Quick Recall Arts & Humanities Questions

This architect of Cornaro Chapel co-designed Rome's Baroque Church of St. Andrew's at the Quirinal [KWIR-uh-nul], the St. Angelo Bridge, and Fountain of the Four Rivers. Name this sculptor of Apollo and Daphne and The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa.

(GIAN LORENZO) BERNINI [jahn luh-REN-zoh ber-NEE-nee]

The 1947 Broadway production of this drama made Marlon Brando a star. Elia Kazan [ih-LEE-uh kuh-ZAN] directed both the stage and film versions, which respectively won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama and multiple Oscars. What story of Stanley and Stella Kowalski, and Blanche DuBois, was written by Tennessee Williams?

(A) STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE

In 1947, she became the first choreographer to direct a large-scale musical, Allegro. She created dance sequences for Carousel and Brigadoon, as well as the ballets Three Virgins and a Devil and Fall River Legend. Whose choreography drew on the cowboy motifs of Aaron Copland's ballet Rodeo?

(AGNES) DE MILLE

At the end of this play, Philia is relieved from her engagement to Miles Gloriosus upon the revelation that they are actually siblings, and she weds Hero while the slave, Pseudolus [SOO-duh-lus], is freed. What is this musical by Stephen Sondheim, inspired by the works of the Roman playwright Plautus [PLAW-tus]?

(A) FUNNY THING HAPPENED ON THE WAY TO THE FORUM

This musical, whose title is a play on an often-used vaudeville line, features the songs "Comedy Tonight" and "Pretty Little Picture." The slave Pseudolus [SOO-duh-lus] works for his freedom by helping his master Hero woo Philia. What is this musical, inspired by the comedies of Plautus, with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim?

(A) FUNNY THING HAPPENED ON THE WAY TO THE FORUM

This religious figure was raised in the Salvation Army, but converted to Pentecostal evangelism after marrying her first husband. She wrote This Is That and Give Me MY Own God, and used faith healing, spectacle, and radio sermons to attract large audiences to her Angelus Temple. Who founded the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel?

(AIMEE SEMPLE) MCPHERSON

This artist created "drawings in space" at the same time he developed a miniature mechanical circus. A visit to Mondrain's studio pushed him toward abstract art, exemplified by his "stabile" sculptures like Eagle and Flamingo. Identify the artist of Lobster Trap and Fish Tail, known as the "king of wire" for his innovation of the mobile.

(ALEXANDER) CALDER

Founded in 1958, this dance company spent the next few years on what its founder called the "station wagon tours." In 1960, that choreographer created a work based on African-American spiritual traditions. Judith Jamison joined this company and danced in works such as Blues Suite and Cry, and the company performed at Jimmy Carter's inaugural gala. Identify this modern dance company based in New York City, named for its founder, who choreographed the work Revelations.

(ALVIN AILEY) AMERICAN DANCE THEATER

This Spingarn Medal recipient joined the Lester Horton Dance Theater before moving to New York, where he studied with Stella Adler and Martha Graham. He created Quintet, Blues Suite, and a work based on African-American spirituals for his namesake dance company. Name this founder and first artistic director of the American Dance Theater.

(ALVIN) AILEY

This man's dance company performed the world premieres of works by Katherine Dunham, Pearl Primus [PREE-mus], and Judith Jamison. He himself created such dances as Sea Change, Blues Suite, and Cry. Give the name of this choreographer of Revelations and founder of the American Dance Theater.

(ALVIN) AILEY

This architect's namesake window design consists of two narrow, rectangular side windows flanking a wider central window topped with an arch. This architect included four massive columns in the facade of the Loggia del Capitaniato [LOH-zhee-ah day kah-pee-tahn-ee-AH-toh], which he designed for a city whose outlying areas contain his Villa Rotonda. Name this architect who is known for his structures in Vicenza.

(ANDREA) PALLADIO

A great many of this architect's works still stand in Vicenza [vee-CHEND-zah]. Nonetheless, he was also responsible for Venice's Church of San Giorgio Maggiore [sahn jore-JOE muh-JOE-ray]. Name the Renaissance architect of the Teatro Olimpico [tay-AH-troh oh-LEEM-pee-koh].

(ANDREA) PALLADIO [ahn-DRAY-ah pah-LAH-dyoh]

According to legend, this architect's talent was first noticed while he was working on a residence belonging to Gian Giorgio Trissino [jahn JOR-joh tree-SEE-noh]. This architect of Venice's Church of San Giorgio Maggiore [JOR-zhoh mah-JOR-ay] created a residence located outside the city of Vicenza [vee-CHEN-zuh] that features four identical façades. Name this Italian Renissance architect of the Villa Rotonda.

(ANDREA) PALLADIO [pah-LAH-dee-oh]

This artist's father, N.C., was a well-known illustrator of children's novels. The son shunned abstraction in favor of realistic paintings like Master Bedroom and Winter Fields. Identify the painter of a young woman with polio on the ground gazing at a distant farm house, in Christina's World.

(ANDREW) WYETH

She was the first ballerina to tour the world, and helped to revive classical Indian dance with "Oriental Impressions." She was the principal dancer of both the Imperial Russian Ballet and the Ballet Russes. Identify the ballerina famous for originating the principal role in "The Dying Swan."

(ANNA) PAVLOVA

After graduating from the Imperial Ballet School, this dancer debuted in The False Dryads. Her career continued with performances in Marius Petipa's [PET-ee-pahs] choreographed works, including The Sleeping Beauty. Her signature role came in 1905 with a solo dance set to the music of Camille Saint-Saëns [san-SAHNS], created for her by Mikhail Fokine [foh-KEEN]. Name this Russian prima ballerina, perhaps best known for originating the title role of The Dying Swan.

(ANNA) PAVLOVA [PAV-luh-vuh]

This prima ballerina of the Imperial Ballet toured Paris with the Ballets Russes [bal-AY ROOS] in 1909. During subsequent independent tours, she performed in solos like The Dragonfly and Californian Poppy. Name this choreographer of Autumn Leaves, remembered for her interpretation of The Dying Swan.

(ANNA) PAVLOVA [PAV-luh-vuh]

The tapering fingers, elegant figures, and dignified demeanor of this portrait painter's subjects influenced the likes of Joshua Reynolds and Thomas Gainsborough. He interpreted mythology in his painting Cupid and Psyche, but is perhaps most remembered for his numerous portraits of his royal patron. Identify this Flemish-born court painter of England's Charles the First.

(ANTHONY) VAN DYCK

In one portrait, this man painted Isabella Brant, the wife of his mentor, Peter Paul Rubens. He celebrated his English knighthood and professional success with his Self-Portrait with a Sunflower. Identify this court painter of Charles the First.

(ANTHONY) VAN DYCK [van DIKE, vahn DIKE]

Several sources cite this man as the second-most produced playwright, behind only Shakespeare. His handful of major plays, including Ivanov, heralded a triumph of Russian realism in theater. Identify the dramatist of The Seagull and Three Sisters.

(ANTON) CHEKHOV

This architect designed a workers' colony, mansion, and park all named for the Güell [gwayl] family. "The Stone Quarry" is the nickname for his Casa Milà [mee-LAH]. Identify the architect of the still unfinished Sagrada Familia [suh-GRAH-duh fuh-MEEL-yuh] .

(ANTONI) GAUDI [GAU-dee, gau-DEE]

This man wrote the screenplay for The Misfits, which co-starred his then-wife. He also wrote screen adaptations of his best-known works: a scathing examination of the American dream and a veiled attack on the Red Scare. What playwright created Willy Loman?

(ARTHUR) MILLER

This philosopher, who met the "resistance of a dull world," divided his masterpiece into sections examining knowledge, nature, aesthetics, and ethics. Unlike his Romantic contemporaries, he regarded existence as futile, but stated that humanity survived because each person had the "will to live." Identify this pessimistic philosopher, the author of The World as Will and Representation.

(ARTHUR) SCHOPENHAUER [SHO-pen-how-er]

This philosopher built upon the work of Immanuel Kant [kahnt] and rejected the German Idealism of his contemporaries. His concept of the "Will to Live" and focus on human psyche have influenced modern psychology. What German philosopher was influenced by Eastern philosophy in his magnum opus, The World as Will and Representation?

(ARTHUR) SCHOPENHAUER [SHOW-pun-how-er]

Critics consider this man's first mature play, Master Olof, to be the first great drama of his home country. He moved toward naturalistic theater with his tragedy The Father. Who adapted the discrepancy in his parents' social classes to write Miss Julie?

(AUGUST) STRINDBERG

This European dramatist combined Naturalism and psychology into works that were precursors to Expressionism. His mental instability inspired The Ghost Sonata, A Dream Play, and Master Olof. Name the nineteenth-century playwright of The Father and Miss Julie.

(AUGUST) STRINDBERG

This dramatist set a cycle of ten plays in his native Pittsburgh. The Netflix documentary Giving Voice follows auditioning actors in a monologue competition named for this man. Who wrote Fences and Ma Rainey's Black Bottom?

(AUGUST) WILSON

This director became the first black woman to be nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Director, an honor she received for the film Selma. She created, co-wrote, and produced the Netflix series When They See Us, based on the 1989 Central Park jogger case. What director's documentary 13th was nominated for an Academy Award for best Documentary in 2017?

(AVA) DUVERNAY

This man became a leading thinker of the Dutch Golden Age. He was censured by Jewish authorities in Amsterdam because of his views of the Torah and the nature of God. What philosopher wrote On the Improvement of Understanding and Ethics?

(BARUCH or BENEDICT) SPINOZA

This philosopher, considered by some to be an early pantheist, rejected the ideas of miracles, the supernatural, and the Bible's divine inspiration. He ground lenses and wrote a volume of Hebrew grammar after being excommunicated from Amsterdam's Jewish community. Identify this Rationalist Enlightenment philosopher, who compiled his ideas in Ethics.

(BARUCH) [buh-ROOK] SPINOZA

This composer and his wife Ditta were the original pianists in the premier performance of this man's Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion. He often worked with fellow composer Zoltan Kodaly [koh-DYE] to collect folk songs from his native country, and wrote an opera that centers on the opening of seven doors within the title locations. Name this composer of Bluebeard's Castle, a native of Hungary.

(BELA) BARTOK (Accept: (BELA VIKTOR JANOS) BARTOK)

This Marxist playwright developed epic theatre, which relied on gestus [GES-toos] in acting and emotional isolation of the audience. He adapted John Gay's The Begger's Opera into The Threepenny Opera, and a Chinese story into The Caucasian Chalk Circle. Identify the playwright of Mother Courage and Her Children.

(BERTOLT) BRECHT [BER-tawlt BREKHT]

After rising to fame in the vaudeville circuit, he starred in the film "Stormy Weather." He appeared in numerous films with Shirley Temple, including "The Little Colonel" and "The Littlest Rebel." Which African American tap dancer was famous for his "stair dance?"

(BILL "BOJANGLES") ROBINSON

This philosopher opposed both Descates's [day-KARTS] Rationalism and British Empiricism. He attacked Catholic ethics in The Provincial Letters, but defended Christianity in Pensées [PAHN-seez]. Identify this mathematician, whose namesake law deals with pressure in fluid mechanics.

(BLAISE) PASCAL

He began his Broadway career by choreographing "Damn Yankees" and "The Pajama Game." His autobiographical film, "All That Jazz," was nominated for nine Academy Awards. Name the choreographer of "Cabaret" and "Chicago" who is known for utilizing jazz hands in his works.

(BOB) FOSSE

He has continued to paint after a spinal artery collapse left him partially paralyzed. His method of using pixelated grids to produce images can be seen in his portrait of Bill Clinton for the National Portrait Gallery. Name the 20th century artist famous for his photorealistic portraits.

(CHUCK) CLOSE

By age twenty-six, this composer was responsible for the music in St. Peter's Basilica, and became the Vatican Basilica's master of music in 1578. His secular works include settings of Petrarchan poems, but the majority of his vast output consisted of sacred motets and Masses. Name the Renaissance composer of Pope Marcellus Mass.

(GIOVANNI DA) PALESTRINA

This composer spent thirteen years writing the progressively harder piano pieces in Mikrokosmos [MEEK-kroh-kahz-mohs]. He required a large orchestra to accompany his one-act pantomime ballet The Wooden Prince. Give the name of this man, who collected and adapted hundreds of Hungarian folk songs.

(BÉLA) BARTÓK [BAR-tock]

This composer wrote the score to the 1908 film The Assassination of the Duke of Guise [geez]. This composer, whose C minor Third Symphony is nicknamed for its use of organ, composed a tone poem in which the xylophone depicts dancing skeletons. Name this French composer of Danse macabre [dahns mah-KAH-bruh].

(CHARLES CAMILLE) SAINT-SAENS [saan SAHN]

This religious founder once predicted that the beginning of a golden age would come in 1914 when, after a war, God's Kingdom would rule the world. He spent his life proclaiming the millennial reign of Christ, and began a Bible journal known today as The Watch Tower. Name this founder of the Bible Student movement, which developed into the Jehovah's Witnesses.

(CHARLES TAZE) RUSSELL

This film star co-founded the distribution company United Artists, in order to have total control over his films. His reliance on silent pictures and slapstick comedy can be seen in the films "Gold Rush" and "City Lights." Which 1920s actor became well-known for his persona "the Tramp?"

(CHARLIE) CHAPLIN

In 1965, an official inquiry into this organization called the Anderson Report was conducted in Australia, while Operation Snow White in the 1970s represented its attempt to infiltrate government agencies to obtain and destroy documents regarding it. This religious organization was led in 2020 by David Miscavige [mih-SKA-vidge] at Gold Base in California, and its members aspire to reach the Operating Thetan spiritual state while practicing dianetics, set forth by its creator. What religious group advocated by both Tom Cruise and John Travolta was founded by L. Ron Hubbard?

(CHURCH OF) SCIENTOLOGY (Accept word forms)

In 2013, at 88, she became the oldest to win the Tony Award for best actress for her portrayal of Miss Carrie Watts in The Trip to Bountiful. Beginning in 2014 she guest-starred on the television show How to Get Away with Murder, as the mother of Annalise Keating. What actress, who passed away at 96 in January 2021, is best known for her roles of Binta in Roots and Constantine Jefferson in The Help?

(CICELY) TYSON

This first movement of this composer's piano work Estampes [ay-STAHMP], or Prints, is one of his pentatonic works inspired by his encounter with gamelan [GAAM-uh-lahn] music. This composer, who also used pentatonicism in his prelude "The Girl With the Flaxen Hair," wrote an orchestral work that begins by portraying "dawn to midday on the sea." Name this Impressionist composer of La Mer [lah MAIR].

(CLAUDE(-ACHILLE)) DEBUSSY (Accept: (ACHILLE-CLAUDE) DEBUSSY)

This composer was influenced by the works of Wagner [VAHG-nuhr], the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and Symbolist and Impressionist painters. He split up traditional instrument families in the orchestra, and developed a 21-note scale that attempted to "drown" tonality. Who composed Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun and Clair de lune?

(CLAUDE) DEBUSSY [deb-yoo-SEE]

This composer's only completed opera, Pelléas et Mélisande [pay-lee-AHS ay MAY-lee-zahnd], premiered in 1902. Of the four movements of his piano work Suite bergamasque [BEAR-gah-mask], the third, "Clair de Lune," is the most famous. Who also composed Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun?

(CLAUDE) DEBUSSY [deb-yoo-SEE]

This artist, who painted Westminster Bridge during his wartime refuge in London, used short brushstrokes to create the people in Boulevard des Capucines [day kap-yoo-SEEN]. He explored the effects of seasonal light in Snow at Argentuil [ahr-zhah-TOY-uh] and Stacks of Wheat (End of Summer). Identify this artist, whose views to paint included the Japanese foot bridge over his water lily pond at Giverny [zhee-vair-NEE].

(CLAUDE) MONET

While living as a refugee from the Franco-Prussian War, this artist devoted a painting series to the Palace of Westminster. Back in his native country, he explored light's effect on the façade of Rouen [roo-AHN] Cathedral. Who also worked at Argenteuil [ar-zhahn-TOY-uh] and Giverny [zhee-vairNEE]?

(CLAUDE) MONET

This painter integrated the effects of morning snow and misty sun in his series of paintings showing haystacks. He used the pond in his garden at Giverny [zhee-vair-NEE] as the inspiration for a series of more than 250 canvases showing the title aquatic plants. Name this French Impressionist, who painted many works showing water lilies.

(CLAUDE) MONET [moh-NAY] (Accept: (OSCAR-CLAUDE) MONET

This composer of the musicals Silk Stockings and Can-Can was responsible for the songs "Always True to You in My Fashion" and "Night and Day." "I've Got You Under My Skin," "I Get a Kick Out of You," and "You're the Top" were also his work. Name this composer and lyricist of Anything Goes and Kiss Me, Kate.

(COLE) PORTER

This dancer was born in 1919 as Margaret Evelyn Hookham. She replaced Alicia Markova [mar-KOHvuh] at the Vic-Wells Ballet, where she originated roles choreographed by Frederick Ashton. Name this prima ballerina remembered for her Royal Ballet roles of Odette, Sleeping Beauty, and Juliet.

(DAME MARGOT) FONTEYN [MAR-go fawn-TAYN]

At age 32, this man became the youngest winner to date of the Best Director Oscar. He directed the Oscar-nominated film Whiplash before doing the Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone musical comedy that won a Best Picture Oscar. Identify the director of La La Land.

(DAMIEN) CHAZELLE [shuh-ZEL]

A member of the Young British Artists, he won the 1995 Turner Prize for contemporary art. His work deals with death and decay, as seen in his common motif of preserving animals in formaldehyde. Identify the British artist known for covering a human skull in diamonds in the work "For the love of God" and for creating a mythical shipwreck in "Treasured from the Wreck of the Unbelievable."

(DAMIEN) HIRST

In 2005, he started a namesake foundation that teaches transcendental meditation to at risk groups. While he is known for his disturbing and grotesque imagery, as seen in "Eraserhead," he achieved commercial success with "The Elephant Man." Which surrealist director is known for the television show "Twin Peaks," as well as the films "Blue Velvet" and "Mulholland Drive?"

(DAVID) LYNCH

This screenwriter of The Untouchables and Hannibal is known for writing cynical, often profane dialogue. Speed-the-Plow satirized the film industry, while American Buffalo centers on a would-be coin heist. Name this dramatist, who won a Pulitzer for his examination of Chicago real estate agents, Glengarry Glen Ross.

(DAVID) MAMET

This composer sought his government's approval with his Fifth, Seventh, and 12th Symphonies. He angered party leadership with Babi Yar, a condemnation of anti-Semitism, and adapted a Gogol short story into the opera The Noose. Identify the composer of Lady Macbeth of the Mitsensk [mut-SENSK] District and the Leningrad Symphony.

(DMITRI) SHOSTAKOVICH

Among her most iconic photographs are White Angel Breadline, and Migrant Mother. Identify this influential, American photographer, remembered for her documentary photography of Depression-era conditions.

(DOROTHEA) LANGE

This artist, who was mentored by Ingres [AHN-gruh] at the beginning of his career, turned to sculpture late in life when his eyesight deteriorated. He expressed his fascination with the female form in The Millinery Shop, Women Ironing, and The Tub. Who was this Impressionist artist of The Racecourse, Amateur Jockeys and A Cotton Office in New Orleans?

(EDGAR) DEGAS

This man's best-known sculpture was originally cast in wax with a skeleton made from paint brushes. He incorporated gauze, silk, and other fabric into the sculpture, which was bronzed after his death. Name the Impressionist artist of Little Dancer of Fourteen Years.

(EDGAR) DEGAS [day-GAH]

This artist showed a nude woman from the back, combing her hair, in La Toilette, one of his numerous pastel drawings of female nudes. This man, who was largely responsible for including Mary Cassatt in the Impressionist exhibitions, painted a work in which a single empty chair sits in front of numerous women at the barre [bar]. Name this painter, whose Foyer de la Danse [foy-AY dey lah DAHNSS] is one of his many works depicting ballet.

(EDGAR) DEGAS [day-GAH] (Accept: (HILAIRE GERMAIN EDGAR) DEGAS)

This playwright, whose grandfather owned several vaudeville theaters, dabbled in absurdism with his one-acts The American Dream and The Zoo Story. He won three Pulitzers, but was denied the prize for his masterpiece, which profiles George and Martha's disintegrating marriage. Name the dramatist of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

(EDWARD) ALBEE

This student of William Merritt Chase at the New York School of Art also studied with Robert Henri of the Ashcan School. His painting House by the Railroad became the first work the Museum of Modern Art acquired, and he used his wife Jo as the model for most of his female subjects. Who was this 20th century artist of Automat, New York Movie, and Early Sunday Morning?

(EDWARD) HOPPER

Born in the dressing room of a theater in Rome, this dancer studied with Giovanni Lepri [LEP-ree] and migrated to Russia to join the Imperial Ballet. His skill impressed Russian audiences in original roles such as the Bluebird and Carabosse [CAR-uh-bahs] in The Sleeping Beauty, and he went on to teach many great dancers both in the Imperial Ballet School and the Ballets Russes [roose]. Name this Italian dancer, considered one of the greatest ballet teachers in history with his namesake method of techniques that emphasize strength and flexibility.

(ENRICO) CECCHETTI [cheh-KET-tee]

In 2020, this activist published a new book, titled Superman's Not Coming: Our National Water Crisis and What We the People Can Do About It. Her father, this activist wrote, was an engineer who ran pipelines for Texaco. Whose help in an environmental suit against Pacific Gas & Electric was the basis for a 2000 movie starring Julia Roberts?

(ERIN) BROCKOVICH (Accept (ERIN) PATTEE)

In his early work, "The Chairs," an old man and woman wait to address an audience while eventually being overwhelmed by chairs that multiply on stage. He was a part of the Theater of the Absurd, and he addressed alienation in modern life, as seen with the townspeople's metamorphosis in "The Rhinoceros." Name the Romanian-French playwright known for "The Bald Soprano."

(EUGENE) IONESCO

This designer of the S.C. Johnson Wax Headquarters used the Maya Revival Style for Tokyo's Imperial Hotel. His Prairie Style is evident in two of his estates: Taliesin [tal-ee-ES-in] and Taliesin West. What architect's final project was New York's Guggenheim Museum?

(FRANK LLOYD) WRIGHT

This man refused Daniel Burnham's offer to subsidize his architectural study in Europe, a decision that strengthened his later Midwestern aesthetic. He apprenticed himself to Louis Sullivan, ending his Chicago years with the Frederick C. Robie House. Give the name of this architect, who broke from his Prairie Style in his design for New York City's Guggenheim Museum.

(FRANK LOYD) WRIGHT

This architect included a gently-curved glass façade in his acclaimed renovations to the Art Gallery of Ontario, completed in 2008. He designed the BP Footbridge in Chicago's Millennium Park, which, like many of his other works, has a steel-covered, curved, sloping exterior. Name this architect, who also used similar design principles in Los Angeles's Walt Disney Concert Hall.

(FRANK OWEN) GEHRY (Accept: (EPHRAIM FRANK OWEN) GOLDBERG)

This co-founder of the Directors Guild of America won a Best Documentary Oscar for the first entry in his Why We Fight series: Prelude to War. Mr. Deed Goes to Town and It Happened One Night earned him Best Director Oscars, but his masterpiece sees a guardian angel prevent George Bailey from committing suicide. Who directed It's a Wonderful Life?

(FRANK) CAPRA

For almost half a century, this man served as conductor, chief of musical personnel, and composer for the Esterhazy [ES-ter-hah-zee] family. He taught a young Beethoven, and part of his Emperor Quartet forms the basis of the German national anthem, although it began as a tribute to an Austrian emperor. Identify the Classical Era composer of The Creation, The Seasons, and Surprise Symphony.

(FRANZ JOSEPH) HAYDN [HI-den]

For much of his career, he was the court musician for the Esterházy [ES-ter-hah-zee] family. He tutored Beethoven and mentored Mozart, and founded the Viennese classical school. Identify this so-called "father of the string quartet" and "father of the symphony.

(FRANZ JOSEPH) HAYDN [HIGH-den]

This artist once said, "I paint self-portraits because I am so often alone... because I am the subject I know best." She processed her own physical and emotional trauma in The Broken Column and What the Water Gave Me. Name the painter of Fulang-Chang and I and Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair.

(FRIDA) KAHLO

While directing the Julian Chapel choir, this man was responsible for St. Peter's Basilica's music. He composed secular madrigals based on Petrarch's poetry, but is best remembered for his sacred works. Name this Renaissance composer of 105 masses and over 250 motets.

(GIOVANNI DA) PALESTRINA

Schopenhauer [SHOW-pun-how-er] once referred to this German philosopher as "a flat-headed, insipid, nauseating, illiterate charlatan." This philosopher's proposed process of reasoning is a threestep process of thesis, antithesis [an-TITH-uh-sis], and synthesis. What philosopher's first major work was The Phenomenology of Spirit?

(GEORG) HEGEL [GAY-awrk HAY-guhl]

This composer repurposed music from his The Triumph of Time and Truth as the aria "Lascia ch'io pianga [LAH-shee-ah KEY-oh P'YAHN-gah] from an opera in which Armida steals almirena from the title knight. This composer of Rinaldo included the soprano aria "I Know that My Redeemer Liveth" in the best-known of his numerous English oratorios. Name this composer of Messiah.

(GEORGE FRIDERIC) HANDEL

This composer wrote the anthem This is the Day That the Lord Hath Made for the wedding of Anne, Princess Royal and the Prince of Orange. This composer, who wrote four "Coronation Anthems" for George the Second, included several "hornpipe" movements in three suites written for George the First. With a composition performed more than three times on the Thames [temz] River, name this composer of "Water Music."

(GEORGE FRIDERIC) HANDEL

This late Baroque composer wrote the coronation anthem Zadok the Priest for George the Second. Part of Solomon was played at the 2012 London Olympics, but a better-known work was performed 163 years earlier to celebrate the end of the War of Austrian Succession. Name the composer of the suite Music for the Royal Fireworks.

(GEORGE FRIDERIC) HANDEL

He started his own company, Les Ballets 1933, and shortly thereafter met Lincoln Kirstein. In 1948, their new dance company made its debut with three performances that he choreographed: Concerto Barocco, Orpheus, and Symphony In C. Name this "father of American ballet" best known for cofounding the New York City Ballet.

(GEORGE) BALANCHINE [BAL-un-sheen]

Followers of this religious leader initially called themselves "Children of the Light," and he had a clear view of the movement he would eventually pioneer when he received a spiritual vision on top of Pendle Hill. He married Margaret Fell, who spread the word about his religious beliefs involving female involvement in ministry and equality as a whole, and he advocated for spiritual practices meant to access one's inner light of God. Who founded the Religious Society of Friends, more commonly known as the Quakers?

(GEORGE) FOX

This composer was responsible for Of Thee I Sing, the first musical to win the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. He created the songs "Someone to Watch Over Me" and "I Got Rhythm," as well as the jazz concerto Rhapsody in Blue. Who worked with his lyricist brother on the opera Porgy and Bess?

(GEORGE) GERSHWIN

This artist's husband, photographer Alfred Stieglitz, dubbed her "the first female American modernist." Many of her paintings resemble closely cropped photographs, as in Jimson Weed, Black Iris, and Oriental Poppies. Identify this painter, whose fondness for desert motifs produced Cow's Skull: Red, White, and Blue.

(GEORGIA) O'KEEFFE

This composer founded Spoleto Festivals in Australia, the U.S., and his native Italy. Among his operas are Amelia Goes to the Ball and The Saint of Bleecker Street. Who also wrote The Consul and Amahl and the Night Visitors?

(GIAN CARLO) MENOTTI [jahn KAHR-loh muh-NOT-ee]

At Urban the Eighth's suggestion, this inventor of the Baroque sculptural style turned to architecture with the remodeled Church of Santa Bibiana. He designed Rome's Fountain of the Four Rivers, as well as the Cornaro Chapel, which houses his sculpture The Ecstasy of St. Teresa. Identify this architect of the baldachin in St. Peter's Basilica.

(GIAN LORENZO) BERNINI

This artist and architect's time in France, during which he created a portrait bust of Louis the Fourteenth, ended when his plans to expand the Louvre were rejected. He designed the Church of St. Andrew on the Quirinal Hill in Rome, and created the best-known sculptural decoration of the Cornaro Chapel. Name this Italian sculptor of The Ecstasy of St. Teresa.

(GIAN LORENZO) BERNINI [ber-NEE-nee]

This composer's work formed the basis for teaching the five "species" of counterpoint. He called for a double S-A-T-B chorus in his 8-part motet Stabat Mater [STAH-baht MAH-tair], and legendarily used a "perfect" sacred choral work to "save" polyphonic music. Name this composer of the Pope Marcellus Mass, who lived and worked in the late Renaissance.

(GIOVANNI PIERLUIGI DA) PALESTRINA

His song "Va Pensiero" acted as an anthem for both the Risorgimento [ree-sorj-i-MEN-toh] movement and the Italian Communist Party. His most notable work details the love between an Ethiopian princess and an Egyptian warrior. Identify the Italian composer famous for the operas "Rigoletto," "La Traviata," and "Aida."

(GIUSEPPE) VERDI

This composer's late masterpieces, Otello and Falstaff, were based on Shakespearean plays. He was also responsible for La Traviata [trah-vee-AH-tuh], Il Trovatore [eel traw-vah-TAW-reh], and Rigoletto. Who was this composer, perhaps best remembered for Aida [ah-EE-duh]?

(GIUSEPPE) VERDI

This composer spent his early career as a conductor, becoming artistic director of the Vienna Court Opera at age thirty-seven. His obsession with death manifests itself in his Resurrection Symphony, while he considered The Song of the Earth a symphony rather than a song cycle. Whose Eighth Symphony required so many performers that is was nicknamed the "Symphony of a Thousand?"

(GUSTAV) MAHLER

This man began conducting after failing to win the Beethoven Prize for The Song of Complaint. His conducting career took him to the Metropolitan Opera and the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, but his life ended in Vienna. Whose Eighth Symphony was nicknamed "Symphony of a Thousand"?

(GUSTAV) MAHLER

This artist's book Jazz paired his writings with 20 of the decoupage paper cut-out works that dominated his later life. This artist, who created two versions of a painting in which five nude figures with spindly arms grasp hands in a circle was--with Andre Derain--the leader of an art movement whose name meant "wild beasts." What painter of The Dance was a leader of Fauvism?

(HENRI EMILE BENOIT) MATISSE

This artist painted Blue Nude after he accidentally damaged his sculpture Reclining Nude One. His Blue Nude Two was a paper cut-out decorated with blue gouache [gwash]. Name this artist, whose early twentieth-century works included Joy of Life and Woman with a Hat.

(HENRI) MATISSE [ahn-REE mah-TEES]

This artist referred to one of his earlier works via a circle of nude figures in the background of his painting The Joy of Life. This modernist painter was the principal figurehead of a movement whose name referred to its constituent artists as "wild beasts." Name this French painter and leader of Fauvism [FOH-vizm].

(HENRI) MATISSE [ahn-REE mah-TEES]

This one-time student of the Symbolist painter Gustave Moreau [GOO-stahf maw-ROH] experienced his Nice [NEES] period from 1917 to 1930. In later years, he turned to paper cut-outs as a synthesis of painting and drawing, a technique that inspired his 1954 series of Blue Nudes. Name this early modern artist, who used jarringly bright color in Luxury, Calm, and Voluptuousness, as well as Woman with a Hat.

(HENRI) MATISSE [ahn-REE mah-TEES]

This composer, who was once official organist for Westminster Abbey and the Chapel Royal, wrote semi-operas based on Shakespeare's The Tempest and Timon [TIE-muhn] of Athens. He adapted another Shakespearean work, A Midsummer Night's Dream, into the masque The Fairy-Queen. Name the Baroque composer of the opera Dido and Aeneas.

(HENRY) PURCELL

This Eastern holiday falls on the fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month, which in 2018 was August 25. Celebrated by Daoists and Buddhists, as well as secular Chinese, it sees participants burn fake money and incense near paintings, photos, and ancestral tablets. Identify this festival designed to appease the ravenous, wandering spirits of a person's ancestors.

(HUNGRY) GHOST (FESTIVAL)

This architect of the Macau [muh-COW] Science Center was also responsible for Doha's Museum of Islamic Art. Two of his best-known works are located on the shore of Lake Erie and on the Seine's Right Bank, respectively. Name the designer of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Louvre [LOO-vruh] Pyramid.

(I(EOH) M(ING)) PEI [YOH MING PAY]

This man, who worked with Walter Gropius at Harvard's Graduate School of Design, created the plans for the National Gallery of Art's East Building. Boston's JFK Presidential Library, Hong Kong's Bank of China Tower, and Cleveland's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame are among his best-known works. Name this designer of the Louvre's glass pyramid.

(I. M.) PEI

This man intentionally obfuscated the front entrance in his brutalist design for Syracuse's Everson Museum of Art. When he created the Luce Memorial Chapel for Tunghai University, he included a performance space resembling a drum in a structure on the shore of Lake Erie, whose namesake space is on the top floor of its main pyramid. Name this architect of the Rock and Roll of Fame.

(I. M.) PEI (Accept: (IEOH MING) PEI)

This architect used painted white stucco for the exterior of the Fragrant Hill Hotel, which was described in a New York Times article titled this architect "Rediscovers China." This man, who created Doha's Museum of Islamic Art, designed a notable entryway for the Louvre in Paris. Name this architect, who designed the glass pyramid.

(I. M.) PEI ["pay"] (Accept: (IEOH MING) PEI)

This writer's short story collection Eva Luna inspired a musical, while Of Love and Shadows was adapted into a film. Her daughter's death from a hereditary blood disease led to her nonfiction work Paula, while her first novel began as a letter to her terminally ill grandfather. Identify this niece of an assassinated Chilean president, the author of The House of Spirts.

(ISABEL) ALLENDE [eye-YEN-day]

This dancer, who deemed ballet "ugly and against nature," became the first Westerner to perform without wearing tights. She created improvised, modern choreography to music by classical composers like Chopin [SHO-pan], Tchaikovsky, and Wagner [VOG-nuhr], and found more fame in Europe than in her native U.S. Who was this dancer, remembered for her flowing tunics, as well as for the scarf that caused her death?

(ISADORA) DUNCAN

He wasn't a Surrealist, but this painter embraced Jungian [YOONG-ee-uhn] psychology and unconscious imagery in his work. Shimmering Substance, Convergence, and Blue Poles feature drip and pour patterns that are all hallmarks of his "action painting." Who was this Abstract Expressionist, nicknamed "Jack the Dripper"?

(JACKSON) POLLOCK

This man examined racism in his play The Respectful Prostitute, and moral choices in The Devil and the Good Lord. A political assassination is at the center of Dirty Hands, while a modern-day adaptation of the Electra myth resulted in The Flies. Who injected his existentialist philosophies into No Exit?

(JEAN-PAUL) SARTRE [SAR-truh]

This composer's more than 700 songs include "The Way You Look Tonight" and "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes." He collaborated with Oscar Hammerstein on a stage work considered the first serious American musical. Identify the composer of Show Boat.

(JEROME) KERN

This musician was a student of Arnold Schoenberg and adopted the composer's twelve tone technique. his aleatoric works relied heavily on random chance, drawing inspiration from the I Ching and Zen Buddhism. Name the composer of "4'33," a piece that requires the performers to not use any instruments?

(JOHN) CAGE

This director has the most Best Director Oscars with four. His first was for The Informer in 1935, after which he won consecutive Oscars for The Grapes of Wrath and How Green Was My Valley. What director, known for his Western films, won his last Best Director Oscar for The Quiet Man starring John Wayne?

(JOHN) FORD

In 1992, this dramatist produced Déjàvu, thirty-five years after introducing audiences to Jimmy Porter. In that play's prequel, Jimmy expresses his frustration with post-World War Two English society, which offered no social or economic hope for young people. Who wrote Look Back in Anger, the play that launched the Angry Young Men movement?

(JOHN) OSBORNE

This artist's early works, including Domes, were largely minimalist. Her best-known work is a large triangular installation that celebrates forgotten female accomplishments throughout history. Identify the artist of The Dinner Party.

(JUDY) CHICAGO

She earned a degree in social anthropology from the University of Chicago before choosing to pursue a career in dance. She started the Negro Dance Group and began performing in A Negro Rhapsody. She spent two years in the Caribbean, inspired by her thesis, The Dances of Haiti, which influenced her choreography in works such as Bal Nègre [bal-NEY-gruh] and Caribbean Rhapsody. What American dancer and choreographer was a pioneer of dance anthropology?

(KATHERINE) DUNHAM

She studied Caribbean dance as an anthropology student at the University of Chicago. Her works primarily focused on the African American experience, as seen in the musicals "Cabin in the Sky" and "Stormy Weather." Which choreographer showcased her studies in ritualistic dance with "Tropics" and "Le Jazz Hot?"

(KATHERINE) DUNHAM

Born in Compton California, this musician was signed to Top Dawg Entertainment at age sixteen. In 2017, he curated the soundtrack for the film "Black Panther." Who won the 2018 Pulitzer Prize in Music for capturing the African American experience on "DAMN."

(KENDRICK) LAMAR

This founder of the Society of Art and Literature later co-founded the Moscow Art Theater. He outlined his namesake acting method in An Actor Prepares, Building a Character, and Creating a Role. Give the name of this actor, director, and teacher, whose techniques influenced the Actors Studio's so-called "method."

(KONSTANTIN) STANISLAVSKI [stan-uh-SLAHV-skee]

This composer created a massive ballet sequence set in Times Square for his musical On the Town. He wrote the song "Glitter and Be Gay" in an operetta based on a novella whose songs include "I Feel Pretty" and "Somewhere." Name this composer of Candide [kan-DEED] and West Side Story.

(LEONARD) BERNSTEIN

This composer wrote five "kid songs" for his song cycle I Hate Music! This composer's ballet Fancy Free was one of his numerous collaborations with choreographer Jerome Robbins, who also choreographed a musical scored by this man that includes the songs "I Have a Love" and "I Feel Pretty." Name this composer who wrote the music for West Side Story.

(LEONARD) BERNSTEIN

This musical group formed as a reaction against both heavy German Romanticism and Imprssionism's chromaticism and orchestration. Its composers were inspired by the music of Erik Satie [sah-TEE] and the plays of Jean Cocteau [zhahn kawk-TOH]. Give the collective name for Tailleferre [tye-FAYR], Durey [doo-RAY], Auric [or-EEK], Honegger [oh-nay-GAIR], Roulenc [poo-LAENK], and Milhaud [mee-YOH].

(LES) SIX [ley SEES]

This man collaborated with Dankmar Adler on Buffalo's Prudential Building, which is today called the Guaranty Building. The pair also worked on Chicago's Auditorium Building. Identify this co-designer of St. Louis's Wainwright Building.

(LOIUS) SULLIVAN

This architect used a design divided into smooth, starburst-patterned, and cornice areas in his design of a tomb for Carrie Eliza Getty. A namesake building currently houses part of the school of the Art Institute of Chicago, and exemplifies his work in the Chicago style. Name this architectural partner of Dankmar Adler, with whom he designed St. Louis's Wainwright Building.

(LOUIS (HENRY)) SULLIVAN ["Louie"]

This composer included the songs "Absence" and "The Unknown Island" in his song cycle "Summer Nights." His best-known work, which portrays the opium-induced hallucination of an artist in the throes of unrequited love, features an idee fixe [EE-day FEEKS] melody and concludes with a "Dream of Witches' Sabbath." Name this French composer of the Symphonie Fantastique [sahn-faw-nee fahn-tas-TEEK].

(LOUIS HECTOR) BERLIOZ [BARE-lee-ohz, beer-LYAHZ]

A Chicago center now named for this man was once the Schlesinger & Mayer department store. The Getty Tomb was his solo work, but more than a hundred other structures were collaborations with Dankmar Adler. Frank Lloyd Wright once apprenticed at the firm of what architect?

(LOUIS) SULLIVAN

During his fourteen-year partnership with Dankmar Adler, this architect headed a firm that produced more than one hundred buildings. He designed the Getty Tomb for Chicago's Graceland Cemetery, as well as the Prudential--formerly Guaranty--Building in Buffalo. Who was this practitioner of "form follows function," who additionally designed St. Louis's Wainwright Building?

(LOUIS) SULLIVAN

This designer of the Chicago Federal Center spent two decades heading the Illinois Institute of Technology. He favored glass and minimalist intersecting planes, as evidenced by his maxim "less is more." Name the architect of the Seagram Building and 860-880 Lake Shore Drive.

(LUDWIG) MIES VAN DER ROHE [LOOD-vig MEEZ vahn duhr ROH-uh]

This modernist architecture pioneer designed Germany's pavilion for the 1929 International Exposition in Barcelona. He encapsulated the International Style with the glass and steel Farnsworth House. Give the name of this architect remembered for the Seagram Building.

(LUDWIG) MIES VAN DER ROHE [meez van der ROE-uh]

This artist, who lived after age 17 as an expatriate in France and the U.S., combined Fauvist [FOE-vist] and Cubist elements with Surrealist imagery. He designed several stained glass windows in Europe and the U.S., and created the sets and costumes for Stravinsky's ballet The Firebird. Which artist used memories of his devout Jewish upbringing in a rural village to create I and the Village?

(MARC) CHAGALL

This director of the Lyric Opera's ballet school was, for six years, the artistic director of the Chicago City Ballet. For the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, she created the lead role in Night Shadow, and later starred in the New York City Ballet productions of Swan Lake and The Nutcracker. Identify this one-time wife and muse of choreographer George Balanchine [BAL-un-sheen].

(MARIA) TALLCHIEF

This one-time director of Chicago's Lyric Opera Ballet founded and presided over the Chicago City Ballet. She was a guest performer with the American Ballet Theatre, but spent thirteen years as prima ballerina of the New York City Ballet. Identify this Osage ballerina who, for six years, was the wife of George Balanchine [BAL-un-cheen].

(MARIA) TALLCHIEF

He revived many ballets with his original choreography, such as La Esmeralda. While not all of his works were initially well received, like The Talisman, some were great successes, such as Don Quixote [key-HOE-tay]. He frequently collaborated with Lev Ivanov [ee-VAH-nuhf]. Name this French dancer and choreographer associated with the Imperial Ballet, known for his choreography for The Pharaoh's Daughter and Giselle [zhee-ZEL].

(MARIUS) PETIPA [MAIR-ee-us PET-ee-pah, MAR-ee-us puh-tee-PAH]

This woman, who was supposedly cured by healer Phineas P. Quimby, recovered from a severe fall by reading in Matthew 9 how Jesus healed a palsied man. She organized a "Mother Church" in Boston a few years after writing Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. Identify this founder of the Christian Science denomination.

(MARY BAKER) EDDY

He formed his namesake dance company during his time as a teacher at Black Mountain College. With his partner, John Cage, he choreographed the works "Inlets" and "Suite for Five." Which choreographer used the I Ching [IGH Ching] to incorporate random chance into his dances?

