Questions Exam 1 Physiology

81. A chemical secreted from astrocytes that can trigger synapse formation is a. protein tau b. nitric oxide c. thrombospondin d. dopamine e. NMDA

c. thrombospondin

58. The resting membrane potential of a typical nerve cell is ____ mV. a. -60 b. +70 c. -90 d. -50 e. -70

e. -70

45. Which of the following organelles contains catalase? a. peroxisomes b. mitochondria c. lysosomes d. vaults e. a, b, and c

a. peroxisomes

58. Which of the following represents a site of storage for molecules that a cell uses as a source of energy? a. peroxisome b. inclusion c. lysosome d. nucleus e. Golgi complex

b. inclusion

68. Which pairing shows the least-related items? a. Na+-K+ pump, transmembrane protein b. Facilitated diffusion carrier, integral protein c. Aquaporin, peripheral protein d. Calcium pump, integral protein e. Na+-K+ pump, integral protein

c. Aquaporin, peripheral protein

47. The nucleus of a neuron is housed in the a. axon b. axon hillock c. cell body d. collaterals e. dendrites

c. cell body

90. Narcolepsy is linked to a deficiency of a. glutamate b. neuregulin c. dopamine d. adenosine e. hypocretin

e. hypocretin

3. Select the structure that is not located in the cytosol of the cell. a. ER b. Golgi complex c. lysosome d. mitochondrion e. nucleolus

e. nucleolus

37. ATP synthase a. pumps H+ ions into the intermembrane space b. transports oxygen c. accepts H+ ions from NADH d. is not part of the ETS e. uses ATP to pump H+ out of the mitochondrial matrix

d. is not part of the ETS

43. Binding of neurotransmitter to which of the following receptors on an effector would likely cause inhibition of the effector? a. alpha-1 b. alpha-2 c. beta-1 d. Both a and b e. Both a and c

b. alpha-2

78. Individual proteins typically pass through the plasma membrane by a. primary active transport b. symport c. vesicular transport d. secondary active transport e. facilitated diffusion

c. vesicular transport

25. Which type of receptor binds norepinephrine on cardiac muscle, thus increasing cardiac activity? a. cholinergic b. nicotinic c. alpha d. beta-1 e. beta-2

d. beta-1

38. The corpus callosum interconnects the a. brain stem and cerebellum b. brain stem and diencephalon c. hypothalamus and thalamus d. two cerebral hemispheres e. cerebellum and spinal cord

d. two cerebral hemispheres

80. Which of the following is a monosynaptic reflex? a. stretch reflex b. withdrawal reflex c. crossed-extensor reflexes d. All of the above e. Only c and d

.a. stretch reflex

16. Which of the following is least related to connective tissue? a. gland b. bone c. blood d. tendon e. elastin

a. gland

What system would suppress the digestive organs during times of greater physical activity? a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic c. enteric nervous system d. somatic nervous system e. none of these

a. sympathetic

54. An optic track carries information from a. the lateral half of one retina and the medial half of the other retina b. the lateral halves of both retinas c. the medial halves of both retinas d. an entire retina of one eye e. half of the retina of one eye and the entire retina of the other eye

a. the lateral half of one retina and the medial half of the other retina

2. A typical human cell is about ____ micrometers in diameter. a. 1 to 2 b. 10 to 20 c. 80 to 100 d. 150 to 200 e. 200 to 300

b. 10 to 20

88. The region of the brain responsible for regulating muscle tone and coordinating skilled voluntary movement is the a. vestibulocerebellum b. spinocerebellum c. brain stem d. cerebrocerebellum e. prefrontal area

b. spinocerebellum

54. Solution 1 has a higher concentration of NaCl than solution 2. A membrane permeable only to Na+ and water separates the two membranes. Which of the following is true? a. Na+ will diffuse into solution 2 until the two solutions become isotonic. b. Solution 2 has a higher osmolarity. c. A membrane potential will develop, with the negative side being in solution 1. d. Solution 2 will gain water from solution 1. e. Eventually, solution 2 will contain only Na+ and solution 1 will contain only Cl-

c. A membrane potential will develop, with the negative side being in solution 1.

42. Which of the following activities occurs in the presence of light within the phototransduction pathway? a. Ganglion cells stimulate bipolar cells. b. cGMP levels increase within photoreceptors. c. Bipolar cells produce graded potentials. d. Sodium channels open in photoreceptors. e. None of the above.

c. Bipolar cells produce graded potentials.

44. Exocytosis of secretory products from neuron terminals is triggered by the entry of ____ into the ____. a. K+; cytosol b. Na+; ECF c. Ca2+; cytosol d. ATP; plasma membrane e. A-; ECF

c. Ca2+; cytosol

74. What might account for a net movement of water from solution X into solution Y? a. Solution X has a higher osmolarity than the cell. b. Solution X has more milliosmoles of solute per liter than the cell. c. Solution X has a higher hydrostatic pressure than solution Y d. All of the above e. Only a and b

c. Solution X has a higher hydrostatic pressure than solution Y

6. Identify the true statement(s) about the plasma membrane. a. Its lipid region allows most ions to diffuse between the cytosol and ECF. b. Its channels allow cholesterol to diffuse between the ECF and cytosol. c. Some of its carriers transport sodium. d. Its phospholipids are held to one another by CAMs. e. All except its phospholipids are held to one another by CAMs.

c. Some of its carriers transport sodium.

14. Which of the following statements about negative feedback is incorrect? a. It exists when a change in a regulated variable triggers a response that opposes the change. b. It exists when the input to a system increases the output and the output inhibits the input. c. The control system's input and output continue to enhance each other. d. It is the method by which most of the body's control mechanisms operate. e. It helps maintain the body's dynamic, steady state.

c. The control system's input and output continue to enhance each other.

31. Which statement about graded potentials is false? a. They are decremental. b. They travel only short distances. c. They are self-propagating. d. They may contribute to the development of an action potential. e. They travel in both directions along the membrane.

c. They are self-propagating.

75. A substance does not move down a concentration gradient through a. a symporter b. an antiporter c. a primary active transporter d. a secondary active transporter e. facilitated diffusion carrier

c. a primary active transporter

44. Parkinson's disease is a. associated with an excess of dopamine b. characterized by an intention tremor c. characterized by a resting tremor d. characterized by all of the above e. associated with abnormalities in the limbic system

c. characterized by a resting tremor

25. Which of the following structures normally controls the amount of light entering the eye? a. ciliary muscle b. suspensory ligaments c. iris d. cornea e. lens

c. iris

4. Which organelle is not membrane-bound? a. Golgi body b. lysosome c. mitochondrion d. RER e. ribosome

e. ribosome

55. The middle layer of the retina contains a. bipolar neurons b. convex cells c. ganglion cells d. hair cells e. rods and cones

e. rods and cones

11. In most excitable cells, the rising phase of the action potential is due to a. calcium efflux b. potassium efflux c. chloride influx d. potassium influx e. sodium influx

e. sodium influx

15. In somatosensory pathways, first-order neurons usually synapse with second-order neurons in the a. dorsal root ganglia or basal nuclei b. medulla oblongata or thalamus c. spinal cord or cerebellum d. dorsal root ganglia or medulla oblongata e. spinal cord or medulla oblongata

e. spinal cord or medulla oblongata

33. Botulism is caused by a toxin from bacteria in the species a. Clostridium b. Escherichia c. Salmonella d. Staphylococcus e. Streptococcus

a. Clostridium

15. Select the incorrect statement about the smooth ER. a. It is abundant in most cell types. b. It is found in liver cells. c. It specializes in lipid metabolism. d. In one type of cell, it is called sarcoplasmic reticulum. e. It does not contain ribosomes.

a. It is abundant in most cell types.

12. Which of the following are involved directly in myosin synthesis? a. RNA b. actin c. DNA d. microfilaments e. All of the above

a. RNA

53. What condition is caused by uneven curvatures in the lens? a. astigmatism b. myopia c. presbyopia d. hyperopia e. none of these

a. astigmatism

26. Consciousness is created in the a. cerebellum b. cerebral cortex c. pons d. hypothalamus e. medulla oblongata

b. cerebral cortex

39. Which of the following is least related to the innervation of skeletal muscle cells? a. acetylcholine b. varicosities c. neuromuscular junction d. somatic nervous system e. motor neuron

b. varicosities

54. ______ transports secretory vesicles along microtubules is a. Actin b. Myosin c. Kinesin d. Tubulin e. Keratin

c. Kinesin

28. Which of the following is least related to glycolysis? a. NADH b. ATP c. pyruvate d. CO2 e. glucose

d. CO2

14. In a human cell, DNA may be found within a. the nucleus b. mitochondria c. the cytoplasm d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

1. A single phospholipid in the plasma membrane a. has its hydrophobic end next to either the ECF or the cytosol b. spans the entire width of the membrane c. can function as carrier molecule d. remains in the same location indefinitely e. does not exhibit any of the above characteristics

e. does not exhibit any of the above characteristics

20. Calcium is stored mainly in the ____ system. a. digestive b. endocrine c. integumentary d. muscular e. skeletal

e. skeletal

38. Two ATP molecules could provide energy for a sodium-potassium pump to move ____ ions out of the cell for every ____ ions it moves into the cell. a. 6 Na+; 3 K+ b. 2 Na+; 3 K+ c. 3 K+; 6 Na+ d. 3 K+; 2 Na+ e. 12 Na+; 6 K+

a. 6 Na+; 3 K+

27. Which of the following events occurs after all the other steps listed when describing the stimulation of a skeletal muscle fiber? a. ACh binds with receptors on the muscle cell membrane, opening sodium channels. b. ACh diffuses across the cleft of the junction. c. ACh is released by exocytosis. d. Calcium diffuses into the terminal button. e. Voltage-gated channels for calcium in the axon terminal are opened.

a. ACh binds with receptors on the muscle cell membrane, opening sodium channels.

20. Which statement is incorrect? a. Afferent fibers enter the spinal cord through the ventral root. b. The dorsal and ventral roots at each level of the spinal cord join to form a spinal nerve. c. The spinal cord is not as long as the vertebral column. d. The ventral horn contains cell bodies of motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles. e. The white matter of the spinal cord is organized into ascending and descending tracts.

a. Afferent fibers enter the spinal cord through the ventral root.

54. ____ memories are memories of facts that often result after only one experience, whereas ____ memories involve motor skills gained via repetitive training. a. Declarative; procedural b. Procedural; declarative c. Short-term; long-term d. Long-term; short-term e. None of the above

a. Declarative; procedural

22. When is a plasma membrane more permeable to K+ than to Na+? a. During the resting potential b. During the rising phase of an action potential c. During the rising phase of a graded potential d. Both a and b e. Both b and c

a. During the resting potential

61. Which one of the following requires the cell to expend energy? a. ECF moving into a cell via pinocytosis b. Glucose moving through a facilitated diffusion carrier c. K+ ions moving out of a cell d. Water moving through an aquaporin e. Na+ ions moving through a leak channel

a. ECF moving into a cell via pinocytosis

27. What might happen if you took in less than optimum amounts of niacin in your diet? a. Fewer pyruvate molecules would be produced. b. Available FAD would increase. c. The number of hydrogen ions pumped through the ETS in a given amount of time would increase. d. The number of Krebs cycles occurring in a given amount of time would increase. e. Any of the above might happen.

a. Fewer pyruvate molecules would be produced.

80. Which of the following allows a membrane potential to be measured directly by taking into account relative permeabilities and gradients for all permeable ions? a. Goldman-Hokgkin-Katz equation b. Nernst equation c. Fick's equation d. All of the above e. Only a and c

a. Goldman-Hokgkin-Katz equati

45. Which statement is correct? a. In presynaptic inhibition, another neuron inhibits an excitatory presynaptic input. b. An IPSP depresses information fed into the cell from an inhibitory presynaptic input. c. Not all axon terminals of an inhibitory neuron release inhibitory neurotransmitter. d. During presynaptic inhibition, there is no change in presynaptic membrane potential. e. An IPSP decreases the potential of the postsynaptic neuron.

a. In presynaptic inhibition, another neuron inhibits an excitatory presynaptic input.

23. Which of the following is a feedforward phenomenon? a. Increasing the amount of insulin secreted before nutrients in food enter the blood. b. Shivering in response to having cold air around the body. c. Sweating after being in a sauna for 10 minutes. d. Eating a doughnut because you are hungry. e. Jerking your hand away from a hot stove after you touch it.

a. Increasing the amount of insulin secreted before nutrients in food enter the blood.

27. Select the correct statement about diffusion through a membrane. a. It depends on random motion. b. It involves active forces. c. Its rate increases as the membrane's surface area decreases. d. Ions move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. e. Large molecules diffuse faster than small molecules.

a. It depends on random motion.

32. Which statement is true about the absolute refractory period? a. It ensures that action potentials move in only one direction along a nerve fiber. b. It is the period when the membrane can undergo another action potential, but only if the stimulus is strong enough. c. It is the time during an action potential when voltage-gated Na+ channels are in their "closed but capable of opening" conformation. d. places a lower limit on the frequency with which a neuron can conduct action potentials. e. All of the above statements are true.

a. It ensures that action potentials move in only one direction along a nerve fiber.

11. Select the incorrect statement about the parasympathetic nervous system. a. It inhibits all cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. b. Neurotransmitter from all its postganglionic fibers bind to muscarinic receptors. c. Neurotransmitter from all its preganglionic fibers bind to nicotinic receptors. d. Part of it originates in the brain e. Part of it originates in the most inferior region of the spinal cord.

a. It inhibits all cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.

24. Select the incorrect statement about slow pain. a. It is carried by large, myelinated A-delta fibers. b. It is poorly localized. c. It occurs by the stimulation of polymodal nociceptors. d. It occurs for a longer time than fast pain. e. It produces a dull, aching, burning sensation.

a. It is carried by large, myelinated A-delta fibers.

51. During axonal transport a. Kinesins carry axonal debris toward the axon terminal. b. Kinesins move toward the nucleus of the cell. c. Dyneins carry secretory vesicles toward the axon terminal. d. Dyneins move away from the nucleus. e. Microfilaments serve as the major intracellular "highway."

a. Kinesins carry axonal debris toward the axon terminal.

66. Which pairing is most out of place? a. Mitochondrion and vesicle formation b. Lysosome and autophagia c. Cytoskeleton and vesicle transport d. ER and lipid synthesis e. Golgi body and glycoprotein processing

a. Mitochondrion and vesicle formation

60. Which of the following is not a principle of the cell theory? a. Most cells come from preexisting cells. b. Cells are the smallest things that can be alive. c. A cell's structure determines the cell's ability to function. d. All cells have certain fundamental structures and functions in common. e. Cells are the fundamental living building blocks of multicellular organisms.

a. Most cells come from preexisting cells.

. Identify the true statement(s) about sensory receptors: a. The larger the receptor potential, the greater the frequency of action potentials initiated in the afferent neuron. b. Tonic receptors often exhibit an "off-response." c. Phasic receptors are important in situations where maintained information about a stimulus is valuable. d. Receptor adaptation results from nerve fatigue. e. Receptors are part of efferent neurons.

a. The larger the receptor potential, the greater the frequency of action potentials initiated in the afferent neuron.

53. Which statement(s) is/are true about membrane potentials? a. They are differences in electrical charge on opposite sides of a membrane b. They are measured in millivolts, with the sign designating the charge on the outside c. They exist because the ECF as a whole is positively-charged and the cytosol as a whole is negatively charged d. They are always positive during the resting state e. All of the above statements are true.

a. They are differences in electrical charge on opposite sides of a membrane

22. Select the incorrect characteristic of mitochondria. a. They have an inner fluid-filled space called the cristae. b. They possess their own DNA. c. They are the site of cellular respiration. d. Their inner membranes contain electron carriers. e. They possess two membranes.

a. They have an inner fluid-filled space called the cristae.

12. Which statement is correct about terminal ganglia? a. Those on parasympathetic preganglionic fibers lie in or near the effector organ. b. They give rise to sympathetic postganglionic fibers. c. They are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system. d. They contain muscarinic receptors. e. They lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

a. Those on parasympathetic preganglionic fibers lie in or near the effector organ.

69. Which intercellular connections force transcellular transport to occur. a. Tight junctions b. Desmosomes c. Gap junctions d. Both A and B e. Both B and C

a. Tight junctions

37. Temporal summation on a postsynaptic neuron would occur when a. a single presynaptic input causes two EPSPs to develop in rapid succession b. an EPSP and an IPSP occur simultaneously and cancel each other out c. two EPSPs develop simultaneously from different presynaptic inputs d. two action potentials from two presynaptic inputs causes two action potentials to develop e. none of the above take place

a. a single presynaptic input causes two EPSPs to develop in rapid succession

37. Damage to the back of the brain could most likely adversely affect a person's a. ability to see b. ability to feel sensation in the skin c. ability to hear d. ability to smell e. ability to voluntarily move the arms

a. ability to see

36. Which modified form of pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle? a. acetyl CoA b. adenosine diphosphate c. citric acid d. oxaloacetic acid e. pyruvic acid

a. acetyl CoA

86. Sour taste represents stimuli caused by a. acids b. salts c. bases d. sugars e. alkaloids

a. acids

13. Pacinian corpuscles a. adapt as a result of the physical features of the receptor b. detect temperature c. are tonic receptors d. do not display an "off-response" e. measure the degree of joint flexion

a. adapt as a result of the physical features of the receptor

71. A neuromodulator implicated as a neural sleep factor is a. adenosine b. ATP c. caffeine d. norepinephrine e. enkephalin

a. adenosine

56. Presynaptic facilitation results from a. alteration of calcium permeability b. continued generation of EPSPs c. neuromodulator effects d. increased neurotransmitter production e. none of the above

a. alteration of calcium permeability

63. Identify the item that is not taken into a cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis. a. amino acid b. cholesterol c. vitamin B12 d. iron e. insulin

a. amino acid

67. Transmission of sound through the middle ear results in a. amplification of the pressure vibrations b. stimulation of middle ear receptor cells c. opening of the eustachian tube d. increased firing rate in sensory axons associated with the tympanic membrane e. none of the above

a. amplification of the pressure vibrations

3. The plasma membrane a. appears under an electron microscope as a double dark line with a light space between b. is composed primarily of a double layer of protein molecules with cholesterol molecules interspersed between them c. has a hydrophilic region between two hydrophobic regions d. has all of the above characteristics e. does not exhibit any of the above characteristics

a. appears under an electron microscope as a double dark line with a light space between

7. Graded potentials a. are local changes in membrane potential that occur in varying degrees of magnitude b. are weak action potentials c. serve as long-distance signals d. are only depolarizations e. always lead to action potentials

a. are local changes in membrane potential that occur in varying degrees of magnitude

61. Neuropeptides a. are sometimes co-secreted along with classical neurotransmitters b. are synthesized in the cytosol of the axon terminal c. act at the subsynaptic membrane of the postsynaptic neuron d. act slowly to bring about an IPSP or EPSP e. are larger molecules than classical neurotransmitters

a. are sometimes co-secreted along with classical neurotransmitter

Which one of the following involves a response of a skeletal muscle through an efferent output? a. augmented breathing from the diaphragm b. delayed emptying of the stomach c. increased pumping of blood d. increased secretion of insulin e. initiation of sweating

a. augmented breathing from the diaphragm

18. Atropine ____ the effect of acetylcholine at ____ receptors and ____ ____ receptors. a. blocks; muscarinic; does not affect; nicotinic b. enhances; muscarinic; does not affect; nicotinic c. blocks; nicotinic; does not affect; muscarinic d. enhances; nicotinic; does not affect; muscarinic e. blocks; muscarinic; enhances; nicotinic

a. blocks; muscarinic; does not affect; nicotinic

23. Which neuromodulator is not capable of binding to opiate receptors in the analgesic pathways? a. bradykinin b. dynorphin c. endogenous opiates d. endorphins e. enkephalins

a. bradykinin

63. Most of the cranial nerves originate from the a. brain stem b. cerebellum c. cerebral cortex d. hypothalamus e. thalamus

a. brain stem

24. A stroke is a a. cerebrovascular accident b. glucose deficiency c. loss of the myelin sheath d. neurotransmitter deficiency e. uncontrolled firing of neurons

a. cerebrovascular accident

13. Nutrients and oxygen are distributed through the body mainly by the ____ system. a. circulatory b. digestive c. endocrine d. integumentary e. skeletal

a. circulatory

70. Which of the following is least related to a description of contiguous conduction on a neuron? a. dendrite b. action potential c. refractory period d. unmyelinated axon e. nondecremental propagation

a. dendrite

6. A change in a membrane potential from -70 mV to -60mV is an example of a. depolarization b. hyperpolarization c. polarization d. repolarization e. zero potential

a. depolarization

82. Excitoxicity, in which dying cells secrete chemicals that induce apoptosis in neighboring cells, is a process that occurs a. during a stroke b. in Parkinson's disease c. in Alzheimer's disease d. in meningiomas e. gliomas

a. during a stroke

56. In the visual pathway, a. fibers from the medial side of a retina pass to the opposite side of the brain b. fibers from the lateral side of a retina pass to the opposite side of the brain c. fibers from the medial side of the retina pass to the same side of the brain d. both a and b are true e. both b and c are true

a. fibers from the medial side of a retina pass to the opposite side of the brain

32. The lens of the eye a. has convex surfaces b. is stronger when it is flatter c. contributes most extensively to the eye's total refractive ability d. is made of vitreous humor e. has all of the characteristics above

a. has convex surfaces

83. Vestibular information is important for all of the following except a. hearing b. maintenance of balance c. control of eye movement d. perception of motion and orientation e. maintenance of desire posture

a. hearing

55. What part of the brain plays a vital role in short-term memory involving the integration of various related stimuli and is also crucial for consolidation into long-term memory? a. hippocampus b. basal nuclei c. cerebellum d. cerebral cortex e. hypothalamus

a. hippocampus

42. Select the item that is not a part of the cytoskeleton. a. inclusions b. intermediate filaments c. microfilaments d. microtubular lattice e. microtubules

a. inclusions

66. If neuron Y's neurotransmitter is causing neuron X's membrane potential to decrease, then we would logically conclude that this neurotransmitter causes a. increased PNa+ and PK+ b. increased PK+ or PCl- c. increased permeability to protein anions d. increased permeability to calcium ions e. None of the above

a. increased PNa+ and PK+

25. Carrier-mediated transport a. involves a specific membrane protein b. always moves substances against a concentration gradient c. always requires energy expenditure d. involves protein channels e. all of these

a. involves a specific membrane protein

61. The pitch of a sound a. is determined by the frequency of vibrations of air molecules b. depends on the amplitude of the waves c. is measured in units called decibels d. determines a sound's loudness e. is characterized by all of the above

a. is determined by the frequency of vibrations of air molecules

14. Cerebrospinal fluid a. is formed by the choroid plexuses b. is formed by the arachnoid villi c. separates the blood and brain to form the blood-brain barrier d. is formed only in the ventricles of the cerebrum e. enters the blood at the choroid plexuses

a. is formed by the choroid plexuses

7. The rough endoplasmic reticulum a. is in direct contact with certain nonmembranous organelles b. synthesizes lipids for secretion c. is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells d. transports proteins to its bound ribosomes e. exhibits all of the above characteristics

a. is in direct contact with certain nonmembranous organelles

35. The trigger zone of a neuron a. is located at the axon hillock b. is located in the axon terminal c. contains only chemically gated channels d. conducts graded potentials to the axon e. causes action potentials to move toward the cell body and dendrites

a. is located at the axon hillock

37. The fovea a. is located in the exact center of the retina b. contains a greater abundance of rods than cones c. is the point on the retina at which the optic nerve leaves and blood vessels pass through d. exhibits all of the above e. exhibits only a and b

a. is located in the exact center of the retina

38. The blind spot a. is the point on the retina at which the optic nerve leaves and blood vessels pass through b. contains special photoreceptors that make only melanospin, which is not used for vision c. is in the exact center of the retina d. exhibits all of the above e. exhibits only a and c

a. is the point on the retina at which the optic nerve leaves and blood vessels pass through

30. Which of the following does not participate in control of skeletal muscle activity? a. limbic system b. cerebellum c. supplementary motor area d. premotor cortex e. posterior parietal cortex

a. limbic system

54. In convergence, a. many presynaptic cells synapse with a single postsynaptic cell b. one axon directly influences the activity of many other cells c. many dendrites converge on one cell body d. all of the above are true e. none of the above are true

a. many presynaptic cells synapse with a single postsynaptic cell

40. The left cerebral hemisphere normally excels in all of the following, except a. musical ability b. verbal tasks c. math skills d. logical and analytical tasks e. language ability

a. musical ability

11. Which of the following is least associated with ependymal cells? a. myelin sheath b. brain ventricle c. CSF d. choroid plexus e. glial cell

a. myelin sheath

43. Broca's area is located in the cerebral cortex a. near the base of the precentral gyrus b. near the middle of the postcentral gyrus c. in the parietal lobe d. between the parietal and occipital lobe e. posterior to Wernicke's area

a. near the base of the precentral gyrus

18. Evaporation of sweat cooling the body is an example of a. negative feedback b. positive feedback c. a feedforward mechanism d. an intrinsic (local) control mechanism e. autoregulation

a. negative feedback

41. Select the incorrect association. a. occipital lobe/saying your name b. occipital lobe/seeing an apple c. parietal lobe/feeling off balance d. parietal lobe/feeling a bug on your arm e. temporal lobe/listening to a concert

a. occipital lobe/saying your name

30. An EPP a. occurs because of Na+ diffusing into a muscle fiber after ACh binds with a receptor on the muscle fiber b. is usually smaller in magnitude than an EPSP c. is terminated when Ca2+ inactivates acetylcholine d. has characteristics a and b e. has characteristics a and c

a. occurs because of Na+ diffusing into a muscle fiber after ACh binds with a receptor on the muscle fiber

45. The thalamus a. performs preliminary processing of all sensory input on its way to the cortex b. inhibits muscle tone throughout the body c. controls thirst, urine output, and food intake d. plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns e. selects and maintains purposeful motor activity while suppressing useless or unwanted patterns of movement

a. performs preliminary processing of all sensory input on its way to the cortex

45. During dark adaptation, a. photopigments are gradually regenerated b. rhodopsin is rapidly broken down c. the sensitivity of the photoreceptors is reduced so that the image appears dim d. the bipolar cells are no longer inhibited e. only b and c occur

a. photopigments are gradually regenerated

4. Which term best describes an excitable cell when a resting membrane potential is present? a. polarized b. depolarized c. hyperpolarized d. repolarized e. nonpolarized

a. polarized

51. Vitamin A deficiency causes a. poor night vision b. poor color vision c. color blindness d. presbyopia e. both a and d

a. poor night vision

64. The cerebellum a. primarily influences motor activity but does not have direct influence on motor neurons b. is part of the brain stem c. when diseased gives rise to resting tremors d. contains the reticular activating system e. is associated with declarative memories

a. primarily influences motor activity but does not have direct influence on motor neurons

35. Which of the following is least related to glucose uptake by different cells in the body? a. receptor-mediated endocytosis b. facilitated diffusion c. carrier-mediated transport d. secondary active transport e. cotransport

a. receptor-mediated endocytosis

49. Which of the following does not occur in the cytosol? a. replication of chromosomes b. enzymatic regulation of intermediary metabolism c. storage of fat and glycogen d. synthesis of proteins e. glycolysis

a. replication of chromosomes

9. Which of the following body systems is not directed entirely toward maintaining homeostasis? a. reproductive system b. endocrine system c. nervous system d. muscular system e. integumentary system

a. reproductive system

45. Which of the following selectively activates beta-2 receptors at low doses, making it possible to dilate bronchioles in the treatment of asthma? a. salbuterol b. atropine c. metoprolol d. neostigmine e. curare

a. salbuterol

46. Which of the following functions is not associated with the hypothalamus? a. senses touch in the skin b. controls thirst and urine output c. regulates body temperature d. controls food intake e. involved in emotional and behavioral patterns

a. senses touch in the skin

28. Permeability of which ion is affected by a positive feedback mechanism once threshold is reached? a. sodium b. potassium c. calcium d. chloride e. protein

a. sodium

35. Curare a. strongly binds to acetylcholine receptor sites b. inhibits acetylcholinesterase c. is found in pesticides and military nerve gases d. has characteristics a and b e. has characteristics b and c

a. strongly binds to acetylcholine receptor sites

65. If neurotransmitter from Y causes the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell to decrease slightly, then a. the synapse is excitatory b. the postsynaptic membrane's potential will be farther away from threshold c. the postsynaptic membrane causes an EPSP on the presynaptic membrane d. neurotransmitter from Y causes an IPSP on the presynaptic membrane e. both a and c are correct

a. the synapse is excitatory

21. Which of the following solutions has a lower osmotic pressure than a human cell's cytosol? a. 2% NaCl b. 200 mOsm of NaCl c. 0.9% NaCl d. 300 mOsm of NaCl e. 280 mOsm of glucose

b. 200 mOsm of NaCl

36. Which of the following statements about myopia is correct? a. The curvature of the lens is uneven. b. A near source of light is focused on the retina without accommodation. c. A convex lens is used to correct the condition. d. The images from the two eyes are not fused within the cortex. e. There is increased intraocular pressure.

b. A near source of light is focused on the retina without accommodation.

