Question 12

Strychni semen Strychnos nux-vomica (Loganiaceae)

- Alkaloids Strychnine and Brucine. These alkaloids occur in the large, thick-walled cells of the endosperm strychnine is concentrated in the cells near the center of the seed and brucine in the outer cells near the epidermis.Minor related alkaloids include: a-colubrine, b-colubrine, icajie, vomicine, novacine, N-oxystrychnine and pseudostrychnine. - Strychnine tool in physiologic and neuroanatomic research. - Toxic, functioning as a central stimulant. The alkaloid produces excitation of all parts of the central nervous system and blocks inhibitory spinal impulses at the postsynaptic level. This leads to an exaggeration in reflexes, with resulting tonic convulsion. - Brucine, which is less toxic than strychnine, is used commercially as an alcohol denaturant.

Hydrastidis radix Canadian vodka, Hydrastis canadensis (Ranunculaceae)

- Hydrastin, other berberin alkaloids (causing yellowing of the drug and bitter taste) and kanadine (tetrahydroberberin). -Uterine hemostasis (alkaloids do not achieve the effectiveness of ergot alkaloids, potentiate their effects) It acts locally in mucosal inflammation, especially in the urogenital tract

Cortex Condurango Marsdenia condurango(Asclepidiaceae)

- Mixture of various condurango glycosides (pregnane derivatives) known as condurangin.Their solubility in water decreases on warming (the decoction should therefore be filtered cold)condurangamines A and B, - Like other bitters to increase gastric secretion and to stimulate the appetite - It was recommended against stomach cancer

Cinchona Cortex yellow cinchona (Rubiaceae)

- Quinine (Yellow bark, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, cinchotannic acid (Red bark). Bitter substances (glycosides of triterpene acids. - Quinidine is used to treat various cardiac arrhythmias. When administered orally, the peak serum levels are slightly lower with the gluconate and polygalactunorate salt than with the sulfate salt. - Quinine - antipyretics, analgetics - Treatment of malaria fever, - As a bitter for stimulating the appetite and promoting gastric scretion

Pericarpium Aurantii Amari Citrus aurantium var. amara C. aurantium var. sinensis

- Volatile oil (limonene, citranellal), VitC, flavonoid glycosides, hesperidinand neohesperidine - Bitter orange peel is used as a flavouring agent - As a bitter tonic to stimulate secretion of gastric juice and the appetite.

Ergot, rye ergot or secale cornutum Dried sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea (Clavicipitaceae) Developed on plants of rye, Secale cereale (Graminaceae)

-Alkaloids: ergonovine (ergometrine), ergotamine and a mixture of ergocristine, ergokryptine and ergocornine (ergotoxin). Water insoluble reffered to peptide alkaloids -Ergometrine: is an oxytocic and produces much faster stimulation of the uterine muscles. Increase the basal tone of the uterine smooth muscle, resulting in a decrease in blood loss from the postpartum uterus -Methylergometrine maleate: Semisynthetic homolog of ergometrine prepared from lysergic acid and 2-aminobutanol -Oxytocic more active and longer acting than ergometrine.

Herba Centaurii Centaurium erythrea (Gentianaceae)

-Bitter-tasting secoiridoid glycosides Gentapicrin, swertiamarin, sweroside, gentiopicroside. Dimeric secoiridoid centauroside -As a bitter, for stimulating the appetite

Cacao Oleum Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae)

-Fixed oil, Protein, Theobromine, caffeine and starch -Oleic, palmitic, linoleic, stearic -Uses: Suppository base

Bursae pastoris herba Capsella bursa pastoris, Brassicaceae

-Flavonoids: Luteolin, sinigrin, quercitin. Biogenetic amines -choline, acetylcholine, tyramine. -Haemostyptic action, which is said to be due to a peptide with in-vitro oxytocin activity

Cetaceum Spermaceti sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus L.(Physeteridae)

-Is a waxy substance obtained from the skull cavity of the -Emulsifying aid and stiffening agent in pharm. prep. (Very expensive)

Cera Alba White wax (Bleached wax) the honeycomb of the bee A. mellifer

-Pharmaceutically in ointments and in cold creams

Piperis Fructus fruits of Piper nigrum (Piperaceae)

-Piperine, piperittine, Volatile oil, which is consists largely of terpenes a and b-pinene, phelandrene and dipentene. -Little used in medicine. -Large quantities are used as a condiment. Stomachic and carminative (prevent formation of gas).

Folium Trifoli Fibrini Menyanthes trifoliata (Menyanthaceae).

-Secoiridoid glycosides: Secoiridoid, dihydrofoliamenthin, menthiafolin, loganin, -The drug is used as a bitter to stimulate the appetite and the secretion of gastric juice

Sebum ovilae Ovis aries (bovidae)

-Stearic, palmitic and oleic acid -Uses: basis of ointment

Herba absynthi Artemisia absinthium (Asteraceae)

-The volatile oil is composed of: Thujone, thujyl alcohol, esters of thujyl alcohol -Its volatile oil is no longer a flavoring component in absinthe liquor. -The plant material must be considered hazardous an should not be consumed -Toxic response may be characterized by trembling, stupor and convulsions, dementia or even death may occur. -Wormwood has long been known to induce mental impairment in humans in doses much lower than those required to produce outright toxicity.

Cera flava Apis mellifera (Apideae)

-The wax consists principally of alkyl esters of fatty acids chiefly myricyl palmitate, free wax acids, especially cerotic acid and its homologs. -Stiffening agent and is an ingredient in yellow ointment. -Used as a base for cerates and plasters

Adeps suillus Sus scrofa var. domesticus (suidae)

-myristic, stearic and palmitic and oleic acid -Uses: aid substance for ointment basis. -The disadvantage of Adeps suilus is its very quick decomposition. The antioxidants must be added in this fat.

Millefolii herba Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae)

-sesquiterpene lactones including (achillin, achillifolinmillefolin, dihydroparthenolide and balchanolide). -And an azulene-containing essential oils. Chamazulene is formed After water distillation. -Anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties, as carminative and cholagogue drug

Zingiberis radix (rhizome) Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae)

The rhizome is very rich in starch and contain essential oil and resin. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons - (-)-zingiberene, (+)-ar-curcumene,α- farnesene and β-bisabolene. -Stomachic, tonic

Capsici fructus ripe fruits of Capsicum annuum, of C. frutescens (Solanaceae)

-Capsaicin, the pungent (sharply strong taste or smell) phenolic fraction of capsicum also contains: 6,7-dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin and homodihydrocapsaicin. The red carotenoids -capsanthin and capsorubrin -Condiment under the name Cayenne pepper -Internally in atonic dyspepsia and flautence for the relief of rheumatism

Radix Gentianae dried fermented rhizomes and roots of the yellow gentian- Gentiana lutea (Gentianaceae)

-Gentiopicroside Gentiopicrin, gentiamarin, Present in the dry root gentioside, Gentiin a mixture of gentisin and gentiopicroside. Gentisin (also known as gentianin) is a flavonoid derivative. Gentian also contains gentisic acid -A strong bitter (Amarum purum) for stimulating the appetite and as a roborant and tonic. -Reflex promotion of gastric juice and saliva production. -cholagogue effect

Glandulae Lupuli Hops Humulus lupulus (Canabaceae)

-Humulone, Lupulone mainly. mono- and sesquiterpenes (myrcene, linalool, farnesene, caryophyllene).flavonoids (kaempherol and quercetin)Essential oil chiefly mono- and sesquiterpenes (myrcene, linalool, farnesene, caryophyllene).Xanthohumol and other chalcones, which are biologically related to the flavonoids -As a sedative, for restlessness, hyperexcitability, and stress states. -Stomachic to stimulate the appetite and to increase gastric secretion. -Production of beer

Petroselini radix Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae)

- Essential oil, with apiol and myristicin - Myristicin and apiol increase the contraction of uterus, therefore this volatile oil was used as abortive. - Diuretic, but somewhat milder in action, stomachic, carminant, emmenagogue, afrodisiac

Carnauba Wax Leaves of Copernicia prunifera (Palmae)

-Alkyl esters of wax acids chiefly myricyl cerotate, free monohydric alcohols, lactone, resin -Manufacture of candles, wax varnishes, leather and furniture polishes, and in place of beeswax -Hypoallergenic and emollient properties -Cosmetics formulas where it is used to thicken lipstick, eyeliner, mascara, eye shadow