(MERCE) CUNNINGHAM

Born in Flint, Michigan, this director's first feature work documented the downfall of his hometown after the relocation of General Motors. His films are known for their political nature, as seen in "Capitalism: A Love Story" and "Fahrenheit 9/11." Which director achieved commercial and critical success with "Bowling for Columbine," a documentary about gun violence in the United States?

(MICHAEL) MOORE

While practicing medicine and pastoring a Puritan congregation, this man wrote "Vanity of Vanities" and "A Short Discourse on Eternity." He attempted to edify fellow Christians with God's Controversy with New England, as well as a long "Poetical Description of the Great and Last Judgement." Name the poet of the colonial bestseller The Day of Doom.

(MICHAEL) WIGGLESWORTH

This choreographer's "five principles of reform" liberated ballet, particularly when American companies adopted them. He created Anna Pavlova's [PAH-vluh-nuhz] solo "The Dying Swan" while serving as chief choreographer for the Ballets Russes [bal-EY ROOS]. Name the choreographer of Les Sylphides [ley seel-FEED], Petrushka [puh-TROOSH-kuh], and The Firebird.

(MICHEL) FOKINE [mi-SHEL foh-KEEN]

He defected to the west in 1974 after being granted asylum by the Canadian government. He joined the American Ballet Theatre after his defection, and later developed the White Oak Project. Identify the Russian dancer famous for appearing in "White Nights" and "Sex and the City," and starred in productions of "Vestris" and "Don Quixote."

(MIKHAIL) BARYSHNIKOV [bah-RISH-ni-kov]

His film "Firemen's Ball" was banned in his home country for many years due to its criticism of Eastern European communism. After immigrating to the United States, he achieved success with his adaption of the battle between McMurphy and Nurse Ratched. Name the Czech-American director best known for directing "Amadeus," and "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest."

(MILOS) FORMAN

This man, who wrote the book for Kurt Weill's [VILEZ] musical Lady in the Dark, co-wrote the comedies George Washington Slept Here and The Man Who Came to Dinner. He collaborated on Merrily We Roll Along, as well as the Pulitzer-winning comedy about the Vanderhof family, with George S. Kaufman. Identify the dramatist responsible for You Can't Take It With You.

(MOSS) HART

The gates to this location were guarded by the Horai, and its residents were attended during feasts by 20 automations known as the Golden Tripods. A type of clear air, or aether, surrounds this place. Pegasus threw off Bellerophon after Bellerophon tried to fly to the top of this place. Name this mountain, whose summit was home to much of the Greek pantheon.

(MOUNT) OLYMPUS (Accept: OLYMPOS)

He was a comedy writer for much of his early career, until he achieved success with "Come Blow Your Horn." His semi-autobiographical trilogy of "Brighton Beach Memoirs," "Biloxi Blues," and "Broadway Bound" recount his upbringing during Depression-era New York. Which playwright wrote "The Odd Couple," about roommates with differing personalities?

(NEIL) SIMON

This playwright of The Mandrake titled one of his political history works Discourses on Livy. He anticipated modern military tactics in his treatise On the Art of War, but is remembered for his assertion, "Better to be feared than loved." Name this secretary of the Florentine republic and author of The Prince.

(NICCOLO) MACHIAVELLI

This composer and virtuoso once lent 20,000 francs to Hector Berlioz [BEAR-lee-ohz], whom he also commissioned to write Harold in Italy. He employed pizzicato effects, harmonics, and new fingering and tuning methods in his works--most notably his 24 Capricci. Identify this violinist who, it was rumored, received his talent in a deal with the devil.

(NICCOLO) PAGANINI

Unusually, this composer wrote six quartets and twelve sonatas that called for a guitar. He was a virtuoso performer whose double-stops, pizzicato [pit-sih-KAH-toh] with both hands, and ambitious fingerings astounded audiences. Identify this composer of 24 Caprices for Solo Violin.

(NICCOLÒ) PAGANINI [pag-uh-NEE-nee]

During World War Two, he acted as a spy and propagandist for the British forces. His best-known work tells of Charles Condomime, whose first wife, Elvira, has come back as a ghost to ruin his second marriage. Which English playwright and director is best known for "Private Lives" and "Blithe Spirit?"

(NOEL) COWARD

This film director has done three biographies of U.S. presidents: JFK, Nixon and W. His two Academy Award-winning films were based on his experience in the Vietnam War, while his most recent film examined the leaks orchestrated by a former NSA employee. Name the director of Platoon, Born on the Fourth of July, and Snowden.

(OLIVER) STONE

A 2016 documentary on this sports and acting celebrity was a part of the ESPN film series 30 for 30. It explored his athletic career at the University of Southern California, his professional career with the Buffalo Bills, and his incarceration in 2008 for robbery. Who was acquitted of the murders of his ex-wife, Nicole, and Ron Goldman?

(ORENTHAL JAMES "OJ") SIMPSON

One series of works by this artist showed a set of poplar trees on the bank of the Epte Ricer. This painter, who created over thirty works showing the effects of weather and light on the facade of Rouen Cathedral, depicted the early-morning harbor at Le Havre in a work that gave its name to a 19th-century art movement. Name this French painter of Impression: Sunrise.

(OSCAR CLAUDE) MONET

This philosopher is regarded as the father of analytical geometry. His works "Meditations on First Philosophy" and "The Discourse on Method," attempt to prove the existence of God through the separation between body and mind. Name the French thinker, famous for proclaiming "cogito ergo sum," or "I think, therefore I am."

(RENE) DESCARTES [day-CART]

This composer's final major completed work was a set of Ghost Variations nicknamed for his claim that the ghosts of Mendelssohn and Schubert had sent him the theme in a dream. This composer, who worked the recurring cryptogram A-S-C-H into his piano work Canaval, was confined to an asylum at the end of his life. Name this German Romantic composer of the "Rhenish" Symphony, who married a pianist named Clara.

(ROBERT) SCHUMANN

This director got his start as an actor in TV sitcoms, including Happy Days. He won the Academy Award for Best Director in 2002 for A Beautiful Mind. Who directed the film Hillbilly Elegy in 2020, but is better known for starring as Opie on The Andy Griffith Show?

(RON) HOWARD

This man defected during a Kirov Ballet tour of the West in 1961. As a choreographer, he staged versions of Manfred, The Nutcracker, and Romeo and Juliet. Who was this permanent guest artist with the Royal Ballet, where he frequently co-starred with Margot Fonteyn [MAR-go fawn-TAYN]?

(RUDOLF) NUREYEV [noo-RAY-ef]

This creator of modern art's first collage — Still Life with Chair Caning — turned to assemblage [asahn-BLAZH] in Maquette [muh-KET] for Guitar. His works span the Synthetic and Analytical eras of the style he co-founded with Georges Braque [ZHAWRZH BROCK]. Identify the Cubist artist of The Old Guitarist.

(PABLO) PICASSO

Nicknamed the "Master of Aix [EKS]," this artist's work bridged the gap between Impressionism and later modern styles like Cubism, Fauvism, and Expressionism. He applied analytical principles in "a harmony parallel to nature" in such works as The Basket of Apples and his Mont Sainte-Victoire [mohn sant vik-TWAHR] series. Who was this Post-Impressionist artist of The Large Bathers?

(PAUL) CEZANNE

Despite his prediction, "I will astonish Paris with an apple," this artist completed many of his works in Provence [pruh-VAHNTS]. He responded to a Manet work with A Modern Olympia, and used local figures as models for his Card Players series. Who was this painter of The Large Bathers and Mont Sainte-Victoire [mohn sant veek-TWAH]?

(PAUL) CÉZANNE [say-ZAN]

This artist's painting Return of the Peasants gives the viewer a bird's eye view of the countryside near Antwerp. The Three Graces and Venus and Adonis show his penchant for painting curvaceous women. Identify the Baroque artist of The Judgment of Paris and The Descent from the Cross.

(PETER PAUL) RUBENS

This painter's late works include landscapes of the areas around Chateau de Steen, his home. He included The Flight from Blois [bl'WAH] and a depiction of the Coronation in Saint-Denis [sahn duh-NEE] as part of a set of 24 paintings he created at the behest of the mother of Louis the Thirteenth, emblematic of his work as both an artist and a diplomat. Name this Flemish painter, who created Marie de' Medici [muh-DEE-chee] cycle.

(PETER PAUL) RUBENS

In 1886, this artist re-worked The Umbrellas, which he had originally painted in 1881. He mastered shadow and light in Dance at the Moulin de la Galette [moo-LAHN duh la gal-ET]. Which Impressionist painted Luncheon of the Boating Party?

(PIERRE-AUGUSTE) RENOIR [ren-WAH]

Lesser-known types of this musical form include the Mozarabic [moh-ZAR-uh-bick], Ambrosian, and Old Roman. The best-known example was codified during the reign of Pope Gregory. Give the word for a simple monophonic melody often used in religious services.

(PLAIN)CHANT(S) (Accept PLAINSONG)

This dancer acted in the films Valentino and Exposed, and also starred in a film version of the ballet Don Quixote [kee-HO-tay]. He was briefly artistic director of the Paris Opera Ballet, but made his name as a permanent guest artist with London's Royal Ballet. Name this performer of quick turns and agile leaps, whose most famous dance partner was Dame Margot Fonteyn [MAR-go fawn-TAYN].

(RUDOLF) NUREYEV [noo-RYEY-yif]

This "first lady of American dance" used music visualizations and Asian dance forms to communicate the art form's spirituality. She toured Europe with shows named Radha, Egypta, and O-mika before co-founding the school that taught Martha Graham. Who was this dance partner and estranged wife of fellow choreographer Ted Shawn?

(RUTH) ST. DENIS

This philosopher wrote commentaries on several Aristotelian [ar-uh-stuh-TEEL-yhun] works, including Politics and On the Soul. In his masterpiece, he compiled all the Catholic Church's primary theological teachings up to that point. Name the Scholastic philosopher who wrote Summa Theologica [SOOM-uh thee-oh-LODGE-ih-kuh].

(SAINT THOMAS) AQUINAS

He was nominated for an Academy Award for his portrayal of Chuck Yeager in "The Right Stuff." He is better known as a playwright, producing the plays "True West" and "Fool for Love." Which Kentucky resident won the 1979 Pulitzer Prize for "Buried Child?"

(SAM) SHEPARD

At a young age, this performer joined the stage with his father in the Will Mastin Trio. Later he found himself in the group of entertainers known as the Rat Pack, appearing with several of them in the film Ocean's 11. He starred in the Broadway musicals Mr. Wonderful and Golden Boy, and later achieved even greater fame as a Las Vegas entertainer, earning him the nickname "Mr. Show Business." What American entertainer recorded the hit single "The Candy Man"?

(SAMMY) DAVIS (JUNIOR)

This composer imitated radio air navigation for his Air Force commissioned piece "Symphony Number Two." He won the Pulitzer Prize for Music twice wit the works "Vanessa" and "Concerto for Piano and Orchestra." Name the composer whose "Adagio for Strings" has be used to denote periods of mourning.

(SAMUEL) BARBER

This designer of Rio's Museum of Tomorrow and Taiwan's Yan Ze [yoo-AHN TSUH] University Project was one of the first architects to be trained as a structural engineer. His neo-futurist tendencies produced Sweden's Turning Torso skyscraper, as well as the Athens Olympic Stadium and an opera house in his native Valencia. Who also designed the Sundial, Samuel Beckett, Margaret Hunt Hill, and Peace bridges?

(SANTIAGO) CALATRAVA

If it is completed, this architect's Dubai Creek Harbour Tower will be Earth's tallest man-made structure. His finished projects include Sweden's Turning Torso skyscraper and New York City's World Trade Center Transportation Hub. Identify this designer of the Sundial and Samuel Beckett bridges.

(SANTIAGO) CALATRAVA [kah-luh-TRAH-vuh]

This architect included an incomplete arch that appears to end in midair in his design for a performing arts venue on Tenerife [ten-uh-REEF], and included a similar feature in his Palace of Arts for the City of Arts and Sciences in Valen [BAH-len]. He also designed the new transit hub for New York City's World Trade Center. Name this Spanish modernist architect.

(SANTIAGO) CALLATRAVA (VALLS)

This composer called for basses to hit a nearly impossible, below-the-staff B-flat at the end of the "Nunc dimittis" [noonk dih-MIT-iss] movement of his All-Night Vigil. He set a translated text by Edgar Allan Poe in his choral symphony The Bells, and used massive chords in one of two options for a cadenza in D minor for soloist and orchestra—his third in that genre. Name this Russian composer, best known for his four piano concertos.

(SERGEI) RACHMANINOFF [rahk-MAHN-in-off]

This man based his choral symphony The Bells on a Russian translation of a Poe poem. He also composed the symphonic poem The Isle of the Dead, as well as the orchestral Symphonic Dances. Name this pianist and composer of Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini [pag-uh-NEE-nee].

(SERGEI) RACHMANINOFF [sur-GAY rock-MAH-nuh-nawf]

This composer, who was a conductor at the Bolshoi when the Russian Revolution broke out, wrote The Isle of the Dead from the safety of Dresden. He based his choral symphony The Bells on an Edgar Allan Poe poem, but first gained fame as a composer and concert pianist with his Prelude in C-sharp Minor. Who, in addition to these works, created the piano and orchestral piece Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini?

(SERGEY) RACHMANINOFF [rok-MAHN-en-awf]

A central problem addressed by this philosopher was how to be a Christian within Christendom, as expressed in his work Sickness Unto Death. His work Fear and Trembling investigates the faith and anxiety of Abraham when he was asked to sacrifice his son, Isaac. Who wrote another work titled Either/Or, and is considered the "father of Existentialism"?

(SOREN) KIERKEGAARD [SOH-ren KIR-kuh-gahrd]

Based on a popular novel, this fil opens on the wedding day of Connie, the daughter of boss Vito. After escaping to Sicily, Vito's son Michael becomes the don of the family syndicate. Give the film about the Corleone mafia crime family, directed by Francis Ford Coppola.

(THE) GODFATHER

This musical's characters include The Specialist, The Acid Queen, and Captain Walker. The title character, who spends most of his childhood blind, deaf, and mute, becomes famous for his pinball playing skills. Identify this musical based on a rock opera by Pete Townshend of The Who.

(THE WHO'S) TOMMY

In the 1950s, this institution moved to the Queen's Theatre after its original playhouse burned. It staged three original plays by Sean O'Casey, but caused riots by producing The Playboy of the Western World. Name this theatre co-founded by William Butler Yeats, located in Dublin.

(THE) ABBY (THEATRE)

Songs in this musical, including "Something Different" and "Answer Me," show the budding relationship between Israeli townspeople and their Egyptian visitors. It revolves around the Alexandria Ceremonial Police Orchestra's accidental trip to Bet Hatikva [bet huh-teek-VAH], a nearly deserted town in the Negev desert. Which musical, the 2018 Tony Winner for Best Musical, is based off an Israeli film of the same name?

(THE) BAND'S VISIT

The libretto of this opera, whose subtitle is The Useless Precaution, was based on a Pierre Beaumarchais [boh-mar-SHAY] play. Although they were written by different composers, its sequel is The Marriage of Figaro. Name this comic Rossini opera

(THE) BARBER OF SEVILLE

Occurring alongside, yet contrasting, the Die Brücke [dee BROO-kuh] style, this artistic movement featured a group of artists who pursued spiritual representation in art as a rejection of materialism. Landscapes painted by Gabriele Münter [gah-BREE-el-uh MOON-tur] and groups of people depicted by August Macke [OW-goost MAH-kuh] exemplified this style. Identify this association of Russianborn and German artists, inspired by the namesake painting by Wassily [VASS-il-lee] Kandinsky.

(THE) BLUE RIDER (Accept DER BLAUE REITER [dur-BLOWW-uh-right-ur])

This musical takes place in Uganda, where a warlord terrorizes a small village. Missionaries are sent to convert the Ugandan villagers, as told in the songs "You and Me (But Mostly Me)" and "All-American Prophet." Which musical about the Church of the Latter Day Saints, written by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, won the 2011 Tony Award for Best Musical?

(THE) BOOK OF MORMON

In ancient times, this building featured a velarium [vuh-LAIR-ee-um] to shade the seating areas. Built during Vespasian's [veh-SPAY-shunz] rule, it is Earth's largest amphitheater. Identify this landmark, which still stands in Rome.

(THE) COLOSSEUM (Accept FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATER)

This comedy was based on Plautus's Menaechmi [muh-NYK-mee]. Confusion results when two sets of twins, named Antipholus [an-TIFF-uh-lus] and Dromio, encounter each other in Ephese [EFF-uh-sus]. Give the title of this Shakespearean play.

(THE) COMEDY OF ERRORS

This play was recognized for its set, which projected images onto gridded walls. It begins with the mystery of Wellington, a dog who was killed with a garden fork. Which play, based on a best selling novel, sees the autistic Christopher Boone attempt to solve Wellington's murder?

(THE) CURIOUS INCIDENT OF THE DOG IN THE NIGHT-TIME

At the start of this play, the widowed Caitlin and her son, Oisin [oh-SHEEN], live with her brother-inlaw, Quinn, who also lives with his wife, Mary, and their children in rural Ireland. When the body of Caitlin's husband and Quinn's brother, Seamus [SHAY-mus] Carney, turns up, revealing his murder, the family's lives are disrupted with the arrival of Muldoon, a supporter of the Republican cause. Identify this play by Jez Butterworth, which won the 2019 Tony Award for Best Play.

(THE) FERRYMAN

This musical group was established in the 1860s to free their country's music of Western European influences. Its members created works like the opera Prince Igor, the piano piece Pictures at an Exhibition, and the symphonic suite Scheherazade [shuh-HAIR-uh-zhad]. Identify this group, which consisted of Cui [KEWW], Balakirev [buh-LAH-kuh-ruhf], Borodin [buh-ruh-DYEEN], Mussorgsky [moo-ZAWRG-skee], and Rimsky-Korsakov [KAWR-suh-kuhf].

(THE) FIVE

This drama, the winner of the 1978 Pulitzer Prize, was author Donald Coburn's first production. It centers around the relationship between Weller Martin and Fonsia Dorsey, who eventually attempt to belittle and humiliate the other. Which drama centers around the card game played by two nursing home residents?

(THE) GIN GAME

This dance includes side steps and steps across the support foot, and was frequently used by back up singers in Motown groups. The step is also used in the foxtrot, polka, and hustle. What dance step shares its name with a plant whose fruit, when fermented, makes wine?

(THE) GRAPEVINE

Among this drama's characters are teenager Don Parritt, bartender Rocky Pioggi, and former anarchist Larry Slade. The patrons of Harry Hope's saloon and boarding house temporarily follow their pipe dreams at the urging of Theodore "Hicky" Hickman, who turns himself in for his wife's murder. Give the name of this dark Eugene O'Neil play.

(THE) ICEMAN COMETH

This musical includes a ballet version of Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was written by the character Tuptim. One of the title characters employs the other to teach his numerous wives and children, in hopes of modernizing his domain of Siam. Identify this source of "I Whistle a Happy Tune" and "Getting to Know You," by Rodgers and Hammerstein.

(THE) KING AND I

This 2010 Best Picture Oscar winner is a biopic about the title character, who is thrust into leadership when his older brother abdicates the throne. Queen Elizabeth, played by Helena Bonham Carter, encourages her husband to work with Lionel Logue on his disability. In what movie does Colin Firth star as a monarch who learns how to give public addresses without stuttering?

(THE) KING'S SPEECH

In this operetta, a group of Pontevedrians [pon-tuh-VED-ree-unz] temporarily live in early 20th century Paris. The title character reconnects with her lost love Danilo, while the Ambassador loses his young French wife to another suitor. Identify this work by Franz Lehár.

(THE) MERRY WIDOW

This operetta's characters include Valencienne [vuh-len-see-EN], Baron Zeta [ZAY-tah], and Danilo [dah-NEE-loh]. The title character is Hanna Glawari [GLAH-vahr-ee], a wealthy citizen of the fictional country of Pontevedro [pon-teh-VAY-droh]. Give the title of this operetta by Franz Lehár [LAY-har].

(THE) MERRY WIDOW

This operetta ends with the marriage of Ko-Ko and Katisha. Its main focus is the star-crossed love affair between Yum-Yum and Nanki-Poo, the title character's son. Name this Asian-set Gilbert and Sullivan work.

(THE) MIKADO [mee-KAH-doh]

One artist from this country is best known for his triptych [TRIP-tick] paintings, including The Last Judgment, The Haywain Triptych, and another that depicts the Garden of Eden, Earth, and Hell. Two centuries later, another artist from this country was well known for his genre paintings, especially those set in his home city of Delft. What is this country, the home of Hieronymus Bosch [high-uh-RON-uh-mus BOSH], Johannes Vermeer, and Piet Mondrian [PEET mon-dree-AHN]?

(THE) NETHERLANDS

This building's architects, Callicrates [kuh-LIK-ruh-teez] and Ictinus [ik-TIE-nus], were supervised by Phidias [FID-ee-us]. An example of the Doric order, it sourced many of the Elgin Marbles that are currently housed in the British Museum. Identify this Acropolis temple originally dedicated to the goddess Athena.

(THE) PARTHENON

This ballet is staged in two parts: "The Adoration of the Earth" and "The Sacrifice." Subtitled "Pictures from Pagan Russia," it begins with a notable bassoon solo. Name the avant garde ballet by Stravinsky that famously caused a riot at its premire.

(THE) RITE OF SPRING

Among this stage musical's best-known numbers are "Science Fiction/Double Feature" and "Time Warp." It sees Brad and Janet become stranded at the alien Dr. Frank 'N' Furter's castle. What is this musical, which inspired a similarly titled cult film starring Tim Curry?

(THE) ROCKY HORROR SHOW (Not ROCKY HORROR PICTURE SHOW)

This film sees a character repetitively write the phrase "all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." Jack Nicholson plays Jack Torrance, a writer who goes insane inside the Overlook Hotel. Name the movie by Stanley Jubrick, based off a popular Stephen King novel, whose title refers to the psychic powers possessed by Jack's son, Danny.

(THE) SHINING

The author of this classic of political philosophy argued that relations between the state and individual cannot be based on coercion. The book's arguments favor a state of moderate size in which most citizens can know each other, for in larger states the relations between citizens becomes impersonal. Name this 1762 work by Jean Jacques Rousseau [zhahn zhahk roo-SOH].

(THE) SOCIAL CONTRACT

This work was actually a symphony for tenor, baritone, and orchestra, but the composer labeled it a song cycle. Its six movements were based on Chinese poems that had been translated into German. Identify this late work by Gustav Mahler.

(THE) SONG OF THE EARTH

The village in this work may have been inspired by Saint-Rémy [sahn ray-MEE] or by the artist's Dutch hometown. Its foreground features a towering cypress, but other points of interest include Venus and the Moon. Identify this Vincent van Gogh masterpiece

(THE) STARRY NIGHT

This painting may have left out the iron bars through which its artist allegedly viewed the scene. A bare cypress tree appears in the foreground of this work, which shows an imagined depiction of the village of Saint-Remy [sahn ruh-MEE] as viewed from an asylum window, lit by the moon. Name this landscape by Vincent can Gogh, known for its iconic swirling sky.

(THE) STARRY NIGHT

Nickname, please. This work was one of only two members of its composer's London Symphonies to be written in G major. Its composer's ninety-fourth symphony, it is nicknamed for a fortissimo chord in an otherwise piano passage. Identify this Haydn [HIGH-den] symphony.

(THE) SURPRISE (SYMPHONY)

Characters in this dialogue include Socrates, Alcibiades, and Aristophanes. A famous story from this work discussed the myth of soulmates; originally, humans were joined together, but were later separated by Zeus. Which text by Plato, recounting a drunken banquet, debates the nature of love?

(THE) SYMPOSIUM

This global landmark can be found in Uttar Pradesh's [oo-TUR pruh-DEYSH-uz] Agra district. It is a massive marble mausoleum whose Mughal architecture blends Persian, Islamic, and Indian styles. Identify this tomb for Mumtaz [moom-TAHZ], Emperor Shah Jahan's [juh-HAHNZ] late wife.

(THE) TAJ MAHAL

This documentary film is thought to have begun the true crime genre. In it, a police officer is killed after having stopped a stolen car. Which film, directed by Errol Morris, examines the wrongful death sentence of Randall Dale Adams?

(THE) THIN BLUE LINE

Psychiatrist Dr. Joel Gold used the title of this 1998 film as the name for an emerging delusion in which patients believe they are unwilling subjects of a reality television show. Name the critically acclaimed film with a similar premise that starred Jim Carrey.

(THE) TRUMAN SHOW

This artist showed two knights charging at each other at full speed in his painting Past, which depicts a jousting tournament. He painted numerous classical-columned temples in Cosummation, the third painting in his five-part series The Course of Empire. This friend of Asher Durand is best-known for his landscape of upstate New York. Name this artist and leader of the Hudson River School.

(THOMAS) COLE

This artist was the first person to apply European Romantic painting traditions to American landscapes. He set many of his works in the Adirondack and Catskill Mountains. Who founded the Hudson River School?

(THOMAS) COLE

This playwright divided his Coast of Utopia trilogy into Voyage, Shipwreck, and Salvage. One of his first plays, which premiered at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, adapted a Shakespearean tragedy into an absurdist, existential tragicomedy. Who wrote Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead?

(TOM) STOPPARD

He played the character of Argyle Austero in "Arrested Development," and he was Ambrose in the film adaptation of "Hello, Dolly!" He has won ten Tony Awards, and he is the only person to win a Tony award for the same category in consecutive years. Name the dancer who choregraphed the musicals "Nine" and "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas."

(TOMMY) TUNE

This artist's first Tony Award was for his supporting role in the musical Seesaw. Later, he was honored for choreographing and directing Nine, Grand Hotel, and The Will Rogers Follies. Who is this tall, lanky man responsible for The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas and A Day in Hollywood / A Night in the Ukraine?

(TOMMY) TUNE

This choreographer studied under Merce Cunningham and Martha Graham, before starting a dance company of her own. She frequently uses popular music to stage her dances, as seen in the works "Movin' Out" and "Come Fly With Me." Which choreographer, a Kennedy Center Honoree, is famous for choreographing the films "Amadeus" and "Hair?"

(TWYLA) THARP

This dancer, who once partnered with Anna Pavlova [puv-LOH-vuh], performed the male leads in Giselle, Sleeping Beauty, and Swan Lake. Michel Fokine [mi-SHEL fo-KEEN] choreographed Les Sylphides [lay seel-FEED], Scheherazade [shuh-hair-uh-ZAH-duh], and Petrushka [puh-TROOSH-kuh] specifically for him. Name this dancer who, as a choreographer, created The Afternoon of a Faun and The Rite of Spring?

(VASLAV) NIJINSKY [VAH-sluhf ni-ZHIN-skee]

This composer's music for The Fall of a Nation was probably the first original symphonic score for a film. He also wrote more than forty operettas, including The Fortune Teller and The Red Mill. Who composed Babes in Toyland?

(VICTOR) HERBERT

This artist showed the owner of an art supply shop sitting in front of a wall of Japanese prints in a portrait of Père Tanguy [PAIR tahn-GEE]. He showed two yellow novels and a vase of foxglove in one of his portraits of Doctor Gachet [gah-SHAY], while in another of his works, a stark cypress tree dominates the left of a nocturnal view of a village of Saint-Remy [sahn ray-MEE]. Name this painter of The Starry Night.

(VINCENT (WILLEM)) VAN GOGH

This late 19th-century painter's use of bold color and gestural brushstrokes influenced later Fauvist and Abstract Expressionist works. Many of his works, including Wheatfield with Crows, Irises, and Sunflowers, reside in his eponymous Amsterdam museum. Name the artist of The Starry Night.

(VINCENT) VAN GOGH

This architect partnered with Marcel Breuer [BROY-ur] to design a house for Edward Fischer, known as Waldenmark. This architect, who carried on an affair with the wife of composer Gustav Mahler, hired Wassily Kandinsky [VAH-sih-lee kan-DIN-skee] and Paul Klee [clay] in assembling the faculty for a school of design he ran from 1919 to 1928. Name this founding director of the Bauhaus [rhymes with "cow house"]

(WALTER (ADOLPH GEORG)) GROPIUS

This man collaborated with Adolf Meyer to design Germany's Fagus Factory. After immigrating to the United States, he drew up plans for the Harvard Graduate Center. Who was the founder and first director of the Bauhaus [BOWW-HOUSE]?

(WALTER) GROPIUS

This architect of Ohio's Tower East designed the German museum dedicated to composer Kurt Weill [vile]. He was also responsible for the Aluminum City Terrace and John F. Kennedy Federal Building. Who was this architect of the Pan Am Building, now called the MetLife Building

(WALTER) GROPIUS [GROH-pee-us]

This director frequently partners with Owen Wilson, whom he met while at the University of Texas. His films rely heavily on his visual style of symmetry, handmade art, and pastel colors, as seen in "The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou" and "Rushmore." Which director achieved commercial and critical success with the films "The Grand Budapest Hotel" and "Isle of Dogs?"

(WES) ANDERSON

This artist, who was once employed by the Works Progress Administration, combined Cubism, Surrealism, and Expressionism in works like Excavation and Gotham News. Like Pollock, he experimented with action painting, but is best remembered for an aggressive, savage six-painting portrait series. Identify this painter, whose energetic technique gave birth to the Woman series.

(WILLEM) DE KOONING

This dramatist, who garnered Tennessee Williams' support for The Dark at the Top of the Stairs, earned an Oscar for his screenplay of Splendor in the Grass. He examined everyday Midwestern life in Come Back, Little Sheba, and Bus Stop. Name this playwright, who earned a Pulitzer for Picnic.

(WILLIAM) INGE [INJ]

In instructional pieces like Painting to Hammer a Nail, this artist invited viewers to play a part in a work's creation. One of her most famous performance artworks was Cut Piece, in which she knelt silently as audience members took turns cutting her clothes off. Name this musician and artist who was once married to The Beatles' John Lennon.

(YOKO) ONO

It begins with "The Dawn of Man" section, featuring an appearance of a black monolith. Later, the "Discovery One" spacecraft is on a mission to Jupiter when the ship's computer, HAL 9000, goes haywire. Which science fiction film, directed by Stanley Kubrick, features the tone poem "Also Sprach Zarathustra" during its opening scene?

2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY

Based on the 1932 novel of the same name, this musical features an opening night song "Shuffle Off to Buffalo." The show's star, Peggy Sawyer, lands a role in the play Pretty Lady after the director Julian Marsh falls in love with her, singing about his feelings in "I Only Have Eyes for You." Identify this Broadway musical that premiered in 1980, with music by Harry Warren, lyrics by Al Dubin and Johnny Mercer, and book by Michael Stewart and Mark Bramble.

42ND STREET

This concept was not developed until the 19th century, since previous artists were primarily concerned with naturalism. Wassily Kandinsky is thought to be the first to employ it, and it is exemplified in the styles of Expressionism and Cubism. Which type of art does not use images from the natural world, and instead uses shape, color, and form to convey ideas?

ABSTRACT (ART) (Accept: ABSTRACTION)

This biblical figure is the great-grandfather of Canaan, via his grandson Enos. This man, whose third son was named Seth, is given the task of naming all the world's animals prior to having a companion created from one of his ribs. Name this father of Cain and Abel, who was expelled from Eden with his wife Eve.

ADAM

This branch of philosophy originated in Aristotle's "Poetics," and Thomas Aquinas defined it according to perfection, proportion, and clarity. In it, criticism and taste are large determinants of whether or not something is considered visually pleasing. Which branch of philosophy is concerned with art or beauty?

AESTHETICS

In this semi-autobiographical play, a New York City attorney tries to represent his friend, Lou, in court, who has been accused of being a Communist, and he also visits a concentration camp with his girlfriend, Holga. Much of this play focuses on the reflections of that character, Quentin, on his previous marriages: first with Louise, which ended in divorce, then with Maggie, based on the playwright's second wife, who committed suicide. What play by Arthur Miller is largely based on his divorce with Marilyn Monroe?

AFTER THE FALL

In Buddhism, five of these works comprise the Sutta Pitaka [SOOT-uh PIT-uh-kuh], one of the main divisions of the Pali Canon. Identify this term meaning "tradition" that refers to the early texts of Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism that focus on interdisciplinary topics, such as philosophy and theology.

AGAMAS [AH-guh-muhs]

This tempo follows "sonata" in the name of a certain musical structure. It is also the title of a rarely performed third musical collaboration of Rodgers and Hammerstein. Identify this Italian word meaning "brisk or rapid in tempo."

ALLEGRO

This dance was popular in sixteenth century England, but was replaced by a livelier version in the eighteenth century. Lines of couples would extend their hands and walk down the length of the floor by taking three steps and balancing on one foot. Give this two-four dance, French for German, that later featured intricate turns and hops.

ALLEMANDE [ah-le-MOND]

This film won the Academy Award for its song "I need to wake up," and for best documentary in 2007. Tackling the changing conditions in the Arctic and changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, common misconceptions about this documentary have come under fire, especially from global warming skeptics, for its over exaggerating narrative. What is this documentary featuring former Vice President Al Gore discussing major points of global warming and climate change?

AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH

On a color wheel, this designation can apply to the grouping of yellow-orange, yellow, and yellow-green. Some designers use groups of three of them, while others use groups of five. What is the word for hues that are next to each other on a color wheel?

ANALOGOUS (COLORS)

This play can be performed in two parts, titled "Millennium Approaches" and "Perestroika" [pair-eh-STROY-ka]. It won the 2018 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play. In it, Louis Ironson and Prior Walter are lovers torn apart by an AIDS diagnosis. Which work by Tony Kushner explored the 1980s AIDS epidemic?

ANGELS IN AMERICA

This largest religious structure on Earth contains more than a thousand buildings and covers some 400 acres. Located near Siem Reap [SEE-um REE-up], it is filled with Hindu religious motifs. Name this paragon of Khmer [kuh-MER] architecture, located in Cambodia.

ANGKOR WAT

This god also presided over music and poetry, and was the twin brother of Artemis. Through confusion with Helios, this god became known as the sun god. Which god had the same name in both Greek and Roman mythology?

APOLLO

This ballet features four main characters: a preacher, a pioneer woman, and a young couple. In it, the young couple are married in a farmhouse, to the hymn "Simple Gifts." Which ballet, depicting American life on the frontier, was choreographed by Martha Graham?

APPALACHIAN SPRING

This part of a stage is also known as the forestage. It is placed downstage of the proscenium arch, but it is upstage of the orchestra pit. Which part of the stage extends into the audience?

APRON

In this ballet movement, the standing leg can be either straight or bent in a plié [plee-AY]. It can be executed as low as 20 degrees, but more common angles are 45 and 90 degrees. Name the move in which a ballerina supports herself with one leg, while extending her other leg in a straight line behind her?

ARABESQUE

This design can utilize abstract design, calligraphy, and images of foliage. It was adapted by artisans to exclude images of animals and humans, for religious reasons. Which decoration, used extensively in Islamic art, uses intertwining, repeated patterns?

ARABESQUE [air-uh-BESK]

This mythic Greek mortal was the daughter of Idmon, whose trade was in purple dye. This woman hanged herself in shame after a work she created, which showed the Greek gods transformed into animals in the midst of trysts with humans, was destroyed by Athena following a weaving contest. Name this mortal woman Athena subsequently turned into a spider.

ARACHNE

In the corbeled style of this architectural feature, as the stones move higher, they move slightly in toward the center. The true type, developed by the Romans, span larger distances that post-and-lintel construction allows. Vaults and domes were made possible by what architectural feature, whose classic version relies on a keystone?

ARCH

Other names for this theatrical stage set-up include the central and island stage. It facilitates theater-in-the-round, in which the audience completely surrounds the playing space. Identify this stage, whose name originally referred to the central space in a Roman amphitheater.

ARENA (STAGE)

In Ovid's Metamorphoses, after Cadmus kills a sacred snake belonging to this Greek god, he is transformed into a snake himself. This god was once trapped in a golden net that Hephaestus designed to prove this god was having an affair with Aphrodite. Name this Greek god whose companies included Eris, the goddess of strife, and who himself was the god of war.

ARES

Roger Cardinal originated the term "outsider art" to describe this movement, although it was made popular by the French artist of the abstract and unusual pieces L'Hourloupe [LOOR-loop] and The Cosmorama IV [four]. What is this "raw art" movement, founded by Jean Dubuffet, that encompasses works created outside the boundaries of mainstream culture?

ART BRUT [broot]

This art movement's commitment to "total works of the arts," in which every element of a building's interior and exterior design harmonized, influenced the later Bauhaus [BOW-house]. Also called the Glasgow Style or Jugendstil [YOO-gun-steel], it prized quality workmanship and forms that contributed to a piece's function. Identify this style, associated with Klimt's paintings, Tiffany's lamps, and Gaudi's [GOU-deez] architecture.

ART NOUVEAU

The term for this artistic style was originated by T.J. Cobden-Sanderson, a bookbinder. It emerged in the late Victorian period as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, emphasizing decoration and craftsmanship over machinery. Its two main practitioners exemplified the style with their creation of Red House. Identify this international arts movement prominent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, pioneered by Philip Webb and William Morris.

ARTS AND CRAFTS (MOVEMENT)

Inspiration for this art movement was derived from the poetry of Walt Whitman, and it commonly highlighted local businesses, as shown in McSorley's Bar and Hairdresser's Window, created by John Sloan. Common subjects in this movement included the aspects of city life not commonly represented in art, such as markets in Allen Street and Houston [HOW-stun] Street by George Luks [lucks] and boxers in Stag at Sharkey's by George Bellows. What American art movement that sought to depict working class life in New York City was pioneered by Robert Henri [HEN-ree]?

ASHCAN SCHOOL

This artistic group was later expanded to be known as "The Eight." It was a rebellion against the idyllic landscapes popular at the time, choosing instead to show the gritty realism of the city. Name the early 20th century movement associated with William Glackens, George Bellows, and Robert Henri.

ASHCAN SCHOOL

This ballet movement ends with the dancer landing in fifth position. In it, one foot sweeps into the air while the other foot pushes off the ground. Give the term for the ballet movement in which a dancer's legs come together in midair.

ASSEMBLE [ah-sahn-BLAY]

This French word names a location where an artist and his or her apprentices and assistants produce their work. Give the word for an artist's private studio or workshop.

ATELIER [a-tel-YAY]

Britannica uses this word to describe "pieces in which there is an absence of functional harmony as a primary structural element." Arnold Schoenberg pioneered this type of experimental music, which uses the entire chromatic scale. What do we call music that is not written in a specific key?

ATONAL

This genre of music was used by the Second Viennese School, including Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, and Anton Webern. Composers in the 20th century employed the twelve-tone scale in order to organize these works, which can sound alien to the ear. Which musical concept refers to music lacking a key?

ATONALISM (Accept: ATONAL or ATONALITY)

In ancient Rome, these structures contained an impluvium [im-ploo-vee-UM], which held rain water. Originally, they were used to provide light and ventilation. Which architectural feature is a large, open court located in a building?

ATRIUM

This movement, inspired by a statue of Mercury, was developed in the early 1800s. It can be performed with the free leg in the front, or in the back. Which ballet movement, similar to an arabesque, has the free leg bent?

ATTITUDE

In this musical, Brian, a comedian, and Christmas Eve, a therapist, get married at the end of Act One, and in Act Two, Christmas Eve explains to her friend that sometimes loving someone is frustrating in the song "The More You Ruv Someone." It begins with a college graduate wondering "What Do You Do with a B.A. in English?" before he finds an affordable apartment and meets all of his neighbors, including Rod, Nicky, Trekkie Monster, and Kate Monster. Identify this musical, the winner of the 2004 Tony Award for Best Musical and known for its use of puppets.

AVENUE Q

This musical key is relative to G minor. Most brass instruments are tuned to it. Name this key, whose key signature consists of two flats.

B FLAT MAJOR

This faith began in 1844 when Mirza [MEER-zah] Ali Muhammad of Shiraz [shee-RAHZ] revived the Shi'ah tradition of speaking for Islam's twelfth imam. A follower dubbed himself Baha'u'llah, God's messenger, and advocated for peace, education, equal rights, and unity. What is this Persian religion, which teaches that God reveals himself though a series of messengers, making all faiths valid?

BAHA'I

This god could have been released from death if the giantess Thökk [thuck] had wept the necessary tears. Various sources describe him as the god of goodness, beauty, peace, and light. Name this son of Odin and Frigg, who died when Loki tricked Höd [hohth] into hurling mistletoe at him.

BALDER

This ballet company's best-known premieres were collaborations between choreographer Michel Fokine [mee-SHEL foh-KEEN] and composer Igor Stravinsky: Petrushka and The Firebird. Identify this ballet company that lasted from 1909 to 1929, and found most of its success in Paris, established by Sergei Diaghilev [dee-AH-guh-lef].

BALLETS RUSSES [bal-EH ROOSE]

This era of music saw the development of the sonata and concerto. The major and minor keys were put into use during this period, and it featured the expansion of the orchestra. French for "misshapen pearl," which musical period's composers include George Frideric Handel, Antonio Vivaldi, and Johann Sebastian Bach?

BAROQUE

During this musical era, the stile moderno [STEE-lay moh-DARE-noh] came to dominate secular music, while the stile antico [ahn-TEE-koh] was reserved for sacred works. Lully [loo-LEE], Rameau [rah-MOH], Scarlatti, and Monteverdi all worked during this period, in which the oratorio, concerto, and sonata were created. What was this age, which lasted from approximately 1600 to 1750?

BAROQUE (ERA or PERIOD)

Ground bass was an important technique in this musical era, during which the sinfonia [sin-foe-NEEah] and concerto appeared. The orchestra and opera also developed during this period, which gave rise to Pachelbel's Canon in D and Vivaldi's Four Seasons. Give the name of this era, whose elaborate ornamentation was evident in the works of Johann Sebastian Bach.

BAROQUE (ERA)

This tool is usually fixed to a wall of a studio. It provides general support during a company's warmup exercises. What is the long, wooded handrail that is used by a ballerina?

BARRE [BAR]

This term was originally used in Rome to designate a roofed public building, but was adopted by early Christians. It usually contains a central nave that is crossed by a transept, with a rounded apse at one end. Which type of building, used to describe a large or important church, is exemplified by Santa Maria di Maggiore, as well as St. Peter's?

BASILICA

The lowest traditional type of this vocal range is given the classification "profondo" [pro-FOHN-doh]. Samuel Ramey and Kurl Moll were known for being performers in this vocal range, which generally extends from middle C down to the F an octave and a half below. Name this lowest of the four standard choral voice ranges.

BASS

This technique's name comes from a Javanese word meaning "to dot." It is a resist method that decorates cloth using wax and dye. What is this technique perfected in Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia?

BATIK [buh-TEEK]

This dance was popularized in Egypt during the 19th and 20th centuries, and it is best known for its female dancers. It can feature the use of finger cymbals, as well as a beaded belt. Which Arabic dance is best known for its torso movements and revealing clothing?