17. Which of the following is not an example of negative feedback? a. A low grade on an exam causes a student to study harder for the next exam. b. A small stone rolls down a hill and starts an avalanche. c. A person goes to eat in the cafeteria when he/she gets hungry. d. You change a flat tire so you can continue on a journey in your car. e. A person's body shivers after the person falls into a cold river.

b. A small stone rolls down a hill and starts an avalanche.

44. Which statement is incorrect? a. Inhibitory synapses cause postsynaptic hyperpolarization. b. An inhibitory synapse may result in postsynaptic sodium channel opening. c. An inhibitory synapse may result in increased postsynaptic potassium efflux. d. An excitatory synapse causes depolarization of postsynaptic membranes. e. An excitatory synapse increases sodium permeability.

b. An inhibitory synapse may result in postsynaptic sodium channel opening.

70. Which of the following is most closely related to transcellular transport? a. Cadherins b. Claudins c. Peripheral proteins d. Connexons e. Cadherins

b. Claudins

5. Which of the following does a person not maintain through homeostasis? a. Concentration of nutrients in the blood b. Concentration of oxygen around the body c. Blood pressure d. Temperature of the brain e. Posture while sitting in a chair

b. Concentration of oxygen around the body

38. Spatial summation occurs on a postsynaptic neuron would occur when a. several EPSPs from a single presynaptic input sum to reach threshold b. EPSPs from several presynaptic inputs sum to reach threshold c. there is simultaneous interaction of an EPSP and an IPSP d. several IPSPs from a single presynaptic input sum to hyperpolarize the membrane e. none of the above take place

b. EPSPs from several presynaptic inputs sum to reach threshold

77. Which of the following cannot pass through a plasma membrane by primary active transport? a. Sodium b. Glucose c. Calcium d. Potassium e. Hydrogen ions

b. Glucose

64. If neuron X causes hyperpolarization, then what does it cause in a postsynaptic neuron? a. Increased PNa+ and PK+ b. Increased PK+ or PCl- c. Increased influx of protein anions d. Increased permeability to calcium ions e. Either b or c

b. Increased PK+ or PCl-

10. Which of the following does not characterize the sympathetic nervous system? a. It promotes responses that prepare the body for strenuous physical activity. b. It has some afferent fibers. c. Most of its postganglionic fibers are adrenergic. d. Its effects may be excitatory or inhibitory. e. Its postganglionic neurons display nicotinic receptors.

b. It has some afferent fibers.

50. Choose the incorrect statement about the cytoskeleton. a. It may help organize groups of enzymes. b. It is involved in replication of DNA. c. It serves as a mechanical stiffener. d. It is involved in cilia movement. e. It has components within microvilli.

b. It is involved in replication of DNA.

28. What is the fate of ACh following binding to receptors? a. It remains bound, causing continued excitement. b. It is removed by acetylcholinesterase. c. It is actively reabsorbed by the axon terminal. d. It is passively reabsorbed by the muscle cell. e. None of the above.

b. It is removed by acetylcholinesterase.

67. Which answer is true about NET water movement between two solutions that are separated by a semipermeable membrane. a. It will always be toward the solution with the lower osmotic pressure. b. It might be toward the solution with the lower osmotic pressure. c. It will always be toward the solution with the lower hydrostatic pressure. d. It might be toward both solutions at the same time. e. None of the above statements are true.

b. It might be toward the solution with the lower osmotic pressure.

26. Why do most cells in the body require oxygen molecules? a. Glucose cannot be broken down without it. b. It pulls electrons off the electron transport chains in the last part of cellular respiration. c. The electron transport system must pump it through the inner membrane for chemiosmosis. d. ATP synthase uses it to add a phosphate ion to ADP in order to make ATP. e. It pulls electrons off the electron transport chains in the last part of cellular respiration and ATP synthase uses it to add a phosphate ion to ADP in order to make ATP.

b. It pulls electrons off the electron transport chains in the last part of cellular respiration.

7. Identify the true statement(s) about the plasma membrane. a. Its transmembrane proteins are also peripheral proteins. b. Its glycocalyx functions in cell recognition. c. Its carriers contain cholesterol. d. Its channels allow passage of substances between 0.8 nm and 1 nm in diameter. e. Its transmembrane proteins are also peripheral proteins, and its channels allow passage of substances between 0.8 nm and 1 nm in diameter.

b. Its glycocalyx functions in cell recognition.

17. Which one of the following requires assisted membrane transport? a. Glucose moving into a cell b. K+ ions moving out of a cell c. Water moving toward a hypertonic solution d. Movement of ECF into a cell via pinocytosis e. Movement of Na+ through a symporter

b. K+ ions moving out of a cell

10. Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes? a. Hold neurons together in proper spatial relationship. b. Line internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord. c. Induce the formation of the blood-brain barrier. d. Take up excess K+ to help maintain proper brain ECF ion concentration. e. Form neural scar tissue.

b. Line internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord.

41. Which of the following would not require a carrier? a. Movement of potassium into the cell b. Movement of sodium into the cell c. Iodine uptake by thyroid gland cells d. Glucose uptake by body cells e. None of the above would require a carrier.

b. Movement of sodium into the cell

69. \Which statement about paradoxical sleep is incorrect? a. Characterized by rapid eye movements. b. Occurs before entering slow-wave sleep. c. Characterized by dreaming. d. The EEG pattern during paradoxical sleep is similar to that of an alert, awake person. e. A specified amount of paradoxical sleep appears to be required.

b. Occurs before entering slow-wave sleep

8. During the rising phase of the action potential, a. PK+ is much greater than PNa+ b. PNa+ is much greater than PK+ c. PK+ is the same as P Na+ d. Na+ efflux occurs e. b and d are true

b. PNa+ is much greater than PK+

Which is not characteristic of sympathetic pathways? a. Fibers originate from the thoracic and lumbar levels b. Preganglionic fibers release norepinephrine c. Some postganglionic fibers release ACh d. Short preganglionic fibers e. Most preganglionic fibers synapse in the chain ganglia

b. Preganglionic fibers release norepinephrine

32. Which of the following does not apply to Wernicke's area? a. Usually developed only in the left cerebral hemisphere b. Responsible for controlling the muscles necessary for speaking ability c. Concerned with language comprehension d. Plays a critical role in understanding both spoken and written messages

b. Responsible for controlling the muscles necessary for speaking ability

40. Solution 1 has two solutes (A and B) and an osmotic pressure of 250 mOsm. Solution 2 has only one solute (C) and an osmotic pressure of 300 mOsm. If a membrane between these solutions is permeable to only water and B, then a. Solution 1 will gain water from solution 2. b. Solution 2 will gain water from solution 1. c. Some of solute C will move into solution 1. d. Solution 1 has a higher osmotic pressure. e. Solution 1 would be hypertonic to a human cell.

b. Solution 2 will gain water from solution 1.

73. Which of the following is not true for lipophilic hormones? a. Cells do not store them. b. They are all derived from cholesterol. c. They are bound to protein in the blood. d. They typically activate genes. e. Only a small portion of the hormone is biologically active.

b. They are all derived from cholesterol.

20. Which statement about gap junctions is incorrect? a. They consist of protein. b. They are anchored to plaques on the inside surface of the plasma membrane. c. They allow materials to pass from one cell into an adjacent cell. d. They play a role in transmitting electrical activity through the heart. e. They consist of connexons.

b. They are anchored to plaques on the inside surface of the plasma membrane.

43. Identify the incorrect statement about cones in the retina: a. They are used for day vision. b. They are very sensitive to light. c. They exhibit high acuity. d. They are concentrated in the fovea. e. They provide color vision.

b. They are very sensitive to light.

5. Which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins? a. Some act as channels. b. They determine the fluidity of the membrane. c. Some will transport glucose. d. They include docking-marker acceptors. e. Some act as enzymes.

b. They determine the fluidity of the membrane.

18. Which of the following does not apply to lysosomes? a. They contain hydrolytic enzymes. b. They generate hydrogen peroxide. c. They aid in the breakdown of material that is taken into the cell through endocytosis. d. When they are abnormal, Tay-Sachs disease may result. e. They help remove damaged organelles.

b. They generate hydrogen peroxide.

63. Which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins? a. Transport of polar molecules b. Transport of H+ into the cell c. Binding sites for vesicles d. Cell recognition e. Passageway for water molecules

b. Transport of H+ into the cell

22. The arachnoid mater a. is the innermost meningeal layer b. a delicate, richly vascularized meningeal layer that is "cobwebby" in appearance c. a tough, non-elastic membrane that covers the central nervous system d. involved with the formation of CSF e. is characterized by a, b, and d

b. a delicate, richly vascularized meningeal layer that is "cobwebby" in appearance

15. Opening either a chemically-gated Na+ channel or a chemically-gated K+ channel during the resting potential would cause a. an impulse to be propagated b. a graded potential c. an action potential d. the membrane's potential to becomes more negative e. threshold voltage will be reached

b. a graded potential

9. Which of the following is not a graded potential? a. end-plate potential b. action potential c. slow-wave potential d. receptor potential e. postsynaptic potential

b. action potential

47. With secondary active transport, the movement of a. H+ out of a cell by antiport is downhill b. amino acids into the cell by symport is uphill c. glucose into a cell by cotransport is downhill d. H+ is in the same direction as the movement of Na+ e. glucose is in the opposite direction as the movement of Na+

b. amino acids into the cell by symport is uphill

61. A cell in the pancreas that secretes an enzyme to hydrolyzes lipids would be expected to have a. a larger-than-normal nucleus b. an extensive rough ER c. a greater-than-normal number of free ribsomes d. an extensive smooth ER e. a and d

b. an extensive rough ER

40. At an inhibitory synapse, the postsynaptic membrane experiences a. an increase in permeability to both Na+ and K+ b. an increase in membrane potential c. hyperpolarization d. an influx of cations e. all of the above

b. an increase in membrane potential

34. The primary motor cortex is located a. posterior to the central sulcus b. anterior to the central sulcus c. in the temporal lobe d. in the parietal lobe e. posterior to the central sulcus and in the parietal lobe

b. anterior to the central sulcus

7. Receptor potentials a. are always depolarizations b. are graded potentials c. have refractory periods d. are always action potentials e. are not any of the above

b. are graded potentials

56. Intermediate filaments a. comprise mitotic spindles b. are important in cell regions subject to mechanical stress c. comprise cilia and flagella d. form the basal bodies e. comprise cilia and flagella and form the basal bodies

b. are important in cell regions subject to mechanical stress

31. Efferent neurons a. have cell bodies located only within ganglia b. are part of a two-neuron chain in the autonomic nervous system c. arise peripherally at a receptor d. send information toward the CNS e. signal only skeletal muscles

b. are part of a two-neuron chain in the autonomic nervous system

59. The three types of cones are a. black, red, and white b. blue, green, and red c. blue, green, and white d. green, orange, and yellow e. orange, yellow, and white

b. blue, green, and red

25. The region of the brain that is the oldest in evolutionary development is the a. cerebellum b. brain stem c. hypothalamus d. forebrain e. basal nuclei

b. brain stem

51. The nodes of Ranvier are a. action potential recordings b. breaks in the myelin covering c. spaces between neurons d. specialized cells around axons e. structures on axon terminals that release neurotransmitter

b. breaks in the myelin covering

10. Which sequence represents a correct hierarchy of biological organization in a human, from smaller to larger? a. chemical, organ, tissue, system, organism b. cell, tissue, organ, system, organism c. tissue, cell, system, organism, organ d. organ, tissue, cell, organism, system e. system, cell, organ, organism, tissue

b. cell, tissue, organ, system, organism

42. Which channel type is sensitive to serotonin? a. voltage-gated b. chemically-gated c. mechanically-gated d. acoustically-gated e. none of these

b. chemically-gated

29. Which of the following helps reduce internal reflection (scattering of light within the eye)? a. sclera b. choroid c. blind spot d. lens e. iris

b. choroid

49. Which one of the following is an anterior specialization of the choroid layer? a. aqueous humor b. ciliary body c. cornea d. lens e. retina

b. ciliary body

60. Identify the structure required for hearing: a. ampulla b. cochlea c. cupula d. cristae e. saccule

b. cochlea

10. Which extracellular fiber does not develop properly in scurvy? a. actin b. collagen c. elastin d. fibronectin e. myosin

b. collagen

19. Which of the following is not part of the extracellular matrix? a. complex carbohydrates b. connexons c. collagen d. elastin e. fibronectin

b. connexons

40. Rhodopsin a. is the photopigment in the red cones b. consists of an opsin and retinal c. is most highly concentrated in the fovea d. is slowly broken down in the absence of light e. contains a derivative of vitamin B12

b. consists of an opsin and retinal

27. The retina a. is the middle layer of the eye b. contains the photoreceptors c. becomes specialized anteriorly to form the cornea d. secretes the aqueous humor e. is not characterized by any of the above\

b. contains the photoreceptors

28. The first structure to intercept light as it enters the eye is the a. aqueous humor b. cornea c. lens d. retina e. vitreous humor

b. cornea

30. Which of the following structures contributes the most to the total refractive ability of the eye? a. lens b. cornea c. ciliary muscle d. retina e. iris

b. cornea

34. Which of the following chemicals paralyzes skeletal muscle by binding to the acetylcholine receptor sites? a. black widow spider venom b. curare c. organophosphates d. insecticide e. local anesthetics

b. curare

65. The cerebellum does not a. play a role in balance and equilibrium b. decrease muscle tone c. compare the intentions of the higher motor centers with the performance of the muscles and correct any deviations from the intended movement d. play a role in the planning and initiation of voluntary activity e. play a role in eye movement

b. decrease muscle tone

50. Color vision a. is perceived in the optic chiasma but is interpreted in the primary visual cortex b. depends on various ratios of stimulation of the three cone types in response to different wavelengths of light c. is usually lost in vitamin A deficiency d. depends on activation of a specific cone for each visible color e. is made possible by convergence within the cone pathways

b. depends on various ratios of stimulation of the three cone types in response to different wavelengths of light

80. The semicircular canals a. detect the position of the head relative to gravity b. detect rotational or angular acceleration of the head c. contain otoliths d. are characterized by a and c e. are characterized by b and c

b. detect rotational or angular acceleration of the head

46. Osmosis is a type of a. carrier-mediated transport b. diffusion c. exocytosis d. pinocytosis e. primary active transport

b. diffusion

79. Which of the following abnormalities could give rise to sensorineural deafness? a. rupture of the tympanic membrane b. disease or injury in the organ of Corti c. restriction of ossicular movement because of adhesions between the bones d. damage to the occipital lobes of the cortex e. presbyopia

b. disease or injury in the organ of Corti

13. Choose the correct order moving from the outermost to the innermost. a. arachnoid mater, pia mater, dura mater b. dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater c. dural sinus, pia mater, arachnoid mater d. pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater e. venous sinus, pia mater, dural sinus,

b. dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

4. Food in your stomach is in direct contact with ______ tissue. a. connective b. epithelial c. glandular d. muscle e. nervous

b. epithelial

69. Which one of the following is not involved in sending the vibrational signal to the inner ear? a. external auditory meatus b. eustachian tube c. malleus d. stapes e. tympanum

b. eustachian tube

25. The ability of the brain to maintain optimum blood pressure by speeding up or slowing down the heart is an example of a. intrinsic control d. Both a and c b. extrinsic control e. Both b and c c. positive feedback

b. extrinsic control

36. An electrical gradient a. favors the movement of K+ out of the cell at resting potential b. favors the movement of Na+ into the cell at resting potential c. opposes the concentration gradient for Na+ at the equilibrium potential for Na+ d. favors the movement of Cl- out of the cell at resting potential e. prevents the active transport of K+ into the cell

b. favors the movement of Na+ into the cell at resting potential

89. Paradoxical sleep exhibits all of the following except a. brain waves similar to an awake person b. frequent shifting of the body c. dreaming d. irregular heart rate e. rapid eye movements

b. frequent shifting of the body

13. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum a. is most abundant in cells specialized for protein secretion b. gives rise to transport vesicles containing newly synthesized molecules wrapped in a layer of smooth ER membrane c. consists of stacks of relatively flattened sacs called cristae d. has only a few ribosomes attached to it e. is a primary site for glycolysis

b. gives rise to transport vesicles containing newly synthesized molecules wrapped in a layer of smooth ER membrane

8. The vast majority of cells in the nervous system are a. fibroblasts b. glial cells c. neurons d. plexus cells e. sarcomeres

b. glial cells

57. Identify all examples of inclusions. a. peroxisome b. glycogen granule c. centriole d. vault e. glycogen granule and vault

b. glycogen granule

23. When the membrane potential is +15 mV, that portion of the membrane a. is at the normal resting potential b. has a positively-charged inside border c. is more permeable to Ca2+ than normal d. is in the after hyperpolarization phase of an action potential e. is in a hyperpolarized state

b. has a positively-charged inside border

6. Efferent neurons a. carry information to the CNS b. have cell bodies in the CNS c. lie entirely within the CNS d. transmit information from effectors e. perform a and d

b. have cell bodies in the CNS

Postganglionic autonomic fibers a. end in a single synaptic knob that releases the neurotransmitter b. have numerous varicosities that simultaneously release neurotransmitter over a large area of the innervated organ rather than on single cells c. innervate skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle d. have characteristics a and c e. have characteristics b and c

b. have numerous varicosities that simultaneously release neurotransmitter over a large area of the innervated organ rather than on single cells

47. Which part of the brain controls thirst and urine output, food intake, and body temperature, among other things? a. cerebral cortex b. hypothalamus c. basal nuclei d. thalamus e. pons

b. hypothalamus

29. The primary motor cortex a. is located in the parietal lobes b. in the left cerebral hemisphere controls skeletal muscles on the right side of the body c. is the only region of the brain involved with motor control d. receives motor input from the spinal cord e. exhibits all of the above

b. in the left cerebral hemisphere controls skeletal muscles on the right side of the body

21. Acetylcholinesterase a. has enhanced activity from organophosphates b. inactivates a neurotransmitter. c. is a neurotransmitter d. stimulates an EPSP e. triggers the release of sodium from postsynaptic cells

b. inactivates a neurotransmitter.

66. The ossicular system of the ear a. keeps the pressure on the two sides of the tympanic membrane equal b. increases the pressure of vibration as it transfers the sound wave from air in the outer ear to fluid in the inner ear c. assists in determining whether a sound comes from the front or rear d. is part of the vestibular apparatus e. is in direct contact with the tympanic membrane and the round window

b. increases the pressure of vibration as it transfers the sound wave from air in the outer ear to fluid in the inner ear

27. Which of the following is not accomplished by the cerebral cortex? a. voluntary initiation of movement b. involuntary control of breathing, circulation, and digestion c. final sensory perception d. language ability e. personality traits

b. involuntary control of breathing, circulation, and digestion

17. The blood-brain barrier a. limits the direct exchange of materials between the cerebrospinal fluid and brain b. is formed in part by the tight junctions between the brain capillary cells c. consists of the astrocyte processes that encircle the brain capillaries d. exhibits all of the above e. is formed entirely by the astrocytes that wrap around brain capillaries

b. is formed in part by the tight junctions between the brain capillary cells

66. Select the characteristic that does not describe short-term memory. a. immediate storage b. large capacity c. permanently forgotten d. rapid retrieval e. transient modifications in functions

b. large capacity

81. Select the incorrect association. a. cochlear duct/endolymph b. malleus/inner ear c. organ of Corti/hair cells d. scala tympani/perilymph e. scala vestibuli/perilymph

b. malleus/inner ear

84. Cells that normally protect the brain but may also be responsible for certain neurodegenerative diseases are a. astrocytes b. microglia c. oligodendrocytes d. meningeal cells e. stellate cells

b. microglia

32. Cristae are found in the a. lysosome b. mitochondrion c. nucleolus d. nucleus e. rough ER

b. mitochondrion

52. Actin and myosin filaments are most abundant in ____ cells. a. epithelial b. muscle c. nerve d. red blood e. white blood

b. muscle

19. The two major regulatory systems in the body are a. nervous and respiratory b. nervous and endocrine c. endocrine and respiratory d. endocrine and lymphatic e. circulatory and endocrine

b. nervous and endocrine

24. The statement "Things are going from bad to worse" would be most closely related to a. feedforward d. homeostasis b. positive feedback e. regulatory control c. negative feedback

b. positive feedback

3. The influence of oxytocin on the uterus during childbirth and the subsequent effect of uterine stretch on the release of oxytocin is an example of a. negative feedback b. positive feedback c. extrinsic control d. negative feedback and extrinsic control e. none of these

b. positive feedback

29. During the peak of the action potential, the membrane becomes most permeable to a. sodium b. potassium c. calcium d. chloride e. protein

b. potassium

12. The falling phase of the action potential is due to a. calcium influx b. potassium efflux c. chloride influx d. sodium efflux e. the action of Na+-K+ pumps

b. potassium efflux

41. An IPSP is a. produced by increased permeability to Na+ and K+ b. produced by increased permeability to K+ or Cl- c. a hyperpolarization of the presynaptic cell d. a decrease in the postsynaptic membrane potential e. an decrease in the presynaptic membrane potential

b. produced by increased permeability to K+ or Cl-

42. An electroencephalogram a. is primarily a record of action potential activity in the cerebral cortex b. represents the momentary collective postsynaptic activity in the cerebral cortex c. displays larger brain waves when the eyes are open than when the eyes are closed d. displays impulse activity deep inside the brain e. is useful in all of the ways mentioned above

b. represents the momentary collective postsynaptic activity in the cerebral cortex

17. Nicotinic receptors a. bind with acetylcholine released from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers b. respond to acetylcholine released from sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers c. are found primarily in the heart d. bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers e. are found on certain effectors of the parasympathetic nervous system

b. respond to acetylcholine released from sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers

46. In light adaptation, a. phototransduction does not occur in the retinal regions outside of the fovea b. rhodopsin levels decrease in rods c. the iris' circular muscle relaxes d. both a and b occur e. both b and c occur

b. rhodopsin levels decrease in rods

58. Which of the following is the proper sequence of retinal processing? a. rods and conesganglion cellsbipolar cells b. rods and conesbipolar cellsganglion cells c. ganglion cellsbipolar cellsrods and cones d. ganglion cellsrods and conesbipolar cells e. bipolar cellsganglion cellsrods and cones

b. rods and conesbipolar cellsganglion cells

The autonomic nervous system is a. part of the somatic nervous system b. the involuntary branch of the peripheral nervous system's efferent division c. part of the central nervous system d. part of the afferent division of the nervous system e. all of these

b. the involuntary branch of the peripheral nervous system's efferent division

33. During accommodation for near vision, a. the ciliary muscle moves away from the lens b. the lens becomes stronger c. the suspensory ligaments become more taut d. both a and b occur e. both b and c occur

b. the lens becomes stronger

79. Opening a sodium channel when the membrane potential is at equilibrium will cause a. the membrane potential to become more negative b. the membrane potential to decrease c. the inside border of the membrane to become more negative d. the outside border of the membrane to become more positive e. all of the above reactions

b. the membrane potential to decrease

39. At an excitatory synapse, an action potential in the presynaptic neuron increases a. the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell membrane b. the permeability of the postsynaptic cell to Na+ c. the permeability of the postsynaptic cell to Cl- d. the presynaptic neuron's membrane potential e. all of the above

b. the permeability of the postsynaptic cell to Na+

31. Accommodation in the eye requires a. the shape of the cornea to change b. the shape of the lens to change c. the ciliary muscle to be relaxed for near vision d. the ciliary muscle to be contracted for distant vision e. b, c, and d

b. the shape of the lens to change

63. If neurotransmitter from X causes a slight hyperpolarization of a postsynaptic cell, then a. the synapse is excitatory b. the synapse is inhibitory c. the postsynaptic cell's membrane potential is becoming less negative d. the postsynaptic cell's membrane potential is becoming more positive e. b, c, and d are occurring

b. the synapse is inhibitory

28. The rate of diffusion for water-soluble substances through a membrane decreases as a. their concentration gradient increases b. their molecular weight increases c. the number of cholesterol molecules in the membrane increases d. the membrane's surface area increases e. the number of membrane carbohydrates increases

b. their molecular weight increases

43. Sequence the following events correctly. 1. Neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft. 2. Calcium induces exocytosis of neurotransmitter. 3. Permeability of postsynaptic membrane altered. 4. Ion channels open. 5. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor. a. 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 b. 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 c. 2, 1, 5, 4, 3 d. 3, 1, 4, 5, 2 e. 5, 4, 3, 1, 2

c. 2, 1, 5, 4, 3

26. Which statement is incorrect? a. A local current can occur in myelinated nerve fibers b. A local current flow from an active to an adjacent inactive area decreases the potential in the inactive area to threshold c. Contiguous conduction occurs along Schwann cells on myelinated nerve fibers d. Saltatory conduction is faster than contiguous conduction e. A local current can occur in myelinated nerve fibers

c. Contiguous conduction occurs along Schwann cells on myelinated nerve fibers

48. Which of the following does not occur in a photoreceptor during exposure to light? a. Membrane hyperpolarization b. Closure of Na+ channels in the outer segment c. Increased neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal d. Decrease in cyclic GMP in the outer segment e. Closure of Ca2+ channels in the synaptic terminal

c. Increased neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal

29. Identify the true statement(s) about anaerobic respiration. a. It completely oxidizes certain food molecules. b. It forms carbon dioxide. c. It donates hydrogens to NAD molecules. d. All of the above statements are true. e. It donates hydrogens to pyruvate molecules.

c. It donates hydrogens to NAD molecules.

35. Which statement regarding the citric acid cycle is incorrect? a. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. b. It forms carbon dioxide. c. It forms two ATP molecules during each turn. d. Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate react to form citric acid. e. Each turn forms one molecule of GTP.

c. It forms two ATP molecules during each turn.

71. Which statement is most likely to be true about a crenating cell? a. It is surrounded by a hypotonic ECF. b. It has a lower osmotic pressure than the ECF c. It has a higher concentration of solutes than the ECF. d. It is experiencing a net gain of water. e. It is surrounded by a solution having a solute concentration less than 300 mOsm/L.

c. It has a higher concentration of solutes than the ECF.

48. Which of the following statements about the Na+-K+ pump is incorrect? a. Phosphorylation of the pump must occur before K+ can attach to its binding site. b. It has ATP synthase activity. c. It helps decrease Na+ and K+ concentration gradients across the plasma membrane. d. It regulates cell volume by controlling the concentration of solutes inside the cell. e. Its action is important for secondary active transport.

c. It helps decrease Na+ and K+ concentration gradients across the plasma membrane.

6. Which statement about the plasma membrane is not true? a. It serves as a mechanical barrier to hold in the contents of the cell. b. It selectively controls movement of molecules between the ECF and the cytoplasm. c. It is the barrier that surrounds the blood vessels and separates the blood plasma from the interstitial fluid. d. It contains proteins that provides for various membrane functions. e. It consists mostly of lipids and proteins.

c. It is the barrier that surrounds the blood vessels and separates the blood plasma from the interstitial fluid.

16. Which statement about CSF is correct? a. It is produced in the brain and spinal cord. b. It is produced by meningeal cells. c. It provides for exchange of materials between the blood and brain interstitial fluid. d. It flows between the pia mater and the brain's surface. e. It does not flow through the meningeal layers.

c. It provides for exchange of materials between the blood and brain interstitial fluid.

8. Identify the incorrect statement about the plasma membrane. a. Cholesterol contributes to its stability. b. Its lipids may surround CAMs. c. Its primary components are glycoproteins and cholesterol. d. Its lipid bilayer is flexible. e. Its glycocalyx is in contact with ECF.

c. Its primary components are glycoproteins and cholesterol.

37. The concentration gradient for a. K+ favors its movement into the ECF b. Na+ favors its movement out of the cytosol c. K+ and Na+ are maintained by active transport d. Na+ opposes the electrical gradient for Na+ e. Cl- favors its movement out of the cytosol

c. K+ and Na+ are maintained by active transport

60. What is primarily responsible for the development of a resting membrane potential? a. More diffusion and active transport of cations out of the cell than into the cell b. Pumping 2 K+ ions out of the cell for every three Na+ ions pumped into the cell c. More K+ ions diffusing into the cell than there are Na+ ions diffusing out of the cell d. More anions diffusing into the cell than are diffusing out of the cell e. None of the above are primarily responsible.

c. More K+ ions diffusing into the cell than there are Na+ ions diffusing out of the cell

57. During the resting potential a. K+ ions leave the cell along a concentration gradient and along an electrical gradient. b. K+ ions leave the cell against a concentration gradient but along an electrical gradient. c. Na+ ions enter the cell along a concentration gradient and along an electrical gradient. d. Na+ ions enter the cell along a concentration gradient but against an electrical gradient. e. Cl- ions enter the cell along a concentration gradient and along an electrical gradient.

c. Na+ ions enter the cell along a concentration gradient and along an electrical gradient.

12. Which of the following receptors are rapidly adapting? a. proprioceptors b. nociceptors c. Pacinian corpuscles d. muscle receptors e. All of the above

c. Pacinian corpuscles

50. A deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the basal nuclei causes a. schizophrenia b. epilepsy c. Parkinson's disease d. depression e. aphasia

c. Parkinson's disease

41. Select the incorrect statement about vaults. a. They may play a role in drug resistance in cancer cells. b. They are numerous and relatively large organelles. c. They are specialized transport vesicles within nuclear pores. d. They may transport ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus. e. They are not visible by ordinary staining techniques.

c. They are specialized transport vesicles within nuclear pores.

66. Which pairing has the most closely related items? a. Tight junction, connexon b. Gap junction, cadherin c. Tight junction, kiss site d. Gap junction, plaque e. Desmosome, claudin

c. Tight junction, kiss site

59. Which two structures below are in the cerebral cortex? a. basal nuclei and Broca's area b. thalamus and hypothalamus c. Wernicke's area and Broca's area d. reticular formation and limbic system e. reticular formation and reticular activating system

c. Wernicke's area and Broca's area

50. A hypothetical postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputsX, Y, and Z. When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously, the postsynaptic neuron undergoes an action potential, yet when X and Z are stimulated simultaneously, there is no change in the postsynaptic neuron's potential. What can you logically conclude? a. Y and Z are both excitatory. b. Y and Z are both inhibitory. c. Y is excitatory and Z is inhibitory. d. Y is inhibitory and Z is excitatory. e. Not enough information to answer.

c. Y is excitatory and Z is inhibitory.

2. Which of the following is a mechanistic explanation of a physiological phenomenon? a. You breathe to obtain oxygen. b. You sweat to cool off. c. Your stomach secretes digestive juices when stimulated by the nervous system. d. Your heart beats to pump blood. e. Your kidneys produce urine so that cellular wastes do not poison your body.

c. Your stomach secretes digestive juices when stimulated by the nervous system.

21. The SNARE complex provides a. allows recognition of foreign proteins after they enter a cell b. a way for a certain enzyme to bind with the correct substrate c. a means to deliver vesicles to an appropriate site d. a mechanism necessary for receptor mediated endocytosis to occur e. all of the functions listed above

c. a means to deliver vesicles to an appropriate site

9. Polymodal nociceptors a. respond only to mechanical damage such as cutting, crushing, or pinching b. transmit impulses along A-delta fibers c. activate the slow pain pathway d. release prostaglandins e. do not react in any of the above ways

c. activate the slow pain pathway

24. Acetylcholine a. opens voltage-gated Na+ channels in skeletal muscle fibers, which causes depolarization of the muscle fibers b. may decrease the permeability of the motor end plate to Na+ and K+ when combined with the receptor sites on the motor end plate c. always depolarizes skeletal muscle fibers and postganglionic neurons d. does both a and b e. does both b and c

c. always depolarizes skeletal muscle fibers and postganglionic neurons

22. Tight junctions a. prevent passage of materials into epithelial cells b. force materials to pass between cells c. are commonly found in digestive tract linings d. comprise part of the glycocalyx e. consist of cadherin proteins

c. are commonly found in digestive tract linings

43. The bending movements of cilia and flagella a. are associated with microtubules and kinesin b. involve the alternate assembly and disassembly of actin filaments c. are produced when dynein motors pull adjacent microtubule doublets past each other d. involves dynein action on microfilaments e. involves myosin action on intermediate filaments

c. are produced when dynein motors pull adjacent microtubule doublets past each oth

77. Sensory information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via a. afferent pathways b. efferent pathways c. ascending tracts d. descending tracts e. the dorsal root ganglion

c. ascending tracts

7. The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are part of the a. central nervous system b. somatic nervous system c. autonomic nervous system d. afferent division e. autonomic nervous system and afferent division

c. autonomic nervous system

31. In a plasma membrane, simple diffusion of various substances can occur a. through channels b. through carriers c. between phospholipid molecules d. through aquaporins e. into the cell but not out of the cell

c. between phospholipid molecules

26. Acetylcholine a. binds to cholinergic receptors on preganglionic neurons and skeletal muscle cells b. destroys acetylcholinesterase c. binds to muscarinic receptors d. is released from all postganglionic neurons e. does all of the above except b

c. binds to muscarinic receptors

8. Receptors a. experience action potentials in response to stimuli b. receive signals from the afferent division of the PNS c. can initiate action potentials in afferent neurons d. sends efferent information to the CNS e. perform all of the above

c. can initiate action potentials in afferent neurons

11. Tonic receptors a. adapt rapidly b. frequently exhibit an "off-response" c. can measure the degree of joint flexion d. exhibit all of the above characteristics e. exhibit none of the above characteristics

c. can measure the degree of joint flexion

32. Which of the following can diffuse between a membrane's phospholipids into the cytosol? a. glucose b. sodium c. carbon dioxide d. integrin molecule e. a small secretory product

c. carbon dioxide

13. Binding of an excitatory neurotransmitter to a postsynaptic neuron causes a. voltage-gated Na+ channels open b. voltage-gated K+ channels open c. chemically-gated Na+ channels open d. voltage-gated Cl- channels open e. chemically-gated Cl- channels open

c. chemically-gated Na+ channels open

14. Cystic fibrosis is caused by abnormal a. accumulation of mucus b. levels of insulin c. chloride channels in plasma membranes d. potassium channels in plasma membranes e. sodium-potassium pumps

c. chloride channels in plasma membranes

64. Identify the pairing that has the least related items: a. pinocytosis, endocytosis b. catalase, peroxisome c. clathrin, secretory vesicle d. phagocytosis, pseudopods e. t-SNARE, plasma membrane

c. clathrin, secretory vesicle

15. Which of the following statements about cerebrospinal fluid is incorrect? a. forms at the choroid plexuses and is reabsorbed across the arachnoid villi into the blood within the dural sinuses b. serves as a shock-absorbing fluid to cushion the brain against jarring movements c. comes into direct contact with neurons d. fills the subarachnoid space e. influences the composition of the brain interstitial fluid more than the blood does

c. comes into direct contact with neurons

67. Which statement about the brain stem is incorrect? a. contains the medulla b. passageway for most fibers passing between the peripheral nervous and higher brain centers c. controls sociosexual behaviors conducive to mating d. contains part of the reticular activating system e. contains centers that control respiration, blood vessel and heart function, and digestive activities

c. controls sociosexual behaviors conducive to mating

15. Parasympathetic stimulation ____ heart rate and ____ the motility in the digestive tract. a. does not affect; increases b. decreases; decreases c. decreases; increases d. increases; decreases e. increases; increases

c. decreases; increases

14. When chemically-gated Na+ channels open, the membrane a. hyperpolarizes b. repolarizes c. depolarizes d. becomes more negative e. is inhibited

c. depolarizes

67. Which of the following is most closely associated with cilia? a. actin and myosin b. intermediate filaments c. dynein and microtubules d. microfilaments and actin e. myosin motor molecules and microfilaments

c. dynein and microtubules

45. Pinocytosis is a form of a. active transport b. cytokinesis c. endocytosis d. exocytosis e. hemolysis

c. endocytosis

6. Sweat glands consist of specialized ______ cells. a. connective b. endocrine c. epithelial d. muscle e. nervous

c. epithelial

1. Which component below is not always found in a typical human cell? a. cytosol b. DNA c. flagellum d. plasma membrane e. water

c. flagellum

19. In addition to producing cerebrospinal fluid, ependymal cells may a. contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier b. act as immune cells c. function as neural stem cells d. conduct neural impulses e. produce myelin

c. function as neural stem cells

7. The respiratory system a. obtains O2 from and eliminates CO2 to the internal environment b. includes the heart and lungs c. helps regulate the pH of the internal environment by removing acid-forming CO2 from the blood d. performs all of the functions listed above e. obtains O2 from and eliminates CO2 to the internal environment and helps regulate the pH of the internal environment by removing acid-forming CO2 from the blood

c. helps regulate the pH of the internal environment by removing acid-forming CO2 from the blood

2. The negative charge established along the cytosolic border a nerve cell membrane is due to a. movement of sodium ions into the cell b. movement of proteins out of the cell c. higher permeability of K+ relative to Na+ d. movement of proteins through membrane channels e. both b and d

c. higher permeability of K+ relative to Na+

33. If osmosis is occurring, then you know there is a net movement of water to an area of a. lower osmotic pressure b. higher hydrostatic pressure c. higher solute concentration d. higher water concentration e. lower osmotic pressure and higher water concentration

c. higher solute concentration

20. Which is characteristic of fast pain? a. poorly localized b. occurs upon stimulation of polymodal nociceptors c. impulses carried along myelinated fibers d. persists for a long period of time e. produces burning sensation

c. impulses carried along myelinated fibers

42. A drop in blood glucose concentration would likely cause a. increased release of ACh onto autonomic effectors b. decreased frequency of impulses along short preganglionic neurons c. increased frequency of autonomic impulses from the lumbar region of the spinal cord d. decreased binding of neurotransmitters to alpha-2 receptors in the pancreas e. all of the above

c. increased frequency of autonomic impulses from the lumbar region of the spinal cord

24. Local current flow a. occurs only on dendrites of neurons b. causes impulses to move from the axon hillock toward the neuron's cell body c. involves current flowing between active and adjacent inactive areas, thereby bringing the inactive areas to threshold d. occurs only on axons of neurons e. does not occur on all excitable membranes

c. involves current flowing between active and adjacent inactive areas, thereby bringing the inactive areas to threshold

25. Saltatory conduction a. occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers b. is slower than contiguous conduction because myelin acts as an insulator to slow the impulse c. involves the impulse jumping from one node of Ranvier to the adjacent node d. refers to the action potential spreading from one Schwann cell to the adjacent Schwann cell e. occurs along dendrites and axons of certain neurons

c. involves the impulse jumping from one node of Ranvier to the adjacent node

53. Short-term memory a. has a larger storage capacity than long-term memory b. takes longer to retrieve than long-term memory c. involves transient modifications in preexisting synapses d. involves relatively permanent structural changes between existing neurons e. is characterized by two of the above

c. involves transient modifications in preexisting synapses

51. A Ca2+ pump in the plasma membrane a. pumps Ca+2 into the cell b. is a secondary active transport carrier c. is an ATPase d. is a symporter e. allows Ca+2 to diffuse into the cell

c. is an ATPase

4. The plasma membrane a. has a slight excess of positive charges along its cytosol side during the resting state b. is composed primarily of cholesterol surrounded by carbohydrates c. is more permeable to K+ than to Na+ at the resting state d. has peripheral proteins that act as carriers e. exhibits all of the characteristics listed above

c. is more permeable to K+ than to Na+ at the resting state

2. Conscious interpretation of external stimuli a. is sensation b. rarely occurs c. is perception d. is processed in the diencephalon e. is none of the above

c. is perception

49. Wernicke's area functions mainly for a. control of limb movements b. hand-eye coordination c. language comprehension d. memory e. vision

c. language comprehension

79. Which tract transmits conscious sensory impulse regarding pain and temperature? a. dorsal cerebellar b. ventral spinothalamic c. lateral spinothalamic d. lateral corticospinal e. rubrospinal

c. lateral spinothalamic

31. Language ability is usually associated with the a. hypothalamus b. right cerebral hemisphere c. left cerebral hemisphere d. limbic system e. prefrontal association cortex

c. left cerebral hemisphere

65. The vibrational stimulus normally passes through the middle ear ossicles in which order? a. incus to malleus to stapes b. incus to stapes to incus c. malleus to incus to stapes d. malleus to stapes to incus e. stapes to malleus to incus

c. malleus to incus to stapes

13. The rate at which "X" can diffuse through a plasma membrane is inversely proportional to the a. lipid solubility of X b. concentration gradient for X c. molecular weight of X d. membrane's surface area e. lipid solubility and molecular weight of X

c. molecular weight of X

17. Select the incorrect association: a. chemoreceptor/oxygen concentration b. mechanoreceptor/skeletal muscle stretch c. nociceptor/solute concentration d. photoreceptor/light e. thermoreceptor/heat and cold

c. nociceptor/solute concentration

23. The brain a. consists of 90 percent interneurons and 10 percent glial cells b. can perform anaerobic metabolism when oxygen supplies are low c. normally uses only glucose as a fuel for energy production d. exhibits all of the above e. exhibits none of the above

c. normally uses only glucose as a fuel for energy production

72. Select the structure that is not found inside the cochlear duct. a. basilar membrane b. endolymph c. oval window d. organ of Corti e. tectorial membrane

c. oval window

1. Select the incorrect association. a. anatomy/heart structure b. human body/multicellularity c. oxygen/cellular waste d. physiology/stomach function e. unicellularity/amoeba

c. oxygen/cellular waste

75. All of the following may be considered second messengers except a. inositol triphosphate b. calcium ions c. phosphodiesterase d. cyclic AMP e. diacylglycerol

c. phosphodiesterase

10. Which of the following is not contained within the cytoplasm? a. ribosomal subunits b. cytosol c. plasma membrane d. endoplasmic reticulum e. catalase

c. plasma membrane

36. The prefrontal association cortex a. is concerned primarily with motivation and emotion b. integrates somatic, auditory, and visual sensations c. plays an important role in personality traits d. localizes the source of sensory input and perceives the level of intensity of the stimulus e. when damaged results in aphasia

c. plays an important role in personality traits

28. Damage to which area below would result in the inability to perform precise hand movements? a. Broca's area b. somatosensory cortex c. premotor cortex d. postcentral gyrus e. Wernicke's area

c. premotor cortex

62. Tetanus toxin a. binds with glycine receptors, thus blocking the action of this inhibitory neurotransmitter b. destroys dopamine in the region of the brain involved in controlling complex movements c. prevents the release of GABA that inhibits neurons that innervate skeletal muscle cells d. promotes presynaptic facilitation e. causes IPSPs to occur on skeletal muscle cell membranes

c. prevents the release of GABA that inhibits neurons that innervate skeletal muscle cells

39. Glycolysis a. produces citric acid b. transfers energy to glucose c. produces more ATP molecules than does one turn of the Krebs cycle d. traps energy in FADH2 e. does not perform any of the functions listed above

c. produces more ATP molecules than does one turn of the Krebs cycle

33. The sense of body position is a. somatosensory b. integrated in the frontal lobe c. proprioception d. integrated in the occipital lobe e. none of the above

c. proprioception

20. The sympathetic nervous system causes a. blood vessels with alpha receptors to dilate b. bronchioles to constrict c. pupils of the eye to dilate d. sweat glands to be inhibited e. the urinary bladder to contract and eliminate urine

c. pupils of the eye to dilate

2. The normal sequence of structures activated for signal transmission and response in the body is a. effectorafferent neuroninterneuronefferent neuronreceptor b. effectorefferent neuroninterneuronafferent neuronreceptor c. receptorafferent neuroninterneuronefferent neuroneffector d. receptorefferent neuroninterneuronafferent neuroneffector e. receptorinterneuronefferent neuronafferent neuroneffector

c. receptorafferent neuroninterneuronefferent neuroneffector

70. The hair cells for hearing are located in the a. ampullae b. eustachian tube c. scala media d. utricle e. vestibule

c. scala media

3. Which of the following is (are) not part of the peripheral nervous system? a. motor neurons b. sympathetic nervous system c. spinal cord d. afferent division e. autonomic nervous system

c. spinal cord

85. Neurons in the cerebral cortex that are responsible for initial processing of sensory input to the cortex are a. pyramidal cells b. afferent neurons c. stellate cells d. sensory neurons e. either b or d

c. stellate cells

40. The term aerobic refers to reactions a. that occur in the lungs b. that require carbon dioxide c. that continue only when oxygen is available d. do not require an input of carbon dioxide e. that occur without oxygen

c. that continue only when oxygen is available

30. If a neuron were experimentally stimulated at both ends simultaneously, then a. the action potentials would pass in the middle and travel to the opposite ends b. the action potentials would meet in the middle and then be propagated back to their starting positions c. the action potentials would stop as they met in the middle d. the strongest action potential would override the weaker action potential e. summation would occur when the action potentials met in the middle, resulting in a two larger action potentials traveling in opposite directions

c. the action potentials would stop as they met in the middle

76. Fluid movement in the cochlea causes a. displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure b. deflection of the cupula c. the hairs of the receptor cells of the organ of Corti to be bent d. both a and c e. none of the above

c. the hairs of the receptor cells of the organ of Corti to be bent

16. The smaller the receptive fields in a region, a. the lower the density of receptors in the region b. the lower the acuity in the region c. the more likely of feeling two separate stimuli occurring close together on the skin d. all of the above will be true e. only a and b will be true

c. the more likely of feeling two separate stimuli occurring close together on the skin

24. Selective permeability of the membrane is primarily determined by a. membrane phospholipids b. how much cholesterol is present c. the number and type of membrane proteins d. the charge of the membrane e. none of these

c. the number and type of membrane proteins

5. A threshold potential is a. the potential achieved when two opposing forces acting upon an ion (concentration and electrical gradients) achieve a state of equilibrium b. the peak potential achieved during an action potential c. the point at which there is an explosive increase in Na+ or Ca2+ permeability d. the potential at which K+ permeability increases e. always a positive potential

c. the point at which there is an explosive increase in Na+ or Ca2+ permeability

49. With presynaptic inhibition, a. an IPSP occurs on the postsynaptic cell b. all excitatory information being fed into the cell is prevented c. the release of excitatory neurotransmitter from a specific presynaptic excitatory input is depressed. d. at least two of the above occur. e. none of the above occur.

c. the release of excitatory neurotransmitter from a specific presynaptic excitatory input is depressed.

47. Cones have higher acuity than rods because a. cones respond more to long wavelengths of light b. there are three types of cones c. there is little convergence in the cone pathways within the retina d. there are more cones than rods e. the photopigment in cones breaks down more rapidly than the photopigment in rods.

c. there is little convergence in the cone pathways within the retina

5. Afferent neurons a. transmit impulses to receptors b. transmit motor impulses from the spinal cord c. transmit impulses from the PNS to the CNS d. do not perform any of the above e. perform all of the above

c. transmit impulses from the PNS to the CNS

68. The ____ nerves primarily innervate visceral organs. a. facial b. trochlear c. vagus d. abducens e. accessory

c. vagus

59. Which of the following may help transport ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus? a. Golgi complex b. mitotic spindle c. vault d. centriole e. secretory vesicle

c. vault

76. The peripheral nervous system has a. 12 cranial nerves and 20 spinal nerves b. only a few tracts c. 24 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves d. 24 cranial nerves and 62 spinal nerves e. 12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves

d. 24 cranial nerves and 62 spinal nerves

63. Which statement is false? a. Sound waves are produced by a disturbance pattern in air molecules. b. Sound waves gradually dissipate as they travel from the original sound source. c. Long sound waves vibrate more hair cells near the oval window than near the helicotrema. d. A sound at 60 decibels will always be louder than a sound at 50 cycles per second. e. Sound waves vibrate perilymph before they vibrate endolymph.

d. A sound at 60 decibels will always be louder than a sound at 50 cycles per second.

32. Select the CNS structure(s) that can influence autonomic activity. a. medulla b. hypothalamus c. spinal cord d. All of the above e. Only a and b

d. All of the above

56. Which statement would be true at a membrane during its resting membrane potential? a. It is more permeable to K+ than to Na+. b. It is highly permeable to Cl-. c. The electrical gradient for Cl- opposes its concentration gradient d. All of the above statements are true. e. Only b and c are true

d. All of the above statements are true.

22. Identify the correct statement(s) about stem cells. a. They are undifferentiated embryonic cells. b. They may reproduce many times. c. Their daughter cells may differentiate into a number of different specialized cell types. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

d. All of the above.

42. According to Fick's law of diffusion, which of the following changes would decrease the rate of net diffusion of "X" across a membrane? a. An increase in the X's concentration gradient b. An increase in the permeability of the membrane to X c. An increase in the surface area of the membrane d. An increase in the thickness of the membrane e. A decrease in the size of X

d. An increase in the thickness of the membrane

21. How is glutamate important to pain pathways? a. Binds to AMPA receptors on dorsal horn cells b. Results in hypersensitivity of damaged tissue c. Causes P-substance release d. Both a and b e. Both a and c

d. Both a and b

16. Which statement about membrane proteins is incorrect? a. Channels are water-filled pathways. b. Channels are not highly selective. c. Carriers are highly selective. d. CAMs serve as binding sites for specific ions. e. Proteins may work in conjunction with carbohydrates to provide recognition of "self."

d. CAMs serve as binding sites for specific ions.

59. Cell X has a resting potential of -80 mV. If a ____ opens and causes the potential to change 10 mV, the resulting potential will be ____. a. Na+ channel; -90 mV b. K+ channel; -70 mV c. Ca2+ channel; -70 mV d. Cl- channel; -70 mV e. Ca+2 channel; -90 mV

d. Cl- channel; -70 mV

62. Docking markers are most closely associated with a. the nucleus b. mitochondria c. DNA d. Golgi complexes e. the ETS

d. Golgi complexes

11. Select the correct statement about a ribosome. a. It contains DNA. b. It synthesizes amino acids. c. It is often functional while attached to a nonmembranous organelle. d. It contains proteins that are synthesized at other ribosomes. e. All of the above statements are correct.

d. It contains proteins that are synthesized at other ribosomes.

53. Which statement about a graded potential is false? a. It can be a depolarization. b. It can be a hyperpolarization. c. It can be summated. d. It has a refractory period. e. It occurs in a specialized area of the membrane.

d. It has a refractory period.

8. Select the incorrect statement about connective tissue. a. Bone is an example. b. Blood is an example. c. Elastin may be found in the extracellular material. d. It has tightly-packed cells. e. It is a primary tissue type.

d. It has tightly-packed cells.

36. Select the correct statement about the neuromuscular junction. a. AChE activity is absent here. b. It involves presynaptic neurons of the autonomic nervous system. c. It is a junction between two neurons. d. It is always excitatory. e. The axon terminals do not store neurotransmitters.

d. It is always excitatory.

47. Identify the true statement(s). a. Kinesin always moves toward a centriole. b. Dynein always moves toward the plasma membrane. c. Dynein is responsible for movement of microvilli. d. Myosin motors move along actin proteins. e. Myosin motors move along actin proteins and Dynein always moves toward the plasma membrane.

d. Myosin motors move along actin proteins.

21. During cerebrovascular accidents, glutamate released by damage neurons binds to ____ receptors of neighboring, healthy neurons, thus, initiating apoptosis. a. acetylcholine b. calcium c. epinephrine d. NMDA e. serotonin

d. NMDA

ANS: 1. Which characteristic is relevant to the endocrine system but not to the nervous system? a. Releases chemicals into synaptic clefts. b. Chemical signals operate at short distances. c. Speed of response is very rapid. d. Released chemicals may target cells far away. e. Anatomically a "wired" sy

d. Released chemicals may target cells far away.

2. Which statement about the plasma membrane is true? a. It appears trilaminar under a light microscope. b. Its glycocalyx serves as receptor sites for binding chemical messengers in the ECF. c. It is impermeable to lipid-soluble substances. d. Some of its carriers transport ions. e. Its channels are impermeable to any substance smaller than 0.8 nm in diameter.

d. Some of its carriers transport ions.

58. Select the last step for synaptic signaling when the action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron. a. A neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis. b. Calcium flows in the synaptic knob. c. The neurotransmitter combines with a protein receptor on the subsynaptic membrane. d. The permeability is altered in a postsynaptic neuron. e. Sodium influx occurs at the axon terminals

d. The permeability is altered in a postsynaptic neuron.

73. Which statement about the rate of diffusion through a lipid bilayer membrane is incorrect? a. Smaller substances diffuse faster than larger substances. b. Lipid-soluble items diffuse faster than water-soluble items. c. Items diffuse through narrow membranes faster than through thick membranes. d. The presence of microvilli decreases the rate of diffusion. e. A greater concentration gradient causes faster diffusion.

d. The presence of microvilli decreases the rate of diffusion.

19. Which statement is not accurate about the absolute refractory period? a. Another stimulus, regardless of its strength, cannot initiate another action potential during this period b. During this period, voltage-gated Na+ channels open, then close but are inactivated c. Immediately following this period, the membrane can experience another action potential if the stimulus is strong enough d. This period occurs during the after hyperpolarization phase of the action potential e. This period ensures a unidirectional spread of the action potential down a nerve fiber

d. This period occurs during the after hyperpolarization phase of the action potential

21. If a letter in the alphabet is equated to a cell, then which of the following would be most like an organ? a. two paragraphs b. a paragraph c. a word d. a sentence e. two sentences

d. a sentence

14. Coding of sensory information may result from a. the intensity of the stimuli b. the location of the stimuli c. they stimulus modality d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

19. The neurotransmitter at a neuromuscular junction is a. acetylcholine b. the same as the transmitter substance at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings c. the same as that released by all preganglionic fibers d. all of the above e. only a and b

d. all of the above

3. Which of the following is/are found in all cells of excitable and nonexcitable tissues? a. a threshold potential b. a resting membrane potential c. gated ion channels d. all of the above characteristics e. mechanically-gated channels

d. all of the above characteristics

50. Glucose enters some cells a. through primary active transport b. through secondary active transport c. through facilitated diffusion d. all of the above processes e. through A and C only

d. all of the above processes

3. The conversion of stimuli into neuron potentials a. requires an adequate level of stimulus b. is called transduction c. stems from generation of receptor potentials d. all of these e. none of these

d. all of these

46. Glycolysis a. yields two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose processed b. yields two molecules of NADH when converting one glucose into two pyruvates c. does not take place in the mitochondrion d. all of these e. yields two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose processed, and yields two molecules of NADH when converting one glucose into two pyruvates

d. all of these

41. Cones a. are most abundant in the periphery of the retina b. are more numerous than rods c. have high sensitivity to light d. are responsible for color vision e. exhibit more than one of the above characteristics

d. are responsible for color vision

31. The complexes within electron transport chains a. are "circuits" for small amounts of electricity to pass through b. contain NADH that transports electrons c. transport H+ into the mitochondrial matrix d. are responsible for transporting electrons and hydrogen ions e. perform all of the above functions

d. are responsible for transporting electrons and hydrogen ions

57. Which is not a function of the basal nuclei? a. inhibition of muscle tone b. coordination of impulses related to posture c. suppression of unnecessary motor activity d. autonomic control e. None of the above are functions of the basal nuclei.

d. autonomic control

34. The relative refractory period occurs after the action potential is complete because of a. the lingering inactivation of the voltage-gated Na+ channels b. the slowness of the voltage-gated K+ channels c. the action of the sodium-potassium pumps d. both a and b e. both b and c

d. both a and b

35. In hyperopia, a. the eyeball is too short or the lens is too weak b. A near object is focused behind the retina, even with accommodation c. A far source of light is focused ahead of the retina d. both a and b are the cause e. both a and c are the cause

d. both a and b are the cause

87. Binding of scent signals to olfactory receptors a. activates G proteins b. results in cAMP production c. opens sodium channels d. causes all of the above e. caused only a and b

d. causes all of the above

71. When comparing saltatory conduction to contiguous conduction, saltatory conduction a. is the only method that occurs along both dendrites and axons b. is the only method that utilizes a positive feedback cycle c. requires more Na+-K+ activity after repolarization is complete d. causes the loss of fewer K+ ions during repolarization e. occurs along unmyelinated axons

d. causes the loss of fewer K+ ions during repolarization

60. Select the neuropeptide. a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. epinephrine d. cholecystokinin e. glycine

d. cholecystokinin

68. Actual conversion of sound vibrations to nerve impulses occurs in the a. eardrum b. ossicular system c. eustachian tube d. cochlea e. oval window

d. cochlea

83. The act or process of "knowing," including both awareness and judgment is called a. habituation b. conscientiousness c. potentiation d. cognition e. sensitization

d. cognition

49. The rate of carrier-mediated transport is limited by a. the glycocalyx b. osmolarity c. tonicity d. competition with other molecules e. the number of protein channels present in the membrane

d. competition with other molecules

13. The sympathetic nervous system a. is always excitatory for smooth muscle b. innervates only tissues concerned with protecting the body against challenges from the outside environment c. dominates in rest-and-digest situations d. contains cholinergic and adrenergic fibers e. stimulates only effectors that are dually innervated

d. contains cholinergic and adrenergic fibers

78. Which component of the reflex arc directly sends an impulse to an organ making a response? a. receptor b. afferent pathway c. integrating center d. efferent pathway e. effector

d. efferent pathway

12. Which type of glial cell lines the ventricles of the brain? a. astrocytes b. neurons c. oligodendrocytes d. ependymal cells e. microglia

d. ependymal cells

44. Rods a. are more sensitive to light than cones b. have low acuity compared to cones c. provide vision in shades of gray d. exhibit all of the above e. exhibit only characteristics a and c

d. exhibit all of the above

10. Phasic receptors a. exhibit an "off-response" b. signal a change in stimulus intensity c. are rapidly adapting receptors d. exhibit all of the above characteristics e. exhibit none of the above characteristics

d. exhibit all of the above characteristics

20. Because of the presence of both activation and inactivation gates, voltage-gated Na+ channels can a. be closed but capable of opening b. be activated c. be closed and not capable of opening d. exhibit all of the above events e. exhibit only the a and b events

d. exhibit all of the above events

19. Endorphins and enkephalins a. are endogenous morphine-like substances b. are important in the body's natural analgesic system c. stimulate the release of substance P by binding with opiate receptors d. exhibit both a and b characteristics e. exhibit both a and c characteristics

d. exhibit both a and b characteristics

34. As light passes from one medium to a medium of a different density, it a. is refracted b. bends at specific angles c. changes wavelengths d. exhibits both a and b e. exhibits none of the above

d. exhibits both a and b

11. Select the substance that promotes cell adhesion. a. GLUT b. collagen c. elastin d. fibronectin e. glycolipid

d. fibronectin

24. All of a muscle cell's lactate is synthesized a. in Krebs cycle reactions b. from acetyl CoA c. directly from glucose d. from pyruvate e. in chemiosmosis

d. from pyruvate

56. The neurotransmitter required for long-term potentiation is a. epinephrine b. acetylcholine c. glycine d. glutamate e. norepinephrine

d. glutamate

38. Myasthenia gravis a. is an autoimmune disease b. occurs when axons are unable to release adequate amounts of acetylcholine c. can be treated with a drug that temporarily inhibits acetylcholinesterase d. has characteristics a and c e. has none of the above characteristics

d. has characteristics a and c

14. Sympathetic stimulation ____ heart rate and ____ the motility in the digestive tract. a. does not affect; decreases b. decreases; decreases c. decreases; increases d. increases; decreases e. increases; increases

d. increases; decreases

4. The most abundant type of neuron in the body is (are) the a. motor neuron b. efferent neuron c. afferent neuron d. interneuron e. autonomic neurons

d. interneuron

26. The circular muscle of the iris a. contracts in response to bright light to produce pupillary constriction b. is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system c. contracts to loosen the suspensory ligaments and to increase the strength of the lens during accommodation d. is characterized by a and b e. is characterized by b and c

d. is characterized by a and b

48. The limbic system a. is a ring of forebrain structures surrounding the brain stem b. plays a key role in emotion c. contains regions designated as reward and punishment centers d. is characterized by all of the above e. is not characterized by any of the above

d. is characterized by all of the above

11. The internal environment a. is not in direct contact with the body's cells b. consists of the intracellular fluid c. must be maintained at absolutely unchanging composition, temperature, and volume for survival of the body d. is in direct contact with the body's cells and consists of the extracellular fluid e. consists of the intracellular fluid and must be maintained at absolutely unchanging composition, temperature, and volume for survival of the body

d. is in direct contact with the body's cells and consists of the extracellular fluid

85. Taste a. discrimination does not depend on the ratio of stimulation of the taste buds b. buds can be stimulated by certain chemicals that are not in solution c. buds do not vary in relative sensitivity d. is perceived in the parietal lobe of the brain e. is based on all of the above

d. is perceived in the parietal lobe of the brain

39. The choroid a. contains rods and cones b. is a fluid within the eye c. is also known as the blind spot d. is the middle layer of the eye e. refracts light rays

d. is the middle layer of the eye

18. Collagen a. provides tensile strength to the cytoskeleton b. is most abundant in tissues that stretch and then recoil c. forms the intercellular filaments of desmosomes d. is the most abundant protein in the ECM e. all of these

d. is the most abundant protein in the ECM

22. Which organ is not innervated by the parasympathetic division? a. blood vessels b. intestines c. eye d. liver e. erectile tissues

d. liver

71. High- and low-frequency sounds are discriminated chiefly by a. low frequencies producing stronger vibrations b. high frequencies producing larger action potentials c. the middle ear bones vibrating more vigorously for low frequencies d. low frequencies deflecting the basilar membrane at a greater distance from the oval window e. low frequencies setting up fluid vibrations in the perilymph

d. low frequencies deflecting the basilar membrane at a greater distance from the oval window

16. Which structure is not associated with the secretion of proteins produced by ER? a. Golgi complex b. smooth ER c. transport vesicles d. lysosomal membrane e. plasma membrane

d. lysosomal membrane

55. Neuromodulators a. bind to receptors at synapses b. contribute directly to EPSPs c. contribute directly to IPSPs d. may influence neurotransmitter production e. speed up contiguous impulse conduction

d. may influence neurotransmitter production

18. Which glial cells possess phagocytic abilities? a. astrocytes b. ependymal cells c. neurons d. microglia e. oligodendrocytes

d. microglia

52. In divergence, a. many presynaptic neurons synapse with one postsynaptic cell b. one dendrite contacts many presynaptic neurons c. action potentials initiated in the axon diminish as they spread to axon terminals d. one axon synapses with many other cells e. many axons spread out from one cell body

d. one axon synapses with many other cells

20. The form of endocytosis in which whole cells such as bacteria are brought in is a. exocytosis b. pinocytosis c. receptor-mediated endocytosis d. phagocytosis e. mitosis

d. phagocytosis

40. Which effector is not dually innervated? a. salivary glands b. urinary bladder c. pancreas d. radial muscle of iris e. bronchioles in lungs

d. radial muscle of iris

1. A change in a membrane potential from +30 mV to -70 mV is an example of a. depolarization b. hyperpolarization c. polarization d. repolarization e. zero potential

d. repolarization

77. Deflection of the basilar membrane a. activates receptors of the scala tympani b. occurs in response to fluid movements in the utricle c. results from vibrations in the round window d. results from vibrations in perilymph around the scala media e. causes otoliths to move back and forth

d. results from vibrations in perilymph around the scala media

75. In which structure do sound waves first pass? a. cochlear duct b. scala media c. scala tympani d. scala vestibuli e. helicotrema

d. scala vestibuli

65. Glucose may pass through a plasma membrane using all of the following methods EXCEPT a. cotransport b. secondary active transport c. facilitated diffusion d. simple diffusion e. symport

d. simple diffusion

67. If neuron X causes hyperpolarization of neuron Z but neuron Y causes depolarization of neuron Z, what change would you expect in neuron Z if it is stimulated by both X and Y simultaneously? a. a significant increase in membrane potential b. a significant decrease in membrane potential c. temporal summation leading to an impulse on Z d. simultaneous influx and efflux of cations or simultaneous influx of cations and efflux of anions e. an increase in the resting membrane potential

d. simultaneous influx and efflux of cations or simultaneous influx of cations and efflux of anions

60. Which is not a structural component of the limbic system? a. amygdala b. thalamus c. hypothalamus d. somatosensory cortex e. hippocampus

d. somatosensory cortex

15. Integrins a. create a filamentous meshwork in the inner surface of the membrane b. act as membrane-bounded enzymes c. are used for cell recognition purposes d. span the membrane and link the plasma membrane and the cell's surrounding e. do not exhibit any of the above characteristics

d. span the membrane and link the plasma membrane and the cell's surrounding

8. Which of the following is synthesized inside certain cells and is eventually secreted. a. tRNA b. clathrin c. dynamin d. steroid hormone e. ATP

d. steroid hormone

86. A region on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere that brings about complex patterns of movement, such as opening and closing the hands, is the a. angular gyrus b. premotor cortex c. posterior parietal cortex d. supplemental motor area e. prefrontal association area

d. supplemental motor area

69. Which of the following is least related to a neuromodulator? a. axonal transport b. dense-core vesicle c. cholecystokinin d. synaptic vesicle e. neuropeptide

d. synaptic vesicle

76. Movement of a substance up a gradient can occur through a. the GLUT carrier b. a facilitated diffusion carrier c. an aquaporin d. the SGLT carrier e. a membrane channel

d. the SGLT carrier

52. Anionic intracellular proteins (A-) cannot pass through membrane carriers because A- proteins a. are charged b. they can only pass through channels c. are in about the same concentration in the cytosol and ECF d. too large e. are synthesized outside the cell, and carriers only transport them into the cell

d. too large

62. The human ear is most sensitive to sound frequencies within the range of a. 0-20,000 cycles per second b. 20-20,000 cycles per second c. 10-100,000 cycles per second d. 100-15,000 cycles per second e. 1,000-4,000 cycles per second

e. 1,000-4,000 cycles per second

73. Identify the true statement(s). a. Slow-wave sleep occupies a greater percentage of time than paradoxical sleep. b. It is harder to fall asleep when fully awake than to stay awake when sleepy. c. Slow-wave sleep is characterized by frequent shifts in body position. d. Sleep-on neurons in the slow-wave sleep center bring on sleep. e. All of the above

e. All of the above

44. Activation of ______ receptors usually brings about _______. a. alpha-1, excitation b. alpha-2, inhibition c. beta-1, excitation d. beta-2, inhibition e. All of the above are correct choices.

e. All of the above are correct choices.

6. Identify the true statement(s) about receptors: a. They may be a specialized ending of an afferent neuron b. They exist that are specific for every modality in the environment c. When stimulated enough may cause Na+ channels in the afferent neuron to open d. They may be cells closely associated with the peripheral endings of afferent neurons e. All of the above are true.

e. All of the above are true.

30. Which statement about movement into the cytosol is false? a. If glucose and sodium can both combine with the same carrier, the presence of one of these molecules decreases the rate of entry of the other. b. In simple diffusion, the rate of entry of an ion is directly proportional to its concentration in the cytosol. c. When a glucose symporter becomes saturated, the rate of glucose entry decreases. d. None of the statements are false. e. All of the statements are false.

e. All of the statements are false.

41. Identify the true statement(s): a. NE causes most blood vessels to constrict. b. ACh causes the pancreas to release glucagon c. Binding of a neurotransmitter to a beta-1 receptor on the heart would result in a faster heart rate. d. Both a and b are true e. Both a and c are true

e. Both a and c are true

29. What would occur if ACh was not removed from the nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle cells? a. The cell would relax. b. The cell would repolarize with the opening of chloride channels. c. The cell would remain contracted until fatigued. d. Sodium would continue to move into the cell, causing excitation. e. Both c and d would occur.

e. Both c and d would occur.

64. All of the following transport certain substances from regions of high concentration to low concentration except a. carriers b. facilitated diffusion c. SGLT d. GLUT e. Ca2+ pump

e. Ca2+ pump

23. ____ are adhering junctions, ____ are impermeable junctions, and ____ are communicating junctions. a. Tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes b. Desmosomes, gap junctions, tight junctions c. Gap junctions, desmosomes, tight junctions d. Gap junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes e. Desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions

e. Desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions

34. During anaerobic conditions, a. more pyruvate is formed from lactate. b. the degradation of glucose cannot proceed beyond the Krebs cycle. c. mitochondrial processing of nutrient molecules takes place. d. the ETS continues to function, but the Krebs cycle does not. e. FAD is not converted to FADH2.

e. FAD is not converted to FADH2.

17. Which characteristic of the Golgi complex is incorrect? a. It sorts and directs products to their final destination. b. It is a membranous organelle surrounded by cytosol. c. It produces lysosomes. d. It modifies proteins made at the rough ER. e. It receives secretory vesicles coming from the ER.

e. It receives secretory vesicles coming from the ER.

27. Select the incorrect statement about the action potential. a. It has an all-or-none characteristic b. It has a refractory period c. It is triggered by depolarization to threshold d. It occurs along a plasma membrane e. It speeds up transmission by summation

e. It speeds up transmission by summation

25. Where is CO2 released in the aerobic cellular respiration process? a. glycolysis b. electron transport chain c. Krebs cycle d. just prior to pyruvate entering the Krebs cycle e. Krebs cycle and just prior to pyruvate entering the Krebs cycle

e. Krebs cycle and just prior to pyruvate entering the Krebs cycle

5. Which statement about cells is incorrect? a. They are the smallest things that can be alive. b. They are generally too small to be seen with the unaided eye. c. They are highly organized. d. Cells in large dogs are the same size as cells in smaller dogs. e. Most cells in dogs are quite different than cells in humans.

e. Most cells in dogs are quite different than cells in humans.

26. Facilitated diffusion a. involves a membrane channel b. requires the cell to expend expenditure c. is how glucose in the intestinal lumen moves into cells in the digestive lining d. is a form of active transport e. None of the above

e. None of the above

74. Identify a second-messenger. a. Insulin b. G protein c. G protein coupled receptor d. Adenylyl cyclase e. None of the above

e. None of the above

9. Which statement is true? a. Mitochondria are primarily sites where anaerobic respiration occurs. b. Vaults are inclusions in the cytoplasm that transport DNA. c. Peroxisomes are membranous sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes. d. Ribosomes are membranous organelles that synthesize proteins. e. None of the statements are true.

e. None of the statements are true.

29. Which of the following is correct? a. Exocytosis decreases the surface area of the plasma membrane. b. Endocytosis can help remove cytoplasmic debris from inside the cell. c. Exocytosis is triggered by the binding of a particle in the ECF to a receptor site on the plasma membrane. d. Exocytosis involves passive movement of material out of the cell. e. None of these.

e. None of these.

55. Which statement(s) would be true about the resting membrane potential? a. It is closer to the equilibrium potential for Na+ than to the equilibrium potential for K+ b. It is closer to the equilibrium potential for K+ than to the equilibrium potential for Na+ c. It is about the same as the equilibrium potential for Cl- d. Only a and b are true e. Only b and c

e. Only b and c

12. Which of the following is not associated with an extracellular chemical binding with a membrane-bound receptor? a. Decreased activity within a certain cell b. Activation of an ATPase c. A change in shape of a transmembrane protein d. Increased activity within a certain cell e. Opening of a sodium channel that allows Na+ to diffuse out of the cell

e. Opening of a sodium channel that allows Na+ to diffuse out of the cell

62. Which statement is false? a. Binding of Na+ to the SGLT carrier increases the carrier's affinity for ATP. b. The release of Na+ from the SGLT carrier increases the carrier's affinity for glucose. c. Glucose enters the luminal side of an intestinal cell through a GLUT carrier. d. The GLUT carrier is a symporter. e. The SGLT carrier is a symporter.

e. The SGLT carrier is a symporter.

59. Select the first step for synaptic signaling when the action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron. a. A neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis. b. Calcium flows into the synaptic knob. c. The neurotransmitter combines with a protein receptor on the subsynaptic membrane. d. The permeability is altered in a postsynaptic neuron. e. The axon terminal depolarizes.

e. The axon terminal depolarizes.

55. Which characteristic regarding microfilaments is incorrect? a. They serve as mechanical stiffeners for microvilli. b. They are composed of actin subunits. c. They are the smallest elements of the cytoskeleton. d. They are involved in cell locomotion. e. They form mitotic spindles.

e. They form mitotic spindles.

72. Which of the following characteristics is least related to steroid hormones? a. Binds to intracellular receptor b. Transported bound in the blood c. May bind to hormone response element d. Stimulate protein synthesis e. Utilize a G protein

e. Utilize a G protein

57. Drugs may influence synaptic transmission by a. altering the formation of neurotransmitters b. blocking neurotransmitter reuptake c. blocking receptors d. blocking channels e. all of the above

e. all of the above

70. Which of the following can activate the arousal system? a. motor activity b. afferent sensory input c. intense excitement d. sensory input e. all of the above

e. all of the above

The overall functioning of the ANS contributes to a. conservation of energy resources when stress levels are low b. mobilization of energy reserves when stress levels are high c. suppression of non-vital activities when stress levels are high d. homeostasis e. all of the above

e. all of the above

17. Myelinated axons conduct impulses much faster because a. the myelin insulates the axon b. ion channels only have to open at the nodes c. voltage is not lost along myelinated areas d. saltatory conduction occurs e. all of the above are true

e. all of the above are true

18. At the peak of an action potential, a. the diffusion of Na+ through voltage-gated channels ceases b. the concentration gradient for K+ promotes the movement of this ion out of the cell c. K+ permeability greatly increases d. the electrical gradient promotes the diffusion of K+ out of the cell e. all of the above are true

e. all of the above are true

74. In response to movement of the oval window, a. pressure waves occur in the scala vestibuli b. a portion of the basilar membrane vibrates c. certain hair cell receptors in the organ of Corti become excited d. the round window is displaced e. all of the above occur

e. all of the above occur

15. Identify the characteristics associated with endocrine glands. a. lack ducts b. secrete chemicals directly into the blood c. derived from epithelial tissue d. include the parathyroids e. all of these

e. all of these

16. An action potential on a neuron develops when a. threshold voltage is reached on an axon b. voltage-gated Na+ channels open c. spatial or temporal summation of graded potentials occurs to a great enough degree d. the axon hillock reaches threshold voltage e. any of the above events occur

e. any of the above events occur

53. Ribosomes a. are the only sites where proteins are made b. contain protein in their chemical makeup c. contain RNA in their chemical makeup d. consist of subunits that are constructed inside the nucleus e. are characterized by all of the above

e. are characterized by all of the above

51. Procedural memories a. are associated with the temporal lobes and are closely associated limbic structures b. are associated with the cerebellum and parts of the cerebrum c. involve acquisition of motor skills gained via repetitive training d. are characterized by both a and b e. are characterized by both b and c

e. are characterized by both b and c

21. What is responsible for development of the resting membrane potential? a. Leak channels b. Gated channels c. Ion pumps d. both a and b e. both a and c

e. both a and c

72. Neurons that play a major role in the sleep-wake cycle are found in a. the hypothalamus b. the brain stem c. the cerebellum d. all of the above e. both a and c

e. both a and c

37. Atropine is an antagonist of ACh and works by a. selectively binding to nicotinic receptors b. selectively binding to muscarinic receptors c. blocking the binding of ACh d. both a and b e. both b and c

e. both b and c

46. Neuron A and neuron B release a minimal amount of neurotransmitter simultaneously onto neuron C, causing neuron C to experience an action potential. This is an example of a. temporal summation b. spatial summation c. convergence d. both a and c e. both b and c

e. both b and c

57. Incoming visual information is relayed to the appropriate cortical tissue by a. the ganglion cells b. the lateral geniculate nuclei c. thalamus d. both a and b e. both b and c

e. both b and c

65. Identify the item that does not enter a cell through a coated pit: a. insulin b. iron c. cholesterol d. vitamin B12 e. cargo protein

e. cargo protein

48. Nicotimamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a. used in glycolysis and in the Krebs cycle b. found in the cytosol c. a hydrogen carrier molecule d. found in the mitochondrion e. characterized by all of the above

e. characterized by all of the above

48. The normal direction for the movement of an action potential along part of a neuron is from a. axon hillock to cell body b. axon terminal to collateral axon c. axon to dendrite d. cell body to receptor e. dendrite to cell body

e. dendrite to cell body

30. Chemiosmosis a. releases O2 onto a water molecule at the end of the ETS b. pumps H+ ions into the mitochondrial matrix c. transfers hydrogens from the ETS to NAD+ d. generates GTP, which is then converted into ATP e. does not perform any of the above functions

e. does not perform any of the above functions

52. Which function is not performed in the hypothalamus. a. body temperature control b. coordination of the autonomic nervous system c. food intake control d. production of posterior pituitary hormones e. evaluation of sensory inputs from skeletal muscles

e. evaluation of sensory inputs from skeletal muscles

4. Receptors a. respond to various physical or chemical changes in their environment b. change other forms of energy into receptor potentials c. respond more readily to their adequate stimulus d. are found at the peripheral endings of afferent neurons e. exhibit all of the above

e. exhibit all of the above

88. Olfactory receptors a. are specialized endings of afferent neurons, not separate cells b. when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system for coordination between smell and behavior and to the thalamus and cortex for perception of smell c. are replaced about every two months d. are located in the olfactory mucosa e. exhibit all of the above

e. exhibit all of the above

75. Nerves a. contain afferent nerve fibers b. contain efferent nerve fibers c. are present within the peripheral nervous system d. do not contain complete neurons e. exhibit all of the above characteristics

e. exhibit all of the above characteristics

16. The motor end plate a. contains receptor sites that are capable of binding curare b. contains acetylcholinesterase c. experiences an increase in permeability to cations when combined with acetylcholine d. contains nicotinic receptors e. exhibits all of the above characteristics

e. exhibits all of the above characteristics

58. Long-term potentiation a. is to increased responsiveness to mild stimuli following a strong or noxious stimulus b. is an increase in strength of existing synaptic connections in pathways involved in initial storage of declarative information following brief periods of stimulation c. involves a retrograde chemical messenger from the postsynaptic neuron influencing the presynaptic neuron d. exhibits characteristics a and b e. exhibits characteristics b and c

e. exhibits characteristics b and c

62. In Alzheimer patients, amyloid plaques may cause a. a breakdown the blood-brain barrier b. glutamate toxicity to neurons c. degeneration of the neuron cell bodies d. a breakdown in the blood-brain barrier and glutamate toxicity to neurons e. glutamate toxicity to neurons and degeneration of the neuron cell bodies

e. glutamate toxicity to neurons and degeneration of the neuron cell bodies

8. The parasympathetic nervous system a. has long preganglionic fibers that end on terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ b. dominates in quiet, relaxed situations c. releases a postganglionic neurotransmitter that binds with muscarinic receptors d. has neurons that display nicotinic receptors e. has all of the above characteristics

e. has all of the above characteristics

82. The utricle is a. an otolith organ b. activated when a person bends the head to look down at the ground c. activated when a person starts to walk d. within the vestibule e. has all of the above characteristics

e. has all of the above characteristics

23. The neuromuscular junction a. is the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber b. transmits an action potential between the nerve cell and muscle cell on a one-to-one basis c. may produce either an EPSP or an IPSP on the motor end plate d. has all of the above characteristics e. has characteristics a and b

e. has characteristics a and b

9. The sympathetic nervous system a. releases NE from most of its preganglionic neurons b. has some postganglionic fibers that release acetylcholine c. has preganglionic neurons that originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord d. has characteristics a and b e. has characteristics b and c

e. has characteristics b and c

7. Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers a. arise from the ganglion chain located along either side of the spinal cord b. are cholinergic c. secrete a chemical messenger that binds to muscarinic receptors d. have characteristics a and b e. have characteristics b and c

e. have characteristics b and c

38. NADH is a. an energy carrier b. used in cellular respiration c. produced in glycolysis d. produced in the citric acid cycle e. important in all of the above

e. important in all of the above

33. The period following an action potential during which a membrane cannot experience another action potential a. is the absolute refractory period b. occurs during the time after the Na+ gates have opened until they are restored to their "closed but capable of opening" state c. prevents the action potential from spreading back over the part of the membrane where the impulse has just passed d. includes the time when Na+ gates are in a "closed and not capable of opening" state e. includes all of the above

e. includes all of the above

68. If an excitatory neuron and an inhibitory neuron both stimulate the same postsynaptic neuron simultaneously, what can you know for sure is happening in the postsynaptic neuron? a. it would likely reach threshold b. its permeability to cations and anions would decrease c. its resting membrane potential would increase d. it would be experiencing temporal summation e. increased permeability to cations

e. increased permeability to cations

72. If solution A has a higher concentration of solute particles than solution B and if these solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane, then there will be a net movement of water a. into solution B since B has a lower osmotic pressure than solution A b. into solution B since B will have a higher hydrostatic pressure than solution A c. into solution B since the osmolarity of B is less than that in solution A d. into solution A since B has a higher osmotic pressure than solution A e. into solution A since A has a lower concentration of water than solution B

e. into solution A since A has a lower concentration of water than solution B

12. Extracellular fluid a. is the internal environment of the body b. is outside the cells but inside the body c. consists of the plasma and interstitial fluid d. exhibits a dynamic steady state in regard to composition, temperature, and volume e. is described by all of the above statements

e. is described by all of the above statements

64. The tympanic membrane a. vibrates when struck by the incus b. contains the organ of Corti c. produces ear wax d. is connected to the stapes e. is not characterized by any of the above

e. is not characterized by any of the above

73. The oval window a. attaches to the malleus b. transfers the sound wave from the vestibule to the cochlea c. is reflexively loosened in response to loud sounds to diminish transmission of these sounds to the inner ear d. attaches to the stapes and relieves pressure inside the scala media e. is not characterized by any of the above

e. is not characterized by any of the above

44. Microtubules a. serve as a mechanical stiffener for microvilli b. form neurofilaments, which degrade in Lou Gehrig's disease c. form non-muscle contractile assemblies d. play an important structural role in parts of the cell subject to mechanical stress e. is responsible for nuclear division but not cytoplasmic division

e. is responsible for nuclear division but not cytoplasmic division

43. If a human cell is placed into solution X, containing water and a nonpenetrating solute, then a. water will diffuse into solution X until the cytosol and solution X are isotonic. b. water will diffuse across the membrane until a state of equilibrium is established. c. water will diffuse into the cell until stopped by an opposing hydrostatic pressure in the cytosol. d. neither the cell nor solution X will experience a net gain of water. e. it is not possible to predict what will happen.

e. it is not possible to predict what will happen.

87. The standard treatment for Parkinson's disease is the administration of a. hypocretin b. pure dopamine c. nitric oxide d. neuregulin e. levodopa

e. levodopa

23. Where do the citric acid cycle reactions occur? a. cytoplasm b. cytosol c. inner-mitochondrial membrane d. outer-mitochondrial membrane e. mitochondrial matrix

e. mitochondrial matrix

35. Somesthetic sensation is a. initially processed by the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex b. the awareness of body position c. equally sensitive for all regions of the body surface d. processed by the pyramidal cells e. none of the above

e. none of the above

52. Emmetropia is characterized by a. the lack of a particular cone type b. pronounced visual difficulty in the early teenage years c. a reduction in accommodative ability as a result of a loss of lens elasticity d. excessive refractive power in the lens system of the eye e. none of the above

e. none of the above

39. During osmosis, a. water moves away from the solution with the higher osmotic pressure. b. water moves into a hypotonic solution. c. the solute moves against its concentration gradient. d. all of the above events would occur. e. none of the above events would occur.

e. none of the above events would occur.

36. If neuron X is repeatedly stimulating neuron Z with an excitatory neurotransmitter, then a. several simultaneous action potentials might be initiated on neuron Z b. the membrane potential on neuron Z would increase c. spatial summation would be occurring on neuron Z d. the postsynaptic neuron in this situation would have to reach threshold voltage e. none of the above would have to occur

e. none of the above would have to occur

10. Which of the following is responsible for the falling phase of an action potential? a. opening of Na+ gates b. Na+-K+ pump restoring the ions to their original locations c. greatly increased permeability to Na+ d. Na+ efflux e. none of these

e. none of these

18. The slow pain pathway is activated by a. stimulation of mechanical or thermal nociceptors b. stimulation of polymodal nociceptors c. bradykinin d. only a and c e. only b and c

e. only b and c

9. Astrocytes a. induce formation of the blood-brain barrier b. are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation c. take up excess K+ from the brain ECF d. physically support neurons e. perform all of the above functions

e. perform all of the above functions

22. Natural analgesia occurs when a. endogenous opiates bind to P-substance b. endogenous opiates bind to nociceptors in the spinal cord c. the periaquaductal gray matter stimulates afferent pain fibers in the spinal cord d. endogenous opiates bind to excitatory interneurons in the dorsal horns e. periaquaductal gray matter causes interneurons to release endogenous opiates that bind to receptors on afferent pain fibers

e. periaquaductal gray matter causes interneurons to release endogenous opiates that bind to receptors on afferent pain fibers

9. Receptor sites on the outer surface of the plasma membrane are made of a. CAMs b. carbohydrate c. lipid d. keratin e. proteins

e. proteins

61. Which is not a function of the limbic system? a. provides emotional responses b. coordinates aspects of learning c. provides pleasant sensation of "reward" d. coordinates survival instincts e. provides conscious perceptions

e. provides conscious perceptions

33. Select the incorrect association. a. ATP/high-energy bonds b. electron transport chain/mitochondrion c. glycolysis/anaerobic d. glycolysis/cytosol e. pyruvate/five-carbon molecule

e. pyruvate/five-carbon molecule

39. If a person suffers a severe blow to the side of the head slightly above the ear, it is closest to the ____ lobe of the cerebral cortex. a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. prefrontal e. temporal

e. temporal

84. The auditory cortex is in the ____ lobe of the cerebral cortex. a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. prefrontal e. temporal

e. temporal

74. Ascending tracts a. relay messages from the spinal cord to efferent neuron cell bodies b. carry impulses from nerves to the CNS c. carry impulses from the CNS to nerves d. are part of the peripheral nervous system e. transmit signals from afferent neurons to the brain

e. transmit signals from afferent neurons to the brain

19. Which of the following does not always involve the plasma membrane? a. endocytosis b. secretion c. formation of an endocytic vesicle d. pinocytosis e. vesicle formation

e. vesicle formation

1. Afferent input that does not reach the conscious level is a. somatic b. proprioceptive c. somethetic d. a special sense e. visceral

e. visceral

78. Which type of sensory input is not integrated into the sense of equilibrium? a. cutaneous b. proprioceptive c. vestibular d. visual e. visceral

e. visceral

89. The structure associated with pheromonal reception is a. the nasal organ b. the olfactory mucosa c. papillae d. taste buds e. vomeronasal organ

e. vomeronasal organ

34. If a typical body cell is placed into a 1% saline solution, the cell a. will gain more water than it loses. b. will have a higher osmotic pressure than the ECF. c. will have a lower hydrostatic pressure than the ECF. d. will gain and lose water at the same rate. e. will have a lower osmolarity than the saline solution.

e. will have a lower osmolarity than the saline solution.