Quantitative Reasoning Final Exam
According to the null hypothesis for a simple experiment, we expect the difference between the means of our two groups to be ______. A) 0 B) 1 C) 10 D) very large
A) 0
______ is when participants are randomly assigned to all possible sequences of conditions in an experiment. A) Complete counterbalancing B) Partial counterbalancing C) Latin Square counterbalancing D) Randomized partial counterbalancing
A) Complete counterbalancing
A factor is another word for a predictor variable or independent variable (IV). A) True B) False
A) True
A multiple independent-groups design examines the effect of one IV with at least three levels on a DV. A) True B) False
A) True
Chi-square goodness of fit assumes an expected frequency of at least 5 in each category. a) True b) False
A) True
Dependent-groups designs allow you to ensure that relevant personal characteristics are equalized across groups at the beginning of a study. A) True B) False
A) True
If you find a statistically significant interaction effect, you cannot interpret the main effects on their own. A) True B) False
A) True
The regression equation includes the slope and Y-intercept values which allow one to graph the line. A) True B) False
A) True
The value of F will always be positive. A) True B) False
A) True
To graph a hypothesized 2 ´ 2 interaction effect, you must include two nonparallel lines. A) True B) False
A) True
The assumptions for the independent samples t test include ______. A) an IV that is dichotomous, DV that is interval or ratio, independent groups, homogeneity of variance B) an IV that is interval or ratio, DV that is dichotomous, independent groups, normally distributed DV C) an IV that is interval or ratio, DV that is dichotomous, dependent groups, normally distributed IV D) an IV that is dichotomous, DV that is ordinal, dependent groups, homogeneity of variance
A) an IV that is dichotomous, DV that is interval or ratio, independent groups, homogeneity of variance
Correlational designs can have greater external validity than experiments because correlational designs ______. A) better represent the everyday world where we do not manipulate or control events B) study true relationships while experiments only manipulate relationships C) are more attractive to participants D) easier to conduct
A) better represent the everyday world where we do not manipulate or control events
For the results of a one-sample t test to be significant, the computed t value must be ______. A) greater than the critical t value listed in the t table for our degrees of freedom (df) and p value B) less than the critical t value listed in the t table for our degrees of freedom (df) and p value C) equal to the critical t value listed in the t table for our degrees of freedom (df) and p value D) greater than the critical t value for the degrees of freedom (df) for our population
A) greater than the critical t value listed in the t table for our degrees of freedom (df) and p value
A regression equation allows you to ______. A) more closely estimate the value of Y for a given X value B) make predictions of Y that match the actual values of y C) predict only the whole number values D) eliminate any error in the prediction of Y values
A) more closely estimate the value of Y for a given X value
A researcher conducts a study with two IVs, both of which were manipulated but participants were not randomly assigned to group. This is a(n) ______. A) quasi-experimental factorial design B) experimental factorial design C) correlational factorial design D) hybrid factorial design
A) quasi-experimental factorial design
In the regression equation, b = ______. A) slope B) Y-intercept C) correlation D) ordinal variable
A) slope
The results of an ANOVA are typically presented as below in a ______, which in this case shows ______. A) summary table; no difference between four groups on cognitive awareness B) summary table; a significant difference between three groups on cognitive awareness C) summary matrix; a significant difference between three groups on cognitive awareness D) summary matrix; 19.2% of the variability in cognitive awareness is accounted for by the IV ANOVA - Cognitive Awareness Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 489.063 3 163.021 1.650 .192 Within Groups 4,347.917 44 98.816
A) summary table; no difference between four groups on cognitive awareness
Levene's test tells us if ______. A) we have violated our assumption of homogeneity of variance B) our means are significantly different C) our IV has a significant effect on the DV D) the effect size is strong
A) we have violated our assumption of homogeneity of variance
One reason to use a correlational design is ______. A) when an experimental study would be unethical B) when it is possible to manipulate the variable(s) of interest C) to examine causality D) to increase internal validity
A) when an experimental study would be unethical
The expected value of F if the null hypothesis is true is ______. A) 0 B) 1 C) 10 D) depends on the strength of the effect of the IV
B) 1
Which of the following is true about practical significance and dependent-samples designs? A) There is a precise value you can measure to determine if you have practical significance. B) It is an interpretation of the impact of the effect in daily life. C) There is a critical value that you can use for comparison purposes to determine if you have practical significance. D) Practical significance isn't relevant with dependent-samples designs.
B) It is an interpretation of the impact of the effect in daily life.
You want to find out whether a significantly greater percentage of students at your university binge watch television series than the national percentage for binge watching. Can you compute a one-sample t test on these data? A) Yes, you have sample data and a national value for comparison. B) No, the data are a nominal scale and a t test requires interval or ratio data. C) No, students cannot be legitimately compared to a national sample of all television viewers. D) You do not have enough information to make a decision.
B) No, the data are a nominal scale and a t test requires interval or ratio data.
The three major types of designs with two independent groups are ______. A) correlational, simple multigroups, quasi-experiments B) correlational, quasi-experiments, simple experiments C) simple experiments, regression, quasi-experiments D) factorial, simple experiments, two-group experiments
B) correlational, quasi-experiments, simple experiments
Having participants take part in different conditions in different orders is known as ______. A) order effects B) counterbalancing C) power D) matching
B) counterbalancing
The type of study that best supports the goal of beginning with similar participant characteristics in our groups is the ______. A) correlational design B) dependent-groups design C) experimental design D) quasi-experimental design
B) dependent-groups design
In the Results section for a study, comparing a sample of scores to a population value, we would include the ______. A) type of statistical test computed, computed value of the test, its df and significance level, effect size, and practical significance B) descriptive statistics of our measurement, type of statistical test computed, computed value of the test, its df and significance level, and effect size C) descriptive statistics of our measurement, type of statistical test computed, computed value of the test, its df and significance level, effect size, and practical significance D) type of statistical test computed, computed value of the test, its df and significance level, and effect size
B) descriptive statistics of our measurement, type of statistical test computed, computed value of the test, its df and significance level, and effect size
A researcher conducts a study with two IVs, both of which were manipulated and participants were randomly assigned to groups. This is a(n) ______. A) quasi-experimental factorial design B) experimental factorial design C) correlational factorial design D) hybrid factorial design
B) experimental factorial design
An interaction is ______. A) how one variable predicts or affects the outcome B) how one variable predicts or affects the outcome based on the levels of another variable C) a comparison of one level of a factor across a level of another factor D) a design used to examine how two or more variables (factors) predict or explain an outcome
B) how one variable predicts or affects the outcome based on the levels of another variable
Anne and Jack are examining variables related to self-control. Anne finds r = +.40 between percentage of salary saved and self-control while Jack finds r = -.60 between impulsivity and self-control. Which variable is more strongly related to self-control? A) percentage of salary saved B) impulsivity C) neither variable is significantly related to self-control D) you cannot tell from the information provided
B) impulsivity
The inferential statistic used to analyze two-group designs is called the ______. A) one-sample t test B) independent-samples t test C) independent correlation coefficient D) independent-samples ANOVA
B) independent-samples t test
A correlational design ______. A) describes the relationship between two variables B) is a type of study that tests the hypothesis that variables are related C) determines causation between variables D) examines causal relationships between three or more variables
B) is a type of study that tests the hypothesis that variables are related
To compute a one-sample t test we must ______. A) collect data from a sample of at least 100 B) measure our variable on an interval or ratio scale C) randomly select our sample D) compute the expected frequency of our sample
B) measure our variable on an interval or ratio scale
When two variables move in opposite directions (one increases while the other decreases), they are ______. A) positively correlated B) negatively correlated C) not correlated D) perfectly correlated
B) negatively correlated
Which of the following involves participants serving as their own control by participating in every condition of the experiment? A) matched pairs design B) repeated-measured design C) independent-groups design D) quasi-experimental design
B) repeated-measured design
In a study of the effect of daily exercise on happiness suppose we found that happiness (rated on a 25-point scale) was significantly higher (p = .03) for a group that exercised daily (M = 21.50) than for a group that exercised once a week (M = 15.50). We could interpret the practical significance of this study as ______. A) weak because the happiness scores may not really represent the participants' sense of happiness B) strong because the average happiness ratings are very different and we could assume that the participants would notice the different levels of happiness that the ratings represent C) strong because we found a statistical significance in the happiness ratings D) unimportant because the participants will probably not continue to exercise in the future
B) strong because the average happiness ratings are very different and we could assume that the participants would notice the different levels of happiness that the ratings represent
The average difference between the scores of matched pairs or the scores for the same participants across two conditions is known as ______. A) the variance B) the mean difference C) the standard deviation D) the standard error of the mean difference
B) the mean difference
In examining test scores from the Beery VMI of children at the local elementary school compared with a national sample, the OT finds t(19) = 4.26, p < .01. She can infer that ______. A) the sample scored 4.26 points above the population B) the sample consisted of 20 participants C) the critical t value is greater than 4.26 D) the scores of less than 1% of the sample matched the population value
B) the sample consisted of 20 participants
If we want to find whether the first year class at our college has different scores on the SAT writing test than the national average for the test, our nondirectional alternative hypothesis (Ha)might state ______. A) there will be no difference in SAT writing scores between our first year class and the national average B) there will be a difference in SAT writing scores between our first year class and the national average C) the SAT writing scores for our first year class will equal the national average for the test D) our first year class will score higher than the national average for the SAT writing test
B) there will be a difference in SAT writing scores between our first year class and the national average
We compute a Spearman rho when we want to correlate ______. A) two groups with nominal data B) two variables of ordinal data C) two variables of interval/ratio data D) one variable with interval/ratio data and one dichotomous variable
B) two variables of ordinal data
Steps we can take to ensure that our DV is reliable and valid include ______. A) using a new scale that we have developed to avoid the problems with older established scales B) using more than one item to measure our DV C) presenting all information in person rather than automating the data collection D) introduce the study in a different manner for each participant
B) using more than one item to measure our DV
The value of Pearson's r ranges between ______. A) 0.0 and +1.0 B) -1.0 and 0.0 C) -1.0 and +1.0 D) 0.0 and 10.0
C) -1.0 and +1.0
Rima is examining whether parenthood (yes-no) is related to willingness to support a bond for schools (yes-maybe-no). He could present the data in a ______ contingency table. A) 1 x 6 B) 2 x 2 C) 2 x 3 D) 6 x 1
C) 2 x 3
Shawn examines the relationship between creativity and academic honesty and finds the coefficient of determination equals .33 or r2= -.33. This means that ______. A) he has found a moderate correlation between the two variables B) he has found a strong correlation between the two variables C) 33% of the variability in academic honesty is accounted for by knowing its relationship with creativity D) 67% of the variability in academic honesty is accounted for by knowing its relationship with creativity
C) 33% of the variability in academic honesty is accounted for by knowing its relationship with creativity
As his class project Reggie asks 30 undergraduates to select their preference for class format (face-to-face or online). He analyses the data and finds t(28) = 5.73, p < .05, d = .40. How should he interpret his results? A) His results were significant with a weak effect size and he needs to report whether more students preferred face-to-face or online classes. B) His results were significant with 40% of the variability in preference for class type accounted for. C) He should analyze the data again by computing a different statistical test because the data are nominal. D) He should analyze the data again by computing the 95% confidence interval.
C) He should analyze the data again by computing a different statistical test because the data are nominal.
The statistic used to determine whether a linear relationship exists between two interval/ratio variables is the ______. A) Cohen's d B) Y' determined by a regression equation C) Pearson's r D) multiple r
C) Pearson's r
If we want to find whether the first year class at our college has higher scores on the SAT writing test than the national average for the test, we would compute ______. A) the effect size B) practical significance C) a one-sample t test D) an alternative hypothesis
C) a one-sample t test
The one-way ANOVA compares ______. A) within-group variance for each group to within-variance for the total group B) error variance for each group to error variance for the total group C) between-groups variance and within-groups variance D) error and within-groups variance
C) between-groups variance and within-groups variance
Degrees of freedom in for an independent-samples t test is computed by ______. A) df = N - 1 B) df = n1 + n2 - 1 C) df = (n1 - 1) + (n2 - 1) D) df = (n1 + 1) - (n2 + 1)
C) df = (n1 - 1) + (n2 - 1)
Overall dependent-groups designs ______. A) decrease power of a study because you maximize the difference between groups and minimize the error variability in scores B) increase power of a study because you minimize the difference between groups and minimize the error variability in scores C) increase power of a study because you maximize the difference between groups and minimize the error variability in scores D) increase power of a study because you minimize the difference between groups and maximize the error variability in scores
C) increase power of a study because you maximize the difference between groups and minimize the error variability in scores
A confidence interval defines the ______. A) variability we expect in a population whose variability equals the difference we found in our study B) span of differences expected in a population whose variability is equal to our sample standard deviations C) interval that includes the population mean difference represented by the mean difference in our study D) mean difference between our sample and the population means
C) interval that includes the population mean difference represented by the mean difference in our study
A multiple independent-groups design examines the effect of ______. A) more than one IV on a DV B) one IV on three or more DVs C) one IV with three or more levels on a DV D) two or more IVs on two or more DVs
C) one IV with three or more levels on a DV
The average error between predicted Y values and the actual Y values is called ______. A) line of best fit B) standard error of the correlation C) standard error of the estimate D) estimated standard error of the estimate
C) standard error of the estimate
The line of best fit represents ______. A) predictions of all the nominal variable values B) the best values for the measures C) the predicted Y values (Y') for each X value in the sample range D) the actual X and Y values for your sample
C) the predicted Y values (Y') for each X value in the sample range
Correlation is the statistic used to assess ______. A) causation between two interval/ratio variables B) relationships between two ordinal/ratio variables C) the validity and reliability of measures D) the lack of significant results
C) the validity and reliability of measures
We should not compute a regression equation if we do not find a significant correlation between two variables because ______. A) we need to correct errors in our data B) we can only compute regression equations when variables are causally related C) there will be too much error in our predicted values D) the slope of the regression equation would be flat
C) there will be too much error in our predicted values
In a simple experiment examining the impact of violent games on aggressive thoughts, we might have participants play a violent game for 45 min rather than 5 min. This decision reflects our attempt to maximize power by ______. A) controlling conditions in our experiment B) ensuring that our IV is valid and reliable C) using a strong manipulation of our IV D) using similar participants in our study
C) using a strong manipulation of our IV
The critical t value for p < .05 represents the ______. A) maximum t value possible for a specific df B) value that defines the middle 95% of the distribution if the alternative hypothesis is false C) value that defines the extreme 5% of the distribution defined by the null hypothesis D) value that must exceed the obtained t value in order to find statistical significance
C) value that defines the extreme 5% of the distribution defined by the null hypothesis
What is the Critical F Value for a sample that involves 4 groups with 10 people in each of the groups. (Use table in the book)___.
CF = 2.87
A 3 x 4 design has ______ cells. A) 3 B) 4 C) 7 D) 12
D) 12
Typically we compute the ______ confidence interval. A) 10% B) 50% C) 75% D) 95%
D) 95%
A researcher wants to examine the effect of violent computer games on verbal aggression. She has college students play 45 min, 30 min, 15 min, or no minutes of a violent computer games. Which of the following best represents a nondirectional alternative hypothesis for this study? A) Ha: µ45min > µ30min > µ15min > µ0min B) Ha: µ45min = µ30min = µ15min = µ0min C) Ha: There will be no difference in verbal aggression after playing 45 min, 30 min, 15 min of no minutes of a violent computer game. D) Ha: There will be a difference in verbal aggression after playing 45 min, 30 min, 15 min of no minutes of a violent computer game.
D) Ha: There will be a difference in verbal aggression after playing 45 min, 30 min, 15 min of no minutes of a violent computer game.
The regression equation is always represented by the formula ______. A) X' = Yb + X B) X' = bX + Y C) Y' = a - bX D) Y' = bX + a
D) Y' = bX + a
If the impact of the treatment or measurement lasts longer than the time between different conditions, this is known as ______. A) boredom B) practice C) fatigue D) carryover
D) carryover
The statistic that describes the proportion of variability that is accounted for by knowing the relationship between two variables is the ______. A) coefficient of prediction B) standard error of the estimate C) estimated standard error of the means D) coefficient of determination
D) coefficient of determination
Assumption for a one-way independent samples ANOVA include ______. A) DV is a nominal variable B) DV is an ordinal variable C) variability in each sample significantly differs D) groups are independent
D) groups are independent
The inferential statistic used to analyze a multiple independent-groups study is ______. A) multiple independent-groups t test B) one-way multiple groups t test C) one-way ANALVAL D) one-way ANOVA
D) one-way ANOVA
Where does the power of the dependent-groups design come from? A) the large sample size B) the stronger manipulation C) the more sensitive dependent variable D) the decrease in random error that is created by participant characteristics
D) the decrease in random error that is created by participant characteristics
Which of the following variables would be appropriate for a Chi-square: A) how many cigarettes a person smoke per day B) number of siblings in the family with previous stroke C) body mass index D) whether the client has a had a previous stroke
D) whether the client has a had a previous stroke
In the regression equation, a = ______. A) Y-intercept B) slope C) regression coefficient D) correlation
Y-intercept
Nonparametric statistics are used when we a) have ordinal or nominal data. b) have normally distributed variables. c) have homogeneity of variance. d) need a more powerful test.
a) have ordinal or nominal data.
The expected frequency for red jellybeans in a jar of colored jellybeans is the actual number of red jellybeans. a) True b) False
b) False
Data for a chi-square test for independence are presented in a a) bar graph. b) contingency table. c) sampling distribution. d) frequency distribution.
b) contingency table.
The null hypothesis for a chi-square test for independence predicts that the two variables are a) related. b) independent c) causally related. d) interactive.
b) independent
Dr. Welthe examines whether the number of those with a college degree and those who have not earned a degree who are members of an investment club differs. She finds that χ2 obt = 6.54 and χ2crit = 3.84, and can conclude: a) Education causes more interest in building wealth. b) Education level significantly affected interest in investment. c) Education level is related to membership in the investment club. d) There is no relationship between education level and membership in an investment club.
c) Education level is related to membership in the investment club.
The chi-square test compares a) observed observations with obtained observations. b) sum of the observations with obtained observations. c) observed frequencies with expected frequencies. d) predicted observations with the expected frequencies.
c) observed frequencies with expected frequencies.
The strength of the relationship is evident from ______ and the direction of the relationship is evident from ______ in a correlation coefficient. A) how close the correlation coefficient is to +1.0; the sign of the coefficient B) how close the correlation coefficient is to the absolute value of 1.0; the sign of the coefficient C) whether the correlation coefficient is positive or negative; the scatterplot D) the scatterplot; the combination of the variables' predicted values
how close the correlation coefficient is to the absolute value of 1.0; the sign of the coefficient
The scatterplot below shows a ______. A) weak positive relationship B) strong positive relationship C) weak negative relationship D) strong negative relationship
strong positive relationship