BELLY (DANCE)

Venues like the Cotton Club showcased this style of jazz in the 1930s. Leaders of this style included Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, and Count Basie. What is the term for a group of jazz musicians that consists of at least a dozen members?

BIG BAND

Richard Morris Hunt designed this classic Gilded Age-era home located in Asheville, North Carolina. Give the name of this summer home of George Vanderbilt, long considered the United States' largest private residence.

BILTMORE (HOUSE or ESTATE)

This musical form was popular during the Baroque era, as seen in the sonatas of the time. It played a large role in the formation of the variation, as it repeats two complementary musical ideas. Identify the musical structure that can be written as "A-A-B-B."

BINARY

This type of stage became popular in the 1960s, due to its low cost and simple design. It is used at many universities, as well as experimental theaters. Which theater stage is a bare room with a moveable stage?

BLACK BOX (STAGE)

Premiering at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, this documentary deals with a tragedy involving a creature named Tilikum [TILL-uh-kum], and examines the effects of captivity on orcas. Name this documentary whose release resulted in massive drops in attendance and revenue at the SeaWorld theme park chain.

BLACKFISH

This music genre began developing in the Deep South of the United States around the 1860s. The form of this genre often relies on the call-and-response pattern, its lyrics, and a strong bass line. In what type of music do singers like Bessie Smith and Muddy Waters often express their personal woes and melancholy?

BLUES

This dance element allows the dancer to communicate inner intentions, ideas, and emotions to an audience. The performer may use all of it, or emphasize certain parts of it at any given time. What is this element, which includes breath, reflexes, and organs?

BODY

Since 1990, bands composed solely of this instrument family have performed at a summer festival in Danville. Members include the euphonium, sousaphone, cornet, and bugle. Identify this instrument family, whose orchestral members are the French horn, tuba, trombone, and trumpet.

BRASS

This phrase comes from proscenium stage design, where the audience imagines a barrier between them and the action on stage. An example of it can be seen in "Farris Bueller's Day Off," when the titular character speaks directly into the camera. Which dramatic convention involves a character acknowledging the audience?

BREAKING THE FOURTH WALL

Author Chikamatsu Monzaemon [chee-ka-MAWT-zoo mohn-zay-MAWN] popularized this dramatic form in the early eighteenth century. The ningyo, or dolls used for performance, are usually four feet tall and are controlled by three people. Identify this term for Japanese puppet theatre?

BUNRAKU [boon-RAH-koo]

The chanted narrative of this dramatic genre is called joruri [JOE-roo-ree]. Today, many performances are held in the national theater for this dramatic form, located in Osaka. Give the word for Japanese theater using half-life-size dolls.

BUNRAKU [boon-RAH-koo]

The Burj Khalifa [BURJ ka-LEE-fa] employs a Y-shaped version in order to support its staggering height. Types of it include pier, lateral, and flying. Which architectural structure, notably seen at Notre Dame, is an exterior projection used to support a wall?

BUTTRESS

Art from this historical period varies widely as it spans several centuries, though artists consistently utilized colorful stones and gold to construct vibrant mosaics while also creating bright, lively paintings and intricate carvings. What is this historical artistic style which, in its early stage, gave rise to the Hagia Sophia cathedral in Istanbul?

BYZANTINE

This movement's architecture emphasized the basilica floor plan, as well as the dome. A common medium was mosaic, with glittering gold backgrounds and flat figures. Name the Middle Ages art movement associated with Justinian the Great, which primarily showed scenes from Christianity.

BYZANTINE (ART)

This dramatic principle can allow viewers to live vicariously through characters, or it can convey a moral lesson. It is described in Aristotle's "Poetics" as the effect of tragedy on an audience. Which concept concerns a purging of emotions through drama?

CATHARSIS

This musical includes the well-known characters Rum Tum Tugger and Macavity. In it, Grizabella is chosen to be reborn by Old Deuteronomy after singing "Memory." Which musical, by Andrew Lloyd Webber, is based off of T.S. Eliot's "Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats?"

CATS

Set in 1930s Berlin, this musical takes place partially in a boarding house owned by Fräulein Schneider, who plans to marry Herr Schultz but backs out due to her fear of marrying a Jew in Nazi Germany. The two main characters meet in the Kit Kat Club, when the woman sings "Don't Tell Mama," and clash over their desire to leave Berlin. The musical concludes with the man leaving for Paris and beginning his novel. Identify this Kander and Ebb musical featuring the characters Cliff Bradshaw and Sally Bowles, based on the novel Goodbye to Berlin by Christopher Isherwood.

CABARET

This musical, set in Berlin in 1931, plays out against the backdrop of the Weimar [VT-mar] Republic's collapse and the Nazis' rise to power. American Sally Bowles has an affair with Cliff Bradshaw, while the Master of Ceremonies offers a "Willkommen" to patrons of the Kit Kat Klub. What is this Kander and Ebb musical, whose film version starred Liza Minnelli?

CABARET

The melodies in this musical form are designated as the leader and follower. Johann Sebastian Bach produced two series of these in his "Golberg Variations" and "Art of the Fugue." Which technique has a melody imitated after a certain period of time, as seen in Row, Row, Row Your Boat," and Pachelbel's in D?

CANON

This architectural element can support a canopy, roof, or gallery—and part of a building that requires open space below. Present in Robie House and Fallingwater, it forms the basis of some bridges that must span great distances. Name a beam fixed or supported at one end that carries a load at the other end.

CANTILEVER [KAN-tuh-lee-ver]

Adherents of this religion may attend prayer ceremonies that occur every six hours each day beginning at midnight, and practice vegetarianism several days a month as a part of their general philosophy of nonviolence. Its main temple is the Holy See in the Tay Ninh [tie nin] province of its country of origin, in which followers come to worship the Jade Emperor. Its eponymous supreme deity is usually symbolized by the Divine Eye. What is this religion that is practiced predominantly in Vietnam?

CAODAISM [COW-die-is-um] (Accept CAO DAI)

This opera is based on a Prosper Mérimée [may-ree-MAY] novel of the same name. It is set in Seville, and tells how the title character wreaks havoc in the lives of Escamillo [es-kah-MEE-yoh] and Don José. Give the title of this opera about a flirtatious gypsy, composed by Georges Bizet [ZHAWRZH bee-ZAY].

CARMEN

This opera takes place in Seville, Spain, where the main character works in a cigarette factory. Well-known arias in it include "The Toreador Song" and the "Habanera." Which opera, by Bizet [bee-ZAY], shows the love triangle between a soldier, a matador, and a gypsy?

CARMEN

They were inspired by the nude figures seen on Phoenician mirror handles. While they first appeared at the treasuries of Delphi, they are best known for decorating the Erechtheum. Which type of column features a female figure as a support?

CARYATID [cair-EE-aw-tid]

This house in Barcelona was designed in the Neo-Mudéjar [moo-DAY-hahr] style. The cast iron railings on the façade and iron gates both contain plant motifs common to the work of Gaudi. What Gaudi-designed house has green and white tiles, and red paint on the upper portions of the façade?

CASA VICENS [vee-CHENZ]

This play takes place at a birthday party in the Mississippi Delta. Big Daddy, the family patriarch, is unaware that he is dying of cancer, while Maggie and Brick struggle with their strained marriage. Name the play by Tennessee Williams that examines the lies of the Pollitt family.

CAT ON A HOT TIN ROOF

This portion of a theater may be part of the fly system, or may be located high above the audience. It is an area from which microphones and lights can be hung and directed at the stage. Give the name for this area, a name that is also used for a modeling runway.

CATWALK

These mythological offspring of Ixion [ICK-see-on] lived in the mountains of Arcadia and Thessaly [THES-uh-lee]. Chiron [KIGH-ron] was a member of this race, whose other members sometimes drew the chariot of Dionysus. Give the name for these half-man, half-horse creatures.

CENTAURS

This slower version of the mambo employs swing dance's one-two-three step rhythm. Once known as the "triple mambo," it requires hip rotations and knee bends as partners synchronize their movements. Give the repetitive name of this syncopated dance.

CHA-CHA(-CHA)

The earliest examples of this structure were usually carved from rock walls. They generally have a semicircular shape, to allow for the sacred act of circumambulation, and they contain a stupa on one end. Which term refers to an Indian sanctuary or shrine?

CHAITYA [CHIGHT-yuh]

This dance gained prominence after its appearance in the musical "Runnin' Wild." The shorter skirts of the period allowed for the dance's kick movements. Which dance is associated with the flappers of the 1920s?

CHARLESTON

This social jazz dance was popular with flappers, who often performed it in speakeasies. Angled leg kicks, foot pivots, and knee bends are its basic components. Identify this 1920s fad dance named for a South Carolina city.

CHARLESTON

Caravaggio is famous for employing this artistic technique in his works. With it, contrast is used to create emphasis and volume. Which term, literally meaning "light-dark," refers to the use of extreme lighting and shadow?

CHIAROSCURO [chee-ah-roh-SCUR-oh]

His first large scale piece was a collection of oil barrels that were meant to protest the creation of the Berlin Wall. He frequently collaborated with his wife, Jeanne-Claude, to produce large scale environmental works. Name the artist famous for his landscape pieces "The Gates" and "Wrapped Reichstag."

CHRISTO

This artist frequently collaborated with his wife, Jeanne-Claude [zhawn-KLODE]. The couple once placed blue umbrellas in Japan and yellow umbrellas in California while, in 2005, they installed the piece The Gates in Central Park. Name this deceased environmental artist, who wrapped the Pont Neuf [pahn NEWF] bridge and the Reichstag [RIKES-tahg] building in fabric.

CHRISTO (VLADIMIROV JAVACHEFF)

The solfège [sol-FEZH] for this scale includes the syllables di [dee], ri [ree], fi [fee], si [see], and li [lee]. It uses every keyboard pitch within a single octave. What is this scale made entirely of semitones, also known as half-steps?

CHROMATIC (SCALE)

The Netflix film Mank tells the story of Herman J. Mankiewicz [MANG-kih-wits], who, along with Orson Welles, won best screenplay for this 1941 classic film. Welles also starred in and directed this film, which documents the rise and fall of the titular newspaper mogul. What film reveals that the last word of its title character is a sled from his childhood?

CITIZEN KANE

This musical era expanded dynamics beyond the limited range of past eras. It saw the rise of the pianoforte over the harpsichord, and it rebelled against the excessive ornamentation of the Baroque era. Name the 18th century musical movement associated with Haydn, Beethoven, and Mozart.

CLASSICAL

In this musical era, complex polyphony gave way to a recognizable melody, orchestras expanded, and the string quartet developed. Concerts for commoners became customary, chord changes were less frequent, and emotion and ornamentation were restrained. Identify this era of Gluck [GLOOK], Haydn [HI-den], and Mozart.

CLASSICAL (ERA)

In this play, as the main characters mourn the death of their son in 1959, the husband, Russ, discusses with their black housekeeper and her husband if they would be interested in moving to a white neighborhood. This conversation is inspired by the opposition of Karl Lindner to the black Younger family moving into the neighborhood. What is this Pulitzer Prize winning play by Bruce Norris, written as a spin-off to A Raisin in the Sun?

CLYBOURNE PARK

This technique was used in the later work of Henri Matisse, as well as the combines of Robert Rauschenberg. It can utilize photographs, newspaper clippings, fabric, and painting. Which artistic technique, from the French for "to paste," involves making a new image by gluing other pieces of media together?

COLLAGE

Unlike assemblage [ah-sahn-BLAZH], this type of artwork is two-dimensional. If it includes photographs, it may become a photomontage [foe-toe-mahn-TAHZH]. Name this work consisting of unrelated items, such as newspaper clippings and fabric swatches, attached to a surface.

COLLAGE

This element of art might be analogous or complementary. The sets of subtractive and additive primary ones are slightly different. Hue, saturation, and value are aspects of what artistic element?

COLOR

Rising in popularity in the 1940s and '50s, this artistic style is encompassed within Abstract Expressionism and exemplified by works such as PH-247 and 1957-D. Identify this art movement characterized by a single color occupying most of the canvas with slight modifications, popularized by Barnett Newman and Mark Rothko.

COLOR FIELD (PAINTING)

Based on a true story, this musical takes place in Gander, Newfoundland and features real-life characters. The songs "Blankets and Bedding" and "Lead Us Out of the Night" recount the townspeople's efforts to house and comfort the seven thousand passengers stranded on the small Canadian island. Which 2017 musical revolves around the grounding of 38 planes during the terrorist attacks on September 11?

COME FROM AWAY

This early form of theatre originated in Italy during the 16th century. While highly improvised, it relied on the use of familiar stock characters, such as Pantalone and Pulcinella. Which masked form of comedy influenced the later styles of pantomime and slapstick?

COMMEDIA DELL'ARTE [coh-meed-DEE-uh dell-ART-eh]

This Roman order's first prominent example was likely the Arch of Titus. Until the Renaissance, it was grouped together with the Corinthian order. Which order's column has a capital that combines Corinthian acanthus leaves with Ionic volutes [vuh-LOOTZ]?

COMPOSITE (ORDER)

This architectural order, which the Romans developed, can be seen on the Arch of Septimius Severus and the Arch of Titus. Its capital mices volutes, or scrolls, with acanthus leaves. Identify this order, whose name points to its combination of Ionic and Corinthian elements.

COMPOSITE (ORDER)

Mozart wrote a Coronation one of these works, and Beethoven nicknamed one of his Emperor. A quartet of them form Vivaldi's Four Seasons. Identify this composition for orchestra and instrumental soloists.

CONCERTO

This Asian philosophy, also known as Ruism, began in the 6th century BC and had a revival during the Tang dynasty. It emphasizes filial piety, or respect for one's elders, and meritocracy-based rule. Which Chinese thought system was illustrated in the works "The Five Classics" and "The Analects?"

CONFUCIANISM

This man's grandson wrote The Doctrine of the Mean, which is considered one of the four books of this philosopher's teachings. This philosopher proposed "father and son" and "ruler and subject" as part of the "five relationships" that help cultivate ren. Name this philosopher who emphasized filial piety, and whose teachings are collected in the Analects.

CONFUCIUS (Accept KONGFUZI, KONGZI)

This sculptural technique was employed by the ancient Greeks, as an alternative to static poses. In it, the engaged leg holds most of the body weight, while the free leg is bent. Which sculptural pose gives an "S" shape to the body, and can be used to show relaxed movement?

CONTRAPPOSTO [con-truh-POH-stoh]

This order of Greek and Roman architecture can be seen at the Pantheon, as well as the U.S. Capitol Building. It was the last order to be developed, and is known for its slim and elaborate design. Name the order of architecture that can be identified by the acanthus leaves that top its capital.

CORINTHIAN

This dance ensemble is considered a starting point for professional ballet dancers. Notable examples of it include the flowers and the snowflakes in "The Nutcracker." Give the term that identifies the group of dancers in a ballet who are not soloists.

CORPS (DE BALLET) [Core De Ballet]

This event is depicted in a Delacroix [duh-lah-KRWAH] painting with the central figure "between two thieves" and in a Rubens work with that same figure "between two murderers." Salvador Dali created a Surrealist depiction of this scene, with the main subject suspended above a lake containing a boat with fishermen, though he did not include the traditional nails, blood, or crown of thorns. Identify this biblical event, also represented by Paul Gauguin's masterpiece The Yellow Christ

CRUCIFIXION (OF JESUS CHRIST) (Accept equivalent answers, word forms of CRUCIFIXION)

This art movement abandoned perspective and realistic figure modeling, instead blending background and foreground and showing objects from multiple angles. The second phase, Synthetic, saw the incorporation of non-art materials, such as newspaper, into artworks like collages. What was this movement led by Gris [GREES], Leger [LAY-zhay], Braque [BRAHK], and Picasso?

CUBISM

Technically speaking, this architectural term applies to the vault of a dome. It originated in Islamic architecture, but spread to Russia in the form of the "onion dome" before moving westward. What do we call a small dome that tops a circular or polygonal area?

CUPOLA [KYOO-puh-luh]

These theatrical features may be legs, borders, or travelers. A scrim one is made of open netting that, under different lighting conditions, can appear opaque, translucent, or transparent. Almost all proscenium [proh-SEE-nee-um] stages are concealed from the audience by what large piece of cloth?

CURTAIN

This stage construction was originally started as a travelling show, where a narrator would discuss the scene being experienced by the audience. Today, many are curved and painted to resemble the open sky. Which piece of background can be used to create a panoramic view?

CYCLORAMA

This pitch is the one to which a cello's second-highest open string is traditionally tuned. It is the root of a major triad whose third and fifth are F-sharp and A, and has a minor key that is the home key of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. Name this musical pitch located on the middle line of the bass clef staff.

D (NATURAL) (Accept: D MINOR)

Founded at the Cabaret Voltaire nightclub by Hugo Ball, this avant-garde movement rejected societal reason and promoted anti-capitalist ideas, resulting in nonsense art such as the abstract sculptures of Jean [zhawn] Arp. What movement that developed after World War One took its name from the French for "hobbyhorse," and gave rise to artists such as Marcel Duchamp [doo-SHAHMP]?

DADA(ISM) (Accept word forms)

This movement, founded in Zurich, Switzerland, included experimental poets, artists, and filmmakers. French for "hobbyhorse" its art was later persecuted under the Nazi regime and labelled "degenerate art." Give the name of the absurdist art movement associated with Man Ray, Hugo Ball, and Marcel Duchamp.

DADAISM (Accept: DADA)

This technique, which was replaced by the wet collodion [kuh-LO-dee-uhn] process, produced a direct, positive image that couldn't be copied. It relied on a silver or silver-coated plate that developed an image when exposed to light through a camera lens. What was this earliest form of photography, named for its French inventor?

DAGUEREOTYPE [duh-GARE-oh-type]

This photography technique created a unique, direct positive image which could not be reproduced. The technique involves a silver or silver-coated copper plate to develop an image in a camera obscura. What photographic technique was invented by Louis Daguerre [duh-GAIR]?

DAGUERREOTYPE (Accept DAGUERREOTYPING)

Supporting characters in this film include Stands With a Fist, Kicking Bird, and Wind in His Hair. Lieutenant John J. Dunbar receives the title name after Sioux tribe members witness his friendship with the animal Two Socks. What is this Best Picture Oscar winner produced by, directed by, and starring Kevin Costner?

DANCES WITH WOLVES

This prophet, whose name means "God is my judge," interpreted Belshazzar's vision of a hand writing on a wall. The biblical book named for him recounts the survival of Shadrach [SHAD-rack], Meshach [MEE-shack], and Abednego [uh-BED-nuh-go] in a fiery furnace. Name this Hebrew man, who survived a night in a lion's den.

DANIEL

It was founded in the Netherlands and argued for ultimate simplicity and ideal forms. Its works are known for their square, geometric designs, and reliance on primary colorism as seen in "Broadway Boogie Woogie." Which art movement, also known as neoplasticism, was led by Piet Mondrian?

DE STIJL [deh STEEL]

This Best Musical Tony winner in 2017 has a book by Steven Levenson, and music and lyrics by Benj Pasek [PAH-seck] and Justin Paul. Its songs include "Waving Through a Window," "For Forever," and "You Will Be Found." Give the title of this musical about a teen with social anxiety disorder who writes himself letters.

DEAR EVAN HANSEN

This song from a hit Broadway musical begins with two characters telling each other, "I hope you're happy now," after one angrily asks the other, "Why couldn't you have stayed calm for once, instead of flying off the handle?" As the main character is about to be arrested by guards of the Emerald City, she levitates and sings, "If I'm flying solo, at least I'm flying free." Identify this song that concludes Act I of Wicked, sung by Elphaba [ELF-uh-buh] as she officially becomes the Wicked Witch of the West.

DEFYING GRAVITY

This Greek mythological figure was the son of Prometheus and husband of Pyrrha. After landing on Mount Parnassus, the couple cast stones behind them, which transformed into men and women, thereby repopulating the earth. Who was this flood survivor, the Greek equivalent of the biblical Noah?

DEUCALION

In Sikhism, this term refers to the path of righteousness and is often referred to as "the son of compassion." In Jainism [JIGH-nih-zum], it translates simply as "religion" and refers to the nonviolent path and moral law as a whole encouraged by Mahavira [muh-hah-VEE-ruh]. In Buddhism, it means "cosmic law and order" and applies to the teachings of the Buddha. Identify this concept that, in Hinduism, was revealed in the Vedas and describes the power and morality that maintain order within the universe.

DHARMA

Romans considered this goddess the protector of the lower classes, particularly slaves. Like her Greek counterpart, she was depicted with a bow and quiver of arrows, and was usually accompanied by a deer or hound. Who was this Roman goddess of the moon, fertility, animals, and the hunt?

DIANA

This opera contains the popular aria "when I am laid in earth." It is one of the earliest English Operas, having been written by Henry Purcell in the 1680s. Give the opera that tells of the love between the queen of Carthage and a Trojan hero.

DIDO AND AENEAS

Living in poverty, he argued for self-sufficiency. A well-known story recounts when he carried a lantern in daylight, looking for an honest man. Identify the ancient Greek philosopher who was the founder of cynicism.

DIOGENES [digh-aw-gi-NEES]

In ancient Greece, this role was fulfilled by the playwright. The person in this position can collaborate with those in other roles, including the playwright and the costume designer, to achieve a cohesive vision. Identify the term for the overseer of a play or film.

DIRECTOR

This 2013 Pulitzer prize-winning drama centers around a dinner party involving a Muslim, a Jew, an African American, and a WASP. In it, lawyer Amir Kapoor defends an imam accused of terrorism, leading to questions of religious faith and prejudice. Which play, by Ayad Akhtar, explored Muslim-American identity after 9/11?

DISGRACED

Parts of this architectural element include the lantern, pendentive [pen-DEN-tiv], and drum. First seen in Roman architecture, it is set on either a circular or a polygonal base. Identify this kind of convex covering, present in the Pantheon and Florence Catherdral.

DOME

This opera features the "Catalogue Aria," which tells of the titular character's sexual exploits. The main character is eventually dragged to hell by a statue, while his servant, Leporello, watches. Give the name of the opera by Mozart, based off a literary character who is known for seducing women.

DON GIOVANNI

This play takes place at St. Nicholas Church School during the winter of 1964. Sister Aloysius, a nun, is protective of Donald Muller, who is the only African American student at the parish school. Identify the drama by John Patrick Shanley that sees Father Flynn, a beloved priest, accused of sexually abusing students.

DOUBT

This play is part of the Atlanta trilogy, which examines the lives of Jewish characters living in Georgia. Hoke Colburn, an illiterate African American, is hired by Boolie Werthan to be a chauffer. Which play, by Alfred Uhry, chronicles the decades-long relationship between Hoke and a titular passenger?

DRIVING MISS DAISY

One location of this name was separated from Hades by the River Lethe [LAY-tay], and was reserved for mystery cult adherents. Menelaus's [men-uh-LAY-us'z] marriage to Helen leads to him being promised transport to a place of this name also known as the "White Isle," which is also the final resting place of Achilles. Name this counterpart to Hades in Greek myth, a realm for the souls of heroes and the virtous.

ELYSIUM (Accept: ELYSION or ELYSIAN FIELD(S))

It was perfected by ballerina Marie Taglioni during her performance in La Sylphide, and it can give a dancer the appearance of weightlessness. Shoes for it are made with stiffened soles, and contains a box that supports the dancer's feet. Name the ballet technique in which a dancer rests her body weight on the tips of her toes.

EN POINTE (Accept: POINTE WORK)

This dance element examines how a movement happens. The movement's tension, flow, attack, and weight are all taken into consideration. Name this dance element.

ENERGY

This dance element determines whether a movement is heavy or light. Tension, weight, and flow are all part of it. Name this element concerned with how a movement happens.

ENERGY (Accept: FORCE)

Originally thought to be for aesthetic purposes, this architectural feature could possibly lend strength to a load-bearing structure. It is seen prominently in early Doric temples, and is also found in Gothic spires. Name the bulge given to columns to counteract an optical illusion of narrowing.

ENTASIS

A revival of this play gained controversy for casting then-underage Daniel Radcliffe in a major role. It was inspired by the real-life crime of a boy blinding six horses. Which play, by Peter Shaffer, evolves around psychiatrist Martin Dysart attempting to cure Alan Strang of his erotic and religious attraction to horses?

EQUUS

This printmaking technique's name comes from the Dutch word meaning "to eat." The artist covers a plate with acid-resistant wax before scratching a design into the wax with a needle. Name this technique, in which an acid bath eats into the exposed metal to create the desired design.

ETCH(ING)

Unlike engraving, this printmaking method uses chemical, rather than physical, processes. Rembrandt's Hundred Guilder Print and Picasso's 347 Series are notable examples. Name this printmaking process that involves giving a metal plate an acid bath.

ETCH(ING)

This musical began as a concept album featuring the songs "Another Suitcase in Another Hall" and "Rainbow High." It is based on the short life of an actress who became first lady of a South American country. Which Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber musical gave the world "Don't Cry for Me, Argentina"?

EVITA

This musical's stars have included Elaine Paige, Patti LuPone, and—in the film version—Madonna. Narrated by Ché Guevara [CHAY guh-VAHR-uh], it follows an actress's rise to the first ladyship of a South American nation. Name the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical, whose title character pleads "Don't Cry for Me, Argentina."

EVITA

A notable example of this type of comedy is Michael Frayn's play Noises Off. In films, the Keystone Kops, the Marx Brothers, Buster Keaton, and Charlie Chaplin all excelled at it. Name this form of low comedy with an exaggerated plot, physical gags, and little characterization.

FARCE

This play was adapted into a 1950 film starring James Stewart. In it, Elwood P Dowd claims that he has a six-foot-three "pooka" as an imaginary friend. Identify the winner of the 1945 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, by Mary Chase, that centers around a large rabbit.

HARVEY

Minimum two-word answer, please. Designed by a leading Russian jewelry house, the best-known series of these objects were the so-called "Imperial" ones, crafted for the Tsars Alexander the Third and Nicholas the Second. Give the name of these elaborately decorated objects designed annually for the Romanovs as Easter gifts.

FABERGE [fab-er-ZHEY] EGG(S)

Since 1963, this building in the Bear Run Nature Reserve has been managed by the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy. A feature of Time's January 1938 cover, it was the weekend residence of the Kaufmann family. Name this cantilevered house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright

FALLINGWATER

Founded by Li Hongzhi [LEE-HONG-zhee], this movement is attacked in the documentary False Fire, which details how the Chinese government used the deaths of five people in Tiananmen [tyen-AHNmun] Square as propaganda. This spiritual practice is based on the principles of truthfulness, benevolence, and forbearance, and its followers practice meditation and qigong [chee-gong] in order to achieve enlightenment through Dharma Wheel Practice. Identify this religious movement that, since 1999, has faced persecution by the Communist Party of China.

FALUN GONG [FAH-loon KOONG, GONG] (Accept FALUN DAFA)

This film begins: "This is a true story. The events depicted in this film took place in Minnesota in 1987. A the request of the survivors, the names have been changed. Out of respect for the dead, the rest has been told exactly as it occurred." Marge Gunderson, a police chief, investigates a triple homicide that was the result of a failed kidnapping. Which film, by the Coen brothers, is named after a prominent North Dakota town?

FARGO

This legendary figure is the subject of operas by Hector Berlioz [BER-lee-ohz] and Charles Gounod [goo-NOH]. Schumann composed music for Scenes from Goethe's [GER-tuhz] version, while Liszt dedicated a symphony to him. Name this legendary German, who sold his soul to the devil.

FAUST

Several of this movement's artists, including Marquet [MAR-kay] and Rouault [roo-OH], were pupils of the Symbolist Gustave Moreau [GOO-stahv MOOR-oh]. Individual expression, simplified forms, and saturated color were hallmarks of the style, whose other practitioners included Dufy [doo-FEE] and Vlaminck [VLAH-mahnk]. Name this movement exemplified by Blue Nude and Dance, both by Matisse.

FAUVISM

One artist in this movement painted many bright scenes of London, includingThe Pool of London, while another artist explored bold, distinct colors in The Joy of Life and Blue Nudes. Identify this art movement derived from the French word for "wild beasts," which most notably includes the work of André Derain [duh-RAHN] and Henri Matisse.

FAUVISM (Accept FAUVIST)

This 20th century art movement emphasized bright, unnatural colors and broad brushstrokes. It was founded by Andre Derain, and famous works from this period include "Woman with a Hat" and "Charing Cross Bridge." Which movement, French for "Wild Beasts," was headed by Henri Matisse?

FAUVISM (Accept: FAUVE or FAUVIST)

Set in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, it is the sixth play in the author's "Pittsburgh Cycle." Troy Maxson, a garbage collector, resents a missed chance at joining Major League Baseball. Give the play by August Wilson that was made into a 2016 film starting Viola Davis and Denzel Washington.

FENCES

After this creature failed to be contained by Laedingr, it was constrained using a mythical chain forged in part from the spit of a bird and the breath of a fish, called Gleipnir [GLYPE-neer]. Along with Hel and Jormungandr [YOR-man-gaan-dur], this beast was the child of Angrboda and Loki. It bit off the hand of Tyr, and is fated to kill and devour Odin during Ragnarok. Name this monstrous Norse wolf.

FENRIR

This dance starts off nearly motionless, and then builds to a frenzied finale. The dancer can use stomping feet, clapping hands, or castanets to provide percussion. Name the Andalusian dance that usually has a solo dancer accompanied by a guitar player?

FLAMENCO

This dance, which is always performed with guitar accompaniment, is known as the "baile" [BY-lay]. Some of the arm, hand, and foot movements resemble classical Hindu dance because the Gitanos [gee-TAH-nohz], or Roma, migrated from India. Identify this Andalusian Spanish dance.

FLAMENCO

In Russian myth, this action is performed by the witch Baba Yaga using a mortar and pestle. The Norse goddess Freya possessed a cloak that allowed the wearer to transform into an animal with this ability. Attire known as the talaria [tah-LAHR-ee-uh] provided this ability to Hermes. What ability, granted to the Greek messenger god by his sandals, was also possessed by a horse tamed by Bellerophon [buh-LAIR-uh-fawn]?

FLY(ING) (Accept any reasonable equivalent)

This musical element may be cyclic, ternary, or binary. The strophic type contains verses, while the rondo has one section that repeatedly returns. Give the word for a musical piece's structure.

FORM

Rome's example of this architectural feature lay between the Capitoline [KA-puh-tuh-line] and Palatine [PAL-uh-tine] Hills. Many Roman cities featured these open areas that served as public gathering places. Identify the Roman adaptation of the Greek agora.

FORUM

This dance resembles the waltz, but is in four-four instead of three-four time. It developed alongside big band music, and was popularized by Vernon and Irene Castle. Identify this dance with a "slow, slow, quick, quick" pattern and an animal in its name.

FOXTROT

The "second order" of this Catholic group includes the Poor Clares. Matteo da Bascio founded the "Capuchin" offshoot of this religious order, which was begun in 1210 by a saint who was told by a crucifix to "Go, repair my church." Name this religious order founded by a saint from Assisi, after whom the current pope takes his name.

FRANCISCANS

The opposing viewpoint to this two-word belief is determinism, which emphasizes causality. In theology, it is believed that God granted humans this ability in order for them to have the choice to either sin or live a moral life. What is the two-word phrase that refers to a person's ability to choose between different actions?

FREE WILL

Its types include buon, secco, or mezzo. An artist begins by drawing an under layer called an arriccio [ah-reek-EE-oh], with an intonaco [in-TON-uh-koh] layer added after completion. Give the term for applying paint onto plaster, as seen in "The Creation of Adam" and "The Last Supper."

FRESCO

This goddess, who taught witchcraft to the Aesir, chose one-half of the heroes slain in battle to reside in her great hall Fólkvangr [FOLK-vahn-gahr]. She rode a boar with golden bristles, or sometimes traveled in a chariot pulled by cats, and owned a magic necklace that Loki stole. Identify this deity of battle, death, love, and fertility, the sister and female counterpart of Freyr [FRAY-uhr].

FREYJA [FRAY-yuh]

In classical Greek architecture, this element is located in the entablature, above the architrave and below the cornice. In the Doric order, it contains alternating triglyphs and metopes [MET-oh-pees], but it can also be decorated with garlands and acanthus leaves. What is the term for a long and narrow band that usually contains decoration?

FRIEZE

In the Doric order, it usually consists of alternating triglyphs [TRIGHT-glifs] and metopes [met-oh-PEES]. It is part of the emtablature, and later architectural styles included relief figures, foliage, or garlands. Which term refers to a decorative band on a building, as seen on the Parthenon?

FRIEZE

This technique was developed by Surrealist Max Ernst when he noticed the patterns on an old wood floor. It relies on relief and texture to capture images, and it is commonly used on stones and leaves. Identify the artistic technique produced by placing paper over an object and then rubbing it with a pencil or crayon.

FROTTAGE [froh-TAJ]

In this type of musical work, the technique of "stretto" involves starting the principal melody, known as the "subject," before the previous instance of the subject ends. Beethoven's "Hammerklavier" piano sonata ends with one of these works, and J.S. Bach composed a notable "Little" one when he was about 20. Name these highly contrapuntal works of music.

FUGE(S)

Members of this art movement hailed World War One's arrival, and became the only modern art movement to embrace fascism. Chrono-photography, which showed an object's movement over a sequence of frames, influenced the painting and sculptural style of its members, especially Boccioni [bo-CHO-nee]. Modern life's restlessness and the machine's power, energy, and speed were the focus of what early 20th century movement, centered in Italy?

FUTURISM

It began with the publishing of Filippo Marinetti's manifesto, which argued for the glorification of technology and violence. Its emphasis on chrono-photography, showing the movement of a subject across a series of frames, can be seen in the work "Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash." Name the 20th century art movement from Italy known for producing "The Unique Forms of Continuity in Space" by Umberto Boccioni?

FUTURISM (Accept: FUTURIST)

The earliest examples of these include the carved lions on the Temple of Zeus and the terra cotta spouts of Pompeii. They are used to divert rainwater, preventing the erosion of masonry walls. Which waterspouts, used extensively during the Gothic Era, resemble monstrous beasts?

GARGOYLE

This substance may be applied to picture frames or furniture before gilding or painting. Additionally, it provides the grounds for tempera or oil painting upon plaster, stone, wood, or canvas. Give the name of this fluid white coating, which mixes glue with chalk, gypsum, or plaster of Paris.

GESSO [JESS-oh]

This type of slurred musical effect is indicated by the alternative term strisciando [strih-see-AHN-doh]. A straight or wavy diagonal line connecting two successive noteheads indicates this type of effect, which the clarinet is required to perform at the beginning of Rhapsody in Blue. A trombonist can easily perform what type of effect in which a musician slides from one pitch to another?

GLISSANDO or GLISS (Accept: PORTAMENTO; Accept: word forms such a GLISSING)

This theatrical term may refer to a "screen of...material for shielding a microphone from sound." It also names a dark screen or mat that shields a camera lens from glare or excessive light. What word additionally refers to a metal slide that allows a light to project a pattern?

GOBO

This word can refer to a dark screen that shields a camera lens, or to a sound-absorbing screen used with microphones. In theater, it is a thin metal plate with a design cut out of it. What is this tool for modifying the shape of a light's output?

GOBO [GOH-boh]

This water-based art medium is opaque because of the addition of white fillers, such as clay or chalk. What is this painting medium composed of ground pigments and plant-based binders, which is more opaque than watercolor?

GOUACHE [goo-AHSH, gwahsh]

One estimate puts this man-made structure's length at 10,000 li. Ditches, moats, mountains, and rivers are part of this World Heritage Site, which stretches in part across southern Mongolia. There are sections made from earth, wood, and stone. Name this defensive bulwark stretching for thousands of miles in China.

GREAT WALL (OF CHINA)

In the Middle Ages, it was sung unaccompanied. They are used today to supplement parts of the Mass, and examples include The Agnus Dei, The Gloria, and The Kyrie. Name the plainsongs of the Roman Catholic church that rose to prominence with the reign of Pope Gregory the first.

GREGORIAN CHANT

During these religious festivals, celebrations begin early in the morning and participants share a karah parshad [KUH-rah PAR-shod] meal in the langar [LUN-gar] of a temple decorated with flowers, flags, and lights. They feature a street procession known as a Nagar Kirtan [nah-GAR KEERtahn], in which onlookers sing while five people escort the sacred text to a gurdwara [GUR-dwahruh]. What are these Sikh festivals that celebrate the lives of the gurus?

GURPURBS [GOOR-purbs] (Accept GURPURABS)

This musical features songs that later became popular standards, including "Everything's Coming Up Roses" and "Together (Wherever We Go)." In it, Rose Hovick coaches her two daughters, Louise and June, to become Vaudeville stars. Give the name of the musical, by Stephen Sondheim, that dramatizes the life of striptease artist Gypsy Rose Lee.

GYPSY

Based off a biography by Ron Chernow, its opening song was first performed at a White House evening of poetry. It has become popular for its updated retellings of early American history, as seen in the songs "Yorktown (the World Turned Upside Down)" and "The Election of 1800." Which smash broadway hit, by Lin-Manuel Miranda, tells the story of the founder of the Federalist party?

HAMILTON

This musical was based on a biography by Ron Chernow [CHUR-now], whom the composer hired as a consultant. All of its characters, including the Schuyler [SKY-ler] sisters and King George the Third, were real people. Identify this hip-hop musical about the nation's first treasury secretary, with music and lyrics by Lin-Manuel Miranda.

HAMILTON

This musical element can be either consonant or dissonant. It may also be diatonic, non-diatonic, or atonal. Give the word for the combination of notes into chords.

HARMONY

The virginal is a smaller version of this instrument, and the pieces "The Goldberg Variations" and "The Well-Tempered Clavier" were written for it. It is comprised of a set of quills that pluck a string when a key is pressed. Name the Baroque instrument that was later replaced by the piano as the dominant keyboard instrument.

HARPSICHORD

This play launched a "Keep the Secrets" campaign, to prevent audiences from revealing its plot. Based on a popular book series, it won the 2018 Tony Award for Best Play. Name the work, written in part by J.K. Rowling, that follows Harry Potter's son, Albus, in his first year at Hogwarts.

HARRY POTTER AND THE CURSED CHILD

Each character in this musical is introduced by Hermes in the opening song "Road to Hell," which is reprised and paired with the song "We Raise Our Cups" to conclude the musical. One of the characters decides to follow Persephone's [pur-SEF-uh-neez] husband to work in an underground factory. When she changes her mind, she tries to leave with her lover, who doubts her loyalty and sentences her to eternity in the Underworld. Name this Tony Award-winning musical inspired by the tale in Greek mythology of Orpheus and Eurydice [yoo-RID-uh-see].

HADESTOWN [HAY-dees-town]

One composer with this surname wrote Requiem for Archbishop Siegmund. He was the younger brother of another composer with this surname, who wrote a Mass in Time of War as part of his long employment by the Esterhazy [ESS-tur-hah-zee] family, and who also wrote a symphony with a sudden blast. Give this surname of the composer of the "Surprise" Symphony.

HAYDN [HIGH-din] (Accept: (MICHAEL) HAYDN or (FRANZ JOSEPH) HAYDN)

Announced in 2018 by parent company WarnerMedia, this service launched on May 27, 2020. In late 2020, an announcement confirmed that all films scheduled to be released by Warner Brothers Studio in 2021 would release on the service simultaneously with their theatrical releases. Give the name of this streaming platform on which users can already view such 2020 film releases as The Witches and Wonder Woman 1984.

HBO MAX

First and last name required. As in his early social dramas, in this work, the playwright explored the problems women faced in a 19th-century patriarchal society. The title character shoots herself with her father's pistol after failing to submit to Judge Brack's blackmail. What is the title of this drama by Henrik Ibsen?

HEDDA GABLER

This Norse god of dawn and light could see for one hundred leagues and could hear wool growing on sheep. At Ragnarok, this whitest skinned god and Loki will slay each other. Name this guardian of Bifrost, the rainbow bridge, who will blow his horn to signal the god's doom.

HEIMDALL [HEYM-dahl]

This goddess was the daughter of Angrboda [AHNG-ger-boh-duh] and Loki. She presided over the World of Darkness, whose Norse name was Niflheim [NIV-ul-hame]. Identify this goddess.

HEL

This mythic figure killed the Caucasian Eagle during his journey to free the bound Prometheus. He died after putting on a garment soaked in the blood of Nessus, a centaur he had a previously slain. This man stole the apples of the Hesperides and captured Cerberus as part of a series of tasks assigned to him by King Eurystheus [yoo-RISS-thee-us]. Name this Greek hero who performed 12 labors.

HERAKLES (Accept: HERCULES)

This Greek god gained his role as the god of thieves due to a tale in which, as an infant, he stole a herd of cattle belonging to Apollo. This god, who brought Odysseus the magical herb moly [MOH-lee], carries a staff that can induce sleep, and wears a pair of winged sandals. Name this Greek messenger god.

HERMES

This polytheistic religion with no founder and many scriptures teaches that the universe's one creative principle is the brahman. Among its deities are the goddesses and consorts Lakshmi [LUK-shmee], Parvati [PAR-vuh-tee], and Shakti [SHOCK-tee]. Identify this religion with over one billion adherents, over ninety percent of whom live in India.

HINDU(ISM)

Subtitled "The Lass That Loved a Sailor," this opera contains the songs "I'm Called Little Buttercup" and "When I Was a Lad." Josephine, the daughter of a naval ship captain, falls in love with Ralph Rackstraw, a poor sailor. Give the opera by Gilbert and Sullivan that sees Ralph switched at birth with his rival, Joseph Porter.

HMS PINAFORE

In Romania, this folk dance is performed by taking one step forward, one back, three to the left and five to the right. Israeli performers, who imported the dance from the Balkans, do grapevine steps. Give the four-letter name for this kind of circular social dance.

HORA

This was a dominant feature of the Karnak temple complex built by Seti the First and Ramses the Second. The Great Mosque of Cordoba's interior space is also built in this fashion. What is this type of floor plan, used often in temple designs that contains many pillars or columns?

HYPOSTYLE HALL

This building's lobby was rebuilt as the central exhibit at the Meiji-mura [MAY-ee-jee MOO-rah] architecture park. This Mayan Revival-style structure was based on a floating cantilever design, which allowed it to weather a 1923 earthquake with minimal damage. Name this Frank Lloyd Wright-designed lodging complex, located in Tokyo.

IMPERIAL HOTEL (TOKYO)

In 2014, researcher Donald Olson claimed this painting precisely depicted 7:35 in the morning on November 13, 1872. This painting, which shows the shadow of a man standing in a dark rowboat at its center, prompted Louis Leroy [luh-RWAH] to coin a term for an art movement based on its title. Name this depiction of the harbor at Le Havre [HAH-vruh], a Claude Monet work that inspired the term "Impressionism."

IMPRESSION, SUNRISE (Accept IMPRESSION, SOLEIL LEVANT)

This brief musical period sought to convey emotions and paint scenes, rather than tell detailed stories. Tone color played a large role in works in this style, whose composers included Respighi [reh-SPEE-ghee] and Sibelius [sih-BAY-lee-us]. Debussy [deb-yoo-SEE] and Ravel [ruh-VEL] rejected their labels as members of what style, whose name is more closely associated with visual art?

IMPRESSIONISM (Accept word forms)

The name for this movement comes from a painting with an orange sun rising above a gray harbor. It emphasized thick brushstrokes, natural light, and the avoidance of black paint. Name the 19th century art movement associated with Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro, and Claude Monet.

IMPRESSIONISM (Accept: IMPRESSIONIST)

This energetic version of the jitterbug may have originated at Harlem's Savoy Ballroom in the 1920s. It borrows steps from both tap dance and the Charleston, with the swingout being its most basic step. What is this dance, whose name includes a nickname for aviator Charles Lindbergh?

LINDY (HOP)

The gates of the temple dedicated to this god were opened when Rome was at war but closed during peacetime. He regarded the beginnings of the day, month, and year as sacred, and was represented by gates and archways. Identify this two-headed god of beginnings.

JANUS

Filmed on Martha's Vineyard, it features a large mechanical prop nicknamed "Bruce." Most of the action takes place on the open sea, where the boat "The Orca" attempts to capture a creature responsible for numerous deaths. Which film, directed by Steven Spielberg, follows police chief Martin Brody as he attempts to hunt a Great White shark?

JAWS

It drew inspiration from African traditions, and it began in New Orleans. Common elements of this genre include improvisation, call-and-response, and syncopated rhythms. Name this type of American music that includes musicians Benny Goodman, Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington.

JAZZ

It is usually begun while in a plie [plee-AY], and it ends with a dancer's leg behind him. French for "thrown," it can be performed grand or with a turn. Which ballet movement sees a dancer leap from one foot to the other?

JETE [juh-TAY]

This type of dance was a specialty of the Shakespearean clown Will Kempe. Various versions resemble clogging, step dancing, and the solo Morris dance. Identify this dance with origins in northern England, Scotland, and Ireland.

JIG

In this printmaking technique, which can use either the offset or direct process, the image and non-image areas are neither depressed nor raised. Delacroix [duh-la-KRWAH], Daumier [doh-MYEY], and Goya all employed this method, which was perfected in the U.S. by Currier and Ives. Identify this process, which relies on the fact that oil and water don't mix.

LITHOGRAPHY

This printmaking method is flat-bed, meaning it does not depend on relief or intaglio [in-TAHL-yoh]. It does rely on a wax crayon or wax ink that repels water. Identify this printmaking method that uses a zinc plate or, as its name suggests, a stone.

LITHOGRAPHY (Accept other forms of the word)

This opera is set in Antwerp in the early tenth century. At its conclusion, Gottfried is transformed back into a human, and Elsa dies of heartbreak. Identify this opera about an Arthurian knight in a swan-drawn boat, by Richard Wagner [RIKH-ahrt VAHG-nuhr].

LOHENGRIN [LOH-un-grin]

A play in this genre is Chushingura [choo-SHEEN-goo-rah], in which samurai avenge their lord's death. Since 1629, women have been banned from performing in this melodramatic genre of stylized singing, dancing, and acting. Name this Japanese theatrical form, which uses elaborate make-up rather than masks.

KABUKI

In Buddhism, this spiritual concept refers to actions driven by intention that have certain future effects, similar to how it is viewed in Hinduism. Translated from Sanskrit as "action," it is closely related to the concept of samsāra [sum-SAHR-uh], or reincarnation, since it is believed that actions in one life can affect the quality of a subsequent life. Identify this spiritual concept often referred to as the future consequences of one's present actions.

KARMA

This center was designed by Edwards Durell Stone, using his trademark ornamental façade screens. The Grand Foyer leads to its three main theaters, and it is home to the National Symphony Orchestra. Name this venue in Washington, D.C., that has awarded special honors since 1978.

KENNEDY (CENTER FOR PERFORMING ARTS)

This member of the Aesir [AY-sir] was the son of the giant Fárbauti [far-BOWW-tee]. He gave birth to Odin's eight-legged horse, Sleipnir [SLAYP-neer], and fathered the goddess Hel and the wolf Fenrir [FEN-reer]. Name this trickster god responsible for Balder's death.

LOKI

This opera features the famous aria "Musetta's Waltz." Rodolfo, a poet, is in love with Mimi, who is slowly dying of tuberculosis. Name the opera, by Puccini, that was later adapted into Jonathan Larson's musical "Rent."

LA BOHEME [la boh-HEM]

Based on a play of the same name, this musical was written by Harvey Fierstein and Jerry Herman. In it, Jean-Michel is engaged to Anne, whose parents are a part of the "Tradition, Family and Morality Party." Which play, literally meaning "the cage of mad women," sees Georges, a nightclub owner, and Albin, a drag queen, forced to disguise themselves as heterosexual?

LA CAGE AUX FOLLES [La Cage Uh FOH-les]

Spanish name, please. This building's construction has spanned five generations — nearly 140 years. In 2021, its builders plan to finish its second-tallest tower, which is named for the Virgin Mary. What is this Barcelona cathedral designed by Antoni Gaudí [ahn-TOE-nee gau-DEE]?

LA SAGRADA FAMILIA [sah-GRAH-dah fah-MEE-lee-uh]

German for "leading motive," it was perfected by Richard Wagner. It is usually comprised of a short melody, and it can refer to dramatic events taking place in the work. Give this musical term that has a short musical phrase associated with a specific character or theme.

LEITMOTIF [lay-moh-TEEF]

Pancake Day, also known as Shrove Tuesday, is celebrated prior to this religious period, which derives its name from the Old English word meaning Spring. Palm Sunday marks the beginning of the last week of this period, called Holy Week, and throughout the six weeks, Christians traditionally practice fasting and sacrifice certain comforts. What is this 40-day period that begins with Ash Wednesday and ends with Easter?

LENT

This artist of Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk supposedly said that "Learning never exhausts the mind." He used chiaroscuro [kee-ahr-uh-SKYOOR-oh] and sfumato [sfoo-MAH-toe] in works like The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Madonna of the Rocks. Who was this Renaissance painter of The Last Supper?

LEONARDO DA VINCI (Accept first, last, or both)

One portrait by this man shows Ludovico Sforza's [loo-doh-VYE-koh S'FORT-zuh's] mistress holding a small, white animal in her arms. This painter of Lady with an Ermine illustrated Luca Pacioli's mathematics text The Divine Proportion, exemplifying an interest in ratios and the human body also shown in his drawing of a man in two overlapping poses, whose hands and feet touch a circle. Name this artist who drew the Vitruvian Man.

LEONARDO DA VINCI (Accept: either LEONARDO or DA VINCI or both)

This structure is perhaps the most famous design by the Iranian architect Fariborz Sahba [FAR-eebores SAH-buh], and it opened to the public in December 1986. Located in New Delhi, India, this building welcomes all visitors regardless of religion, though only scripture can be read aloud and musical instruments cannot be played inside. Identify this building regarded as the most prominent Baha'i [buh-HIGH] House of Worship, known for its flower-like shape.

LOTUS TEMPLE

Multi-word answer required. While it is similar to its Cuban, Dominican, and Haitian varieties, this specific set of religious practices uses a unique Creole language to carry out its rituals. Originating from the traditions of the African diaspora, this belief system often named "queens" such as Marie Laveau [lah-VOH], and recognized healers such as Doctor John. Identify this collection of spiritual practices in the southern U.S. that is widely known for its gris-gris [gree-gree] talismans and dolls.

LOUISIANA VOODOO (Accept NEW ORLEANS VOODOO)

This architectural term can name a building's platform, or part of a turntable. What word also refers to the lowest part of a podium, pedestal, or column?

PLINTH

This film, released on Netflix in December 2020, is set in a recording studio in Chicago. The titular character, played by Viola Davis, insists that her nephew deliver a spoken introduction, though he stutters and slows down the recording process. Chadwick Boseman starred as hot-headed trumpeter Levee in what Netflix adaptation of an August Wilson play?

MA RAINEY's BLACK BOTTOM

This concept was popularized by Alfred Hitchcock, and it is also known as a weenie. Examples of this include the briefcase in "Pulp Fiction," as well as the titular Maltese Falcon statue. Which dramatic term refers to a motivator for a story, even if it has no apparent value?

MACGUFFIN

Supporting characters in this opera include the U.S. consul Sharpless, the matchmaker Goro, and the maid Suzuki. Lieutenant B. F. Pinkerton marries a fifteen-year-old geisha, who commits suicide when she learns he has left her for an American woman. Name the Japanese-set Puccini opera.

MADAMA BUTTERFLY

This word, which means "great hero" in Sanskrit, was applied to the ancient ascetic Vardhamana [vahr-duh-MAH-nuh]. He advocated ahimsa [uh-HIM-suh], a policy of nonviolence to all living things, and encouraged followers to accept the five great vows of renunciation. Name this reformer of old doctrines, who established the present form of Janism [JIGH-niz-uhm].

MAHAVIRA

Harry Bright, Sam Carmichael, and Bill Austin are three characters featured in this musical set on the island of Kalokairi. Songs like "Honey, Honey," "Super Trouper," and "SOS" tell the story of the upcoming wedding between Sophie and her fiancée, Sky. Identify the long-running musical, based on the songs of the Swedish band ABBA.

MAMMA MIA!

The name for this documentary comes from a police report filed by onlookers. It recounts the secret mission of Philippe Petit, who used helpers to smuggle in cable needed for his illegal performance. Which documentary shows Petit's 1974 high-wire walk between the towers of the World Trade Center?

MAN ON WIRE

One distinguishing feature of this artistic movement is the figura serpentinata [ser-pen-tee-NAH-tah] style, as shown by the S-shaped body position of the title figures in Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time. Influences of this artistic style are seen in The Last Supper by Tintoretto, in which he made use of distorted perspective against a dark background, while other artists emphasized crowded space and elongated figures, as in The Disrobing of Christ. Identify this stylish yet exaggerated approach to art that emerged in the Late Renaissance, which featured artists such as Parmigianino [pahr-mee-jahNEE-noh] and El Greco.

MANNERISM (Accept MANNERIST)

This art style flattened and obscured figures to give them indeterminate dimensions, and often mixed classical motifs with grotesque fantasies. Stylized figures in difficult poses, with long limbs and small heads, demonstrated the movement's preoccupation with technical skill, rather than subject. Name this successor of the High Renaissance, exemplified by the paintings of El Greco.

MANNERISM (Accept other forms of the word)

These pieces of medieval theatrical staging were sometimes arranged elliptically in a church, or in a row across the back of an outdoor stage. The one meant to represent Hell could resemble a large demonic head, while the one for Heaven sometimes included the Garden of Eden. Identify these staging units.

MANSIONS

This type of music was originally used to keep time during military exercises. It features strong downbeats, and usually includes parts for drums, fife, and brass. Which genre of music was popularized by John Philip Sousa, who composed "The Stars and Stripes Forever" and "Semper Fidelis?"

MARCH

This folk dance is commonly performed in either three-four or three-eight time, and features an accent on the second beat. Originally, it was a highly improvised dance intended for couples. Which Polish dance is characterized by stamping feet and clicking heels?

MAZURKA

Both the Ars Antiqua [ahn-TEEK-wah] and Ars Nova styles existed during this musical period. Most music was transmitted orally, although neumes [NOOMZ] were invented for its written form. Name this longest, as well as earliest, era in the history of Western music.

MEDIEVAL (Accept MIDDLE AGES, DARK AGES)

In this type of play, the protagonist is a victim of circumstance, bearing no responsibility for the bad things that happen to him or her. The characters are clearly defined good and bad archetypes, and all issues are resolves in a clear-cut manner, with the good rewarded and the bad punished. What is this genre, which emphasizes plot and lends itself to exaggerated emotion and overacting?

MELODRAMA

This element of music may contain antecedent or consequent phrases. Disjunct ones have wide leaps, while conjunct ones tend to move step-wise. Which musical element consists of a linear sequence of notes?

MELODY

This son of Jupiter and Maia [MAY-yuh] was the god of shopkeepers and merchants. Tricksters, thieves, and travelers also worshiped this Roman god, whose temple was on Aventine Hill. Who was this Roman counterpart of Hermes?

MERCURY

In this dance, the performers keep their hands clasped at chest level as they sway their hips and move in semi-circles. Its accompanying music is slow and melodic, and is traditionally played by an accordion, a two-sided drum, and a metal scraper. Give the name of the Dominican Republic's national dance.

MERENGUE [meh-REN-gay]

The opening section of this philosophical work states that "All men by nature desire to know." The work's author, Aristotle, called its subject matter "first philosophy." What book by Aristotle shares a name with the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of being and the world?

METAPHYSICS

This Italian word precedes "soprano" in the name of a singing voice midway between contralto and true soprano. In dynamic markings, it can also appear before "forte" or "piano." Give this Italian word variously translated as "half," "middle," or "mediums."

MEZZO

The oldest examples of this kind of structure, whose name means "beacon," were repurposed Greek watchtowers and parts of Christian churches. A square base rises in a series of stages, each with projecting balconies, that culminate in a richly decorated dome or cone. name the Islamic architectural feature from which a muezzin [moo-EH-zin] calls the faithful to prayer.

MINARET

These structures were meant to be seen from afar, and can be quite tall in height. It usually contains open galleries and balconies, to assist in the job of the muezzin [moo-EH-zin], or caller. Which architectural feature on a mosque helps call Muslims to prayer?

MINARET

This art movement, which developed partly as a reaction against Abstract Expressionism, was closely related to Conceptualism. Sol LeWitt, Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, and Donald Judd were among its leading artists. What was this mid-20th century art movement, which used industrial materials to produce work free from symbolism and emotion.

MINIMALISM

This twentieth-century classical music style was a reaction against the complexity of modern music. Simple harmonies and repeated rhythms characterize this style, whose composers included La Monte Young, Steve Reich, and Terry Riley. Philip Glass is perhaps the most famous composer in what style?

MINIMALISM (Accept word forms)

Works in this musical movement include "Piano Phase," "Music in Twelve Parts," and "Music for Eighteen Musicians." It is recognized by its pulsating rhythms, gradual shifts, and repeated tones. Which 20th century music movement, known for its sparse instrumentation, was developed by Terry Riley, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass?

MINIMALISM (Accept: MIMAL (MUSIC) or MINIMALIST)

The notes C, E-flat and G form a chord described by this term. In Western music, there are three types of this scale—natural, harmonic, and melodic—and in the natural, the third, sixth and seventh tones are lowered a half-step. What is the term for these scales and chords, which generally impart a more somber mood than their major counterparts?

MINOR

This word names the third movement of a symphony or string quartet. It is also a dance whose popularity peaked at the court of Louis the Fourteenth. Give this word, which comes from the French for "small."

MINUET

This type of structure can be driven by motors or air currents. Named by Marcel Duchamp, it consists of flat metal shapes on a curved wire. Which term refers to the moving sculptures of Alexander Calder?

MOBILE

This perfector of the comedy of manners found patronage with Louis the Fourteenth, a status that equated him with Shakespeare in his native country. Also a theatrical manager and actor, he satirized human foibles in The School for Wives and The Imaginary Invalid. Which 17th-century French playwright also wrote Tartuffe [tar-TOOF] and The Misanthrope?

MOLIÈRE [mol-YAIR] (Accept: JEAN-BAPTISTE POQUELIN [poh-kuh-LAN]

This type of medieval play helped theater transition from liturgical to professional, secular drama. Allegorical characters represent abstract ideas and moral qualities in order to teach the audience ethical lessons. The Castle of Perseverance and Everyman are examples of what genre, the counterpart of the mystery and miracle play?

MORALITY (PLAY)

This art technique, which flourished during the Byzantine Era, is less expensive--but longer lasting--than painting. Tesserae [TES-uh-ree] are inlaid in the lime plaster or wet cement that make up floors or walls. Identify this technique dependent upon small bits of colored tile, stone, or glass.

MOSAIC

This jukebox musical with book by John Logan was nominated for the 2020 Tony Award for Best Musical. Based on a Baz Luhrmann film, it tells of composer Christian's love for cabaret performer Satine. What is this musical named for a Parisian dance hall?

MOULIN ROUGE! (THE MUSICAL) [moo-lahn ROOZH]

This man flouted local custom by refusing to take other wives during his marriage to Khadijah. He founded a monotheistic religion whose name means "submission to God" after experiencing visions in which the angel Gabriel deemed him God's messenger. Who was this native of Mecca, the founder of Islam?

MUHAMMAD

Many paintings of this type are also frescos. What is the word for a large painting executed on a ceiling, wall, or other permanent surface?

MURAL

Mendelssohn named one of these musical works for Scotland's Herbrides [HEB-rih-deez] Islands, while Brahms titled one Academic Festival. Another well-known example is the one that begins Rossini's opera William Tell. What do we call "an orchestral composition forming the prelude or introduction to an opera or oratorio?"

OVERTURE

Paris's Théâtre-Libre [tay-AH-truh LEE-bruh] was founded as a proving ground for this theatrical genre. As a heightened from of realism, it examined the psychology of flesh-and-blood characters whose motivations were drawn from heredity and their environment. Identify this ultra-realistic type of drama, exemplified by the work of Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg.

NATURALISM

This short-lived era produced mostly absolute music, in contrast to Romanticism's program music. It developed separately in France and Germany, and flourished between the World Wars. Identify this style of restraint and balance, as exemplified by Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress.

NEOCLASSICISM (Accept word forms)

When a ballet dancer executes this movement, she must keep her torso rigid and her legs in turnout. The demi type allows the dancer's heels to remain on the floor, while the grand [GRAHND] sees them rise. Give the French word for a balletic [ba-LET-ik] knee bend.

PLIÉ [plee-AY]

In 2014, a Greenwich [GRIN-ich] Street restaurant changed its name to the title of this 1942 painting. It shows three customers and an employee in a fluorescent-lit diner after dark. Give the title of this Edward Hopper masterpiece.

NIGHTHAWKS

This mythological daughter of Tantalus and wife of Amphion [am-FIE-un] inspired the name of element 41. After she bragged about having twelve children, Apollo killed all her sons, while Artemis slew all her daughters. Name this woman, who still weeps despite being turned to stone.

NIOBE [nigh-OH-bee]

This opera premiered in Houston in 1987, and includes the arias "News has a Kind of Mystery" and "Mr. Premier, Distinguished Guests." A pivotal scene shows the landing of the Spirit of '76, and it is known for its minimalist score. Which opera, by John Adams, depicts the meeting between Mao Zedong [MAH-oh zeh-DUHNG] and the titular president?

NIXON IN CHINA

This play begins with a bellhop locking three people in a room. Later, the three characters--an army deserter, a murderer, and an adulterer--discover that they are meant to torture each other. Which existentialist play by Sartre proclaims "Hell is other people?"

NO EXIT

This documentary was released in theatrical format, but also aired as a five-part miniseries for ESPN's 30 for 30 series. It charts the subject's football career at USC and in the NFL, his acquittal for murder in 1995, and his 2007 incarceration for robbery. Give the title of this documentary about Orenthal James Simpson.

O.J.: MADE IN AMERICA

Stephen Hawking refers to this philosophical concept when discussing scientific theories in "A Brief History of Time." The namesake of it stated that "entities are not to be multiplied without necessity." Which philosophical concept is the principle that the simplest solution is usually correct?

OCCAM'S RAZOR

This structure is also known as "oeil de boeuf," [ooy-di-boof] or a bull's-eye. It was originally created in antiquity to provide light and drainage to an interior. Identify the structure most closely associated with the Pantheon, that is an opening in a dome?

OCULUS

This art movement began with the Mueseum of Modern Art exhibition "The Responsive Eye." It was known for its use of disorienting patterns and colors to mimic movement. What was the 20th century art movement that employed optical illusion?

OP (ART) (Accept: OPTICAL (ART))

This art movement was named after the first major show of Julian Stanczak [stan-CHACK]. Notable artists of this style displayed their works in the exhibition The Responsive Eye at the Museum of Modern Art in 1965. Bridget Riley exemplified this style when she created Movement in Squares, while the leader of this movement, Victor Vasarely [vah-SAH-rel-lee], experimented with abstract perception in his work Zebra. What artistic style often uses black and white contrasts to give viewers the impression of a certain illusion?

OP (ART) (Accept: OPTICAL ART)

The first piece of this musical type was Jacopo Peri's "Dafne," but it was popularized by Monteverdi. It can require elaborate staging, and it is usually comprised of recitatives and arias. Which genre of music includes the pieces "Tristan and Isolde," "William Tell" and "The Magic Flute?"

OPERA

They are based off of biblical scripture as seen in Bach's "The Passion of St. Matthew." It is extremely similar to an opera, as both contain choirs and arias, but it is never theatrically staged. Name the music piece best associated with Handel's "The Messiah."

ORATORIO

These deities include Ogun, Obatala, and Shango, each represented by a different color and ruling over a different aspect of nature. Hundreds of these beings exist, varying among different belief systems. They are sent by Olodumare [oh-LOE-doo-MAR-ay] with a divine energy called Ashe to regulate the forces of nature and guide humanity to success. What are these spirits recognized in many religious practices, including Umbanda [oom-BAHN-duh], Santería [sahn-tuh-REE-uh], and Candomblé [can-dome-BLAY]?

ORISHAS [ORE-uh-shas] (Accept ORIXAS, ORICHAS, or ORISAS)

The three-movement "Italian" type of this genre of musical work developed into the classical symphony. Dmitri Shostakovich's "Festive" one and Johannes Brahms's "Academic Festival" one are examples of the "concert" variety of this musical work, which more traditionally introduces the major themes and melodies of a dramatic stage production. Name this type of musical piece, which usually begins an opera or a musical play.

OVERTURE(S) (Accept: ITALIAN (OPERA) OVERTURE or FESTIVE OVERTURE or ACADEMIC FESTIVAL OVERTURE or CONCERT OVERTURE)

The modern design for this type of structure is based on ancient Nepalese stupas. It is a tower with multiple eaves found throughout East and Southeast Asia. Name this kind of building, which may have Daoist or Buddhist uses.

PAGODA

Zeus chose this young shepherd-turned-prince to judge a beauty contest in which three goddesses competed. He was the son of Priam [PRY-um] and Hecuba [HECK-yuh-buh] and the brother of Cassandra and Hector. Who caused the Trojan War by abducting Helen?

PARIS

This dance can be divided into four sections: an adagio, a solo for each performer, and a coda. While usually performed between a man and a woman, the film "White Nights" saw Mikhail Baryshnikov and Gregory Hines perform one together. Name the dance, literally meaning "a step for two," that is a duet between two dancers.

PAS DE DEUX [paw-day-DOH]

The night before this religious observance begins, houses are searched by candlelight for chametz [HAH-metz]. An inquiry regarding bitter herbs is one of four traditional questions asked during a seder [SAY-dur] marking this observance, which involves the consumption of matzo, or unleavened bread. Name this religious observance commemorating the exodus of the Jews from Egypt.

PASSOVER (Accept: PESACH or PESAH)

Baroque architects added scrolls and curves to this classical element, as seen at Alberti's Church of the Gesu. Its tympanum [tim-PAN-um] can contain low-relief sculptures and decoration, as seen on the Parthenon. Which Greek element of architecture is triangular-shaped, and denotes the end of a roof?

PEDIMENT

Well-known artists from this movement include Carolee Schneemann and Joseph Beuys. Also known as a happening, it experienced a revival during Marina Abramovic's "The Artist is Present," when she sat across from a single onlooker for hours. Give the name for the experimental movement associated with a live performance by the artist?

PERFORMANCE ART

The aerial type of this art technique shows more distant objects as fainter and bluer than closer ones. The linear kind may have one, two, or three vanishing points. What is this technique for depicting three dimensions in a two-dimensional artwork?

PERSPECTIVE

This element of art was refined during the Renaissance. It can come in many varieties, including one point and aerial. Which artistic technique uses foreshortening and a vanishing line to represent realistic distance and depth?

PERSPECTIVE

A lost bronze by this sculptor may have had a breastplate decorated with the head of Medusa. This sculptor directed the creation of a work showing the battle of the Lapiths and centaurs, taken as part of the Elgin marbles. A work by this sculptor showed Nike standing in the hand of the goddess of wisdom. What Greek sculptor created the large statue of Athena for the Parthenon?

PHIDIAS [FIH-dee-us] (Accept PHEIDIAS)

Sculptors in this movement casted from live modes, in order to achieve as faithful a reproduction as possible. Like Pop Art, it drew on images from everyday life, advertising and industry, as seen in Ralph Goings's "McDonalds Pickup." Which 20th century movement aimed to reproduce images as faithfully as a photograph, and included the artists Audrey Flack and Chuck Close?

PHOTOREALISM (Accept: PHOTOREALIST, HYPERREALISM, SUPERREALISM)

The arrangement of this musical element results in scales. When played or sung in succession, they constitute a melody. What is the word for a note's highness or lowness?

PITCH

This philosopher examines the issue of piety in Euthyphro [yoo-THEE-fro], and imagines his mentor's final days in prison in Crito. He also published an account of the speech that same mentor gave at his trial for corrupting Athenian youth. Give the name of this defender of Socrates in Apology, who expounded his own philosophical views in The Republic.

PLATO

It relies on the eye's additive process of color mixing. A Notable piece from it sees Parisians lounging on the grass near a harbor, with a woman holding a leashed monkey in the foreground. Which art movement, also known as divisionism, is known for the dotted works of Georges Seurat?

POINTILLISM (Accept: POINTILLIST)

The collage, "Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing?" is an early example from this movement. It was known for its use of everyday objects, advertising, and mass media. Which 1960s art movement included artists like Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, and Andy Warhol?

POP (ART)

Paintings in this genre include Las Meninas [may-NEE-nahs] and Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1. On smart phones, the mode with this name blurs the background to achieve sharper focus on the subject. Name this type of artwork that depicts a person's likeness.

PORTRAIT

Many early forms of this type of art portrayed idealized rulers, as seen in the "Bust of Nefertiti." Famous examples include "The Arnolfini Wedding" and "Woman with a Hat." Which genre of art intends to convey the likeness of a person?

PORTRAIT (Accept: PORTRAITURE)

This Greek god defeated Polybotes [pah-luh-BOH-teez] by imprisoning him under the island of Nisyros [nuh-SIGH-rohss], which this god tore off the isle of Kos. This immortal father of Theseus [THEE-see-us] was also the father of the minor god Triton, and fathered Pegasus in his role as god of the Horses. Name this Greek god, symbolized by his trident, a brother of Zeus and Hades.

POSEIDON

One story claims this Titan shaped humanity out of clay before giving it the spark of life. For one transgression, Zeus ordered him chained to a mountain, where an eagle ate his liver daily. Identify this brother of Atlas and Epimetheus [ep-uh-MEE-thee-us], who brought humankind fire.

PROMETHEUS

These were named due to the cooperative ownership of items in a theatre troupe. The term can refer to any object used to develop the story, including furniture, food and weapons, and are organized by someone called a master. What are the objects used onstage by actors and actresses?

PROPS (Accept: PROPERTIES)

In this style of theater, the audience directly faces the playing area, which is separated by a portal. The stage is often raised a few feet higher than the first rows of the audience, and the audience is on a rake, getting higher as the seating goes towards the rear of the house. What is this name for this style of theater, named for the part of the stage that's in front of the curtain?

PROSCENIUM [pro-SEE-nee-um]

This rite of passage generally begins with a Mass, followed by a celebration at which the celebrant may present a doll to a younger sister, wearing heeled shoes to symbolize the end of her childhood. Give the name for this type of celebration for a girl's fifteenth birthday, popular in many Latino communities.

QUINCEAÑERA [keens-ah-NYAIR-uh]

This text describes a being whom "neither slumber nor sleep overtakes" whose "throne include the heavens and the earth." This text's "Throne Verse" appears in The Cow, the second and longest of this text's 114 suras. Name this text whose revelation was begun on the Night of Power during the month of Ramadan, the major holy text of Islam.

QUR'AN

Supporting characters in this film include Dr. Bruner, a physician at a mental institution, and Susanna, the girlfriend of a self-absorbed wheeler-dealer. Charlie Babbit takes a cross-country journey with his autistic older brother, whose staggering mathematical capabilities help them win $80,000 in a Las Vegas casino. What is this Best Picture Oscar winner starring Tom Cruise and Dustin Hoffman?

RAIN MAN

This 2018 documentary chronicles the career of a popular jurist. Confirmed in 1993 as the second woman to serve on the Supreme Court, the title figure of this documentary has become a cultural icon. What documentary gets its title from a biography of Ruth Bader Ginsburg which first labeled her "Notorious"?

RBG

Unlike a similarly named movement, this ballet movement begins in demi-plié [duh-MEE-plee-AY]. It can end in either demi-pointe [duh-mee-PWANT] or en pointe [AHN PWANT]. Give the French name for this movement, in which the dancer rises from flat feet to the balls of her feet or her toes.

RELEVÉ [rel-uh-VAY]

Some ballet schools only consider this movement to be executed from plié, while others allow it to begin with flat feet and straight legs. Its name is French for "raised." Identify this movement, in which a dancer rises to either half or full point.

RELEVÉ [rel-uh-VEY]

Intaglio [in-TAHL-yoh] is an incised, or sunken, example of this kind of sculpture. It may be alto or bas [BAH]. Give the word for a sculpture that projects from its background.

RELIEF

This artist used Dutch models for portraits of imagined Eastern rulers, as in Man in Oriental Costume. The Storm on the Sea of Galilee and Bathsheba at Her Bath demonstrate his interest in biblical scenes. Give the name of this artist of The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp.

REMBRANDT VAN RIJN [von RINE] (Accept first, last, or both)

During this musical period, the Franco-Flemish school held tremendous sway. Its best-known composers included Guillaume Dufay [gee-YOHM doo-FIGH] and Josquin des Prez [ZHOHS-kahn day PRAY]. Which period do music historians place between approximately 1400 and 1600?

RENAISSANCE

The earliest work of this art movement can be seen at the Peruzzi chapel, with frescoes done by Giotto. It is known for its revived interest in the artwork of ancient Greece and Rome. Which artistic movement, from the French for "rebirth," is known for the works "The School of Athens" and the statue of David?

RENAISSANCE

This type of composition traditionally incorporates items of the Ordinary, as well as a dramatic Dies Iraw [DEE-es EE-ray]--"day of wrath." Benjamin Britten and Johannes Brahms composed examples with non-traditional text, but perhaps the most famous one was left unfinished at its composer's death. Give the word for "a musical setting of the Mass for the dead."

REQUIEM

This choreographic work is comprised of three parts: "Pilgrim's Sorrow," "Take Me to the Water," and "Move Members, Move." It depicts salvation and baptism, as well as a gospel church service. Which work, featuring African American Spirituals, was created by Alvin Ailey?

REVELATIONS

This type of music's name comes from the Greek word for a teller of stories. It is usually comprised of one act and is meant to invoke a free-flowing character. Identify the works in music that can be seen in Liszt's "Hungarian" one, and Gershwin's one that was "In Blue."

RHAPSODY

A tessellation is an example of this artistic principle. Artists use it to develop a pattern, and to create movement. Which principle in art involves repetitive elements that move the viewer's eye through space?

RHYTHM

This musical element's arrangement into a repetitive pattern of beats forms a piece's meter. A song's beat is sometimes called its surface, this. Give the word for the pattern of regular and irregular stresses in music.

RHYTHM

Most believe that the name of this musical genre has its origins in an off-color phrase used by jazz musicians to refer to sexual relations. This genre exploded in the mid-1950s with acts such as Chuck Berry and Fats Domino. Though it has roots in black gospel and blues, its spread into pop culture is often credited to a white singer from Memphis. What is this genre?

ROCK('N'ROLL) (Accept ROCK AND ROLL)

Singers who popularized this early rock 'n' roll form included Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Buddy Holly. Popular in the 1950s and early '60s, it was rhythm-driven music that Southern whites adapted from country and African-American blues. Identify this genre, whose name is a portmanteau [port-man-TOE] of "rock 'n' roll" and "hillbilly."

ROCKABILLY

French composers of this short-lived musical era included Jean-Philippe Rameau [RAH-moh] and Francois Couperin [koo-puh-RAHN]. In Germany, two of Johann Sebastian Bach's sons spread this style, which was filled with straightforward melodies and ornamental trills. What was this 18th century musical style, whose visual art counterpart produced works like The Swing?

ROCOCO

The word for this movement comes from the shell-covered decoration popular at the time. It is known for a lighthearted tone and the use of pastels, as seen in the works "The Voyage to Cythera" and "The Swing." Which 18th century art movement included the artists Antoine Watteau and Jean-Honore Fragonard?

ROCOCO

The British call this architectural style Norman because William the Conqueror instigated it. Bulky buildings with thick walls and few windows supported the rounded arches this style perfected. Identify this southern and western European style from the ninth to twelfth centuries, whose name derives from a powerful empire.

ROMANESQUE

During this musical era, the orchestra's percussion section expanded to increase music's range of expression. Nature and the supernatural, nationalistic pride, and folk songs or stories all inspired the period's composers. Name this time of heightened emotion, which spanned much of the 1800s.

ROMANTIC (ERA) (Accept other forms of the word)

This musical era saw the creation of the mazurka, prelude, nocturne and lieder [LEE-der]. Composers manipulated instruments' expressiveness, found inspiration in folk tales or poems, and exalted their respective nations. Identify this era of Mahler, Verdi, Grieg [GREEG] and Mendelssohn.

ROMANTIC(ISM)

This movement was a reaction against the era of Enlightenment. It can be characterized by its focus on natural beauty, imagination, and emotion. Which nineteenth century art movement is famous for the works "The Raft of Medusa," and "The Third of May, 1808?"

ROMANTICISM (Accept: ROMANTIC)

This work was originally written with a happier ending, until USSR officials requested an overhaul. Its "Dance of the Knights" sequence shows the fighting between two Veronan families, while the "Balcony Scene" displays the love between the title characters. Which ballet, with a score by Prokofiev [proh-KOHF-ee-EV], is an adaptation of a Shakespearean tragedy?

ROMEO AND JULIET

This play opens with a character flipping heads on a coin ninety-two times. While they were minor characters in the original source-work, this play focuses on the betrayal and death of the titular characters while on their way to England. Which absurdist comedy by Tom Stoppard draws from Shakespeare's "Hamlet?"

ROSENCRANTZ AND GUILDENSTERN ARE DEAD

This playing or singing technique, which was especially important during the Romantic Era, temporarily abandons strict tempo. A musician uses it for emotional expression, and executes it by lengthening and shortening certain measures, beats, or phrases. Identify the technique, whose name derives from the Italian for "to rob."

RUBATO

This Italian word names a rhythmic technique that is similar to syncopation. When using it, a performer may stretch certain beats, measures, or phrases and compress others to increase musical expression. Identify this technique, whose name comes from the Italian for "to rob."

RUBATO [roo-BOT-oh]

This Afro-Cuban folk dance, whose ballroom version developed from the son [SOHN], is performed to syncopated music in 4/4 time. Popular in the early twentieth century, it consists of two quick side steps, followed by a slow forward step. Give the name of this dance, which requires an erect torso and subtle, side-to-side hip movements.

RUMBA

This incarnation of the goddess Lakshmi [LUHKSH-mee] was raised by King Janaka [juh-NAH-kuh], who found her in a plowed field. Her husband won her hand in marriage by stringing Shiva's bow. Name this abductee of Ravana [RAH-vuh-nuh] in the Ramayana [ruh-MAH-yuh-nuh].

SITA [SEE-tuh]

Originally designed by Donato Bramante [daw-NAH-taw bruh-MAHN-tey], its construction began in 1506, with the first stone laid by Pope Julius the Second. Give the name of this architectural achievement built over the traditional tomb of an apostle, from whom all popes are said to succeed.

SAINT PETER'S BASILICA

This musical style developed in seventeenth century Brazil, where slaves' descendants combined African percussion with Latin American folk music. A large percussion ensemble interacts with a few string instruments as singers engage in call-and-response vocals. What is this style heard at Rio's Carnival [car-nee-VOLL] and in the movies of Carmen Miranda?

SAMBA

This Roman deity's consort was Ops. With her, he fathered Ceres [SEER-eez], Vesta, Juno, Neptune, Pluto, and Jupiter. The name of what Roman god of agriculture graces one of the solar system's gas giants?

SATURN

This form of Attic theatre was often performed in the Dionysian festival following the performance of a group of three tragedies. In these plays, a namesake chorus whose innuendos and wordplay referred to various bodily functions provided comedic relief. What form of theatre was named for the male nature spirits whose ears and tail resembled those of a horse?

SATYR (PLAY)

This movement, whose headquarters are located in Clearwater, Florida, was founded in 1954. Its founder believed in "exteriorization" and a spiritual self known as the thetan, and argued against mind-altering drugs and procedures such as lobotomies. Name this church, which L. Ron Hubbard developed from principles he set forth in Dianetics.

SCIENTOLOGY

This religious sect once boasted several thousand members from New England to Ohio to Kentucky. There is only one remaining village, Sabbathday Lake, in Maine. Jane Wardley and Lucy Wright were founding leaders in this religious group. Identify this Protestant sect founded by Mother Ann Lee that practiced celibacy, communal living, and pacifism.

SHAKERS (Accept UNITED SOCIETY OF BELIEVERS IN CHRIST'S SECOND APPEARING)

In Norse myth, one of these objects named SVallin [SVAH-lin] protects the world from the full power of the sun. Another example, which depicts the earth and sky, two cities, and a plowed field in the inner three of its nine circles, was created by Hephaestus [hih-FES-tus] for Achilles. Perseus used a reflective one to indirectly view Medusa. Name this piece of armor.

SHIELD

This indigenous religion's name means "the way of the kami." Those kami are ancestral spirits or divine forces, such as the sun goddess Amaterasu [AH-muh-te-RAH-soo]. Give the name of this Japanese faith.

SHINTO(ISM)

In this musical, Julie La Verne explains to her friend that it isn't easy to stop loving someone and that she will always love Steve Baker, explaining her feelings in "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man." Upon their meeting, Magnolia Hawks and Gaylord Ravenal express their affection for one another in "You Are Love." After separating, they eventually reconcile and sail together along "Ol' Man River." What Broadway musical, based on a 1926 novel of the same name by Edna Ferber, features the Cotton Blossom on the Mississippi River?

SHOW BOAT

The sixth leader of this religion symbolized his dual spiritual and temporal authority by arming himself with two swords while standing between the Akal Takht [AH-kahl TAHKT] and this religion's holiest gurdwara [gur-DWAH-ruh]. Hargobind [HAHR-goh-beend] was a leader of this religion, also led by Gobind Singh [GOH-beend SING], the tenth and last of its human gurus. The Adi Granth [AH-dee GRANT] is the holy text of what religion centered in the Indian subcontenent?

SIKH(ISM)

In some tales, these creatures were Persephone's [per-SEF-uh-neez] handmaidens, but were cursed for not preventing her abduction. The talents of Orpheus allowed the Argonauts to journy though the territory of these creatures unharmed, while in the Odessey, Odysseus [oh-DISS-ee-us] survives them by being bound to his ship's mast after his men plug their ears with wax. Name these creatures, who lured sailors to their death with a beautiful song.

SIRENS (Accept: SIRENES)

This part of ancient Greek theaters had a name meaning "scene-building." It was originally a small wooden building, but evolved into a multi-story stone structure. Name this theatrical section, which evolved from a costume changing location to the background before which performances happened.

SKENE [SKEE-nee]

Originally, this word referred to the portion of an ancient Greek theater in which actors changed their masks and costumes. It evolved from a small wooden hut into a two-story stone structure flanked by wings, with three doors for entrances and exits. Give this word, which eventually named the background before which performances were enacted.

SKENE [SKEY-ney]

In music, this five-letter word is a synonym of portamento and glissando [glee-SAHN-doh]. It can be ascending or descending, as it is simply a gliding movement between two pitches. Give this word, which also names a unique feature of the trombone.

SLIDE

This philosopher, whom Aristophanes mocked in The Clouds, was honored in Xenophon's Memorabilia. A character based on him appeared in Crito, Euthyphro [yoo-THEE-fro], and Phaedo [FAY-doh], all written by his star pupil. Name this "gadfly of Athens," whose namesake method involved cross-examining his students.

SOCRATES

While popular in the 16th century, this dramatic device fell into disfavor with the rise of naturalism. It is used in "Hamlet" when the titular character gives his "to be or not to be" speech. Name the dramatic term for a speech, usually given on stage alone, that can express a character's thoughts or feelings.

SOLILOQUY

Examples of this compositional form include Beethoven's "Funeral March," "Appassionata" [ah-pah-see-oh-NAH-tah], and "Pathétique" [pah-TEY-teek]. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the "tri" form was written for two or three melody instruments and continuo accompaniment. Identify this type of work, whose three or four movements in contrasting keys are today composed for one or two solo instruments.

SONATA

This word names a music form that consists of an exposition, development, and recapitulation. What word, which can also refer to a composition for solo instrument or soloist and accompaniment, describes 32 piano works by Ludwig van Beethoven, including the "Moonlight" one?

SONATA

This Greek dramatist, who won more festival competitions than either of his rivals, penned Trachinian Women and Philoctetes [fil-uhk-TEE-teez]. He may have increased the chorus from twelve to fifteen members, but certainly added a third actor to his plays. Name the tragedian responsible for Ajax and Antigone [an-TIG-uh-nee].

SOPHOCLES

Dancers use this to orient themselves to the audience, as well as to other dancers. It can be altered by changing the pathway, level, and direction of movements. Name the element of dance that refers to the area that a dancer inhabits.

SPACE

This dance element determines the dancer's focus, as well as the relationships between dancers and their environment. Additionally, it dictates size, pathway, level, and direction. What is this element, which can be personal or general?

SPACE

This dance element dictates whether the dancer places his focus outwardly or inwardly. The dancer alters it by changing the pathway, direction, size, or level of his movements. Give this word for the area through which a dancer's body moves.

SPACE

It was derived from the quadrille and the cotillion, and was adopted by Appalachian settlers. It features a "caller" who gives cues to four dancing couples. Which social dance is accompanies by fiddles and banjos, and features steps like allemande and do-si-do?

SQUARE DANCE

This part of an ancient Roman theater was called the pulpitum [POOL-pih-toom]. In ancient Greek theaters, it was a raised area in the center of the orchestra. Identify this location that, in Elizabethan theaters, was raked.

STAGE

It was founded by Zeno, who was known for teaching at a painted porch. Important thinkers associated with it include Epictetus and Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius. Name the philosophy identified by its freedom from emotions.

STOICISM

This begins with a man placing a boombox on a stage. In it, singer David Byrne is seen wearing a suit that gets progressively larger as the film progresses. Which documentary, directed by Jonathan Demme, chronicles a concert by the Talking Heads?

STOP MAKING SENSE

Players of this family of musical instruments may be instructed to play sul tasto [sool TAH-stoh], which requires playing over the neck or fingerboard. This instrument family, whose resonance is amplified via "F-holes," is used to represent the title boy in Sergei Prokofiev's [syir-GYEY pruh-KAW-fyifz] Peter and the Wolf. Name this instrument family often played with a bow.

STRING(S) (Accept: STRING (INSTