hypotheses d. Operational Definitions
b. Probability samples are more representative and enable us to estimate the representativeness of the sample.
Which of the following statements best describes the advantage of using probability sampling over nonprobability sampling? a. Probability samples are much easier and efficient to collect. b. Probability samples are more representative and enable us to estimate the representativeness of the sample. c. Probability samples enable us to select members of a population based on particular characteristics of interest to the researcher. d. Probability samples eliminate problems of biased sampling frames, enabling more representative samples. Response Feedback: There are two key advantages to probability sampling. The first is that it enables researchers to collect samples that are more representative than those collected using nonprobability sampling. Second, it allows researchers to estimate the representativeness of the sample using probability theory.
b. Cohen's kappa
Which of the following statistics affirms that a text has been coded reliably? a. Pearson's r b. Cohen's kappa c. Cronbach's alpha d. Tukey's HSD
a. subject
Which of the following words most clearly identifies qualitative research? a. sampling b. objective c. numerical d. subjective
c. stratified sampling
You are doing research on hospital personnel-orderlies, technicians, nurses, and doctors. You want to be sure you draw a sample that has cases in each of the personnel categories. _______________________________________________________________________ Refer to Research on Hospital Personnel. Let's say you want to use random sampling. An appropriate strategy would be a. systematic sampling b. quota sampling c. stratified sampling d. simple random sampling
c. convenience sample.
You need a sample of 25 students to interview for a study of attitudes toward intercollegiate athletics, and so you interview the first 25 students to enter the campus center cafeteria on a Monday morning. This constitutes a Answers: a. purposive sample. b. quota sample. c. convenience sample. d. simple random sample.
e. compensatory rivalry
You were asked to participate in an experiment to test the effectiveness of review sessions on exam grades. As a research methods student, you concluded that you had been assigned to the control group because you simply took the scheduled exams. Since you did not want the students in the experimental group to get higher grades than you did on the exams, you organized a review session with other control group subjects. This illustrates a. demoralization b. the testing effect c. compensation d. maturation e. compensatory rivalry
d. split-half reliability
You wish to establish the reliability of a 50-item unidimensional measure of loneliness. You randomly divide the 50-item instrument into two sets of 25 items. You then administer these two sets of items to participants. If the two sets are highly correlated they are said to have what kind of reliability? a. test-retest reliability b. alternate-form reliability c. inter-coder reliability d. split-half reliability Response Feedback: Split-half reliability, a form of internal consistency method, assesses the degree to which different halves of an instrument are highly correlated and thus measure the concept consistently.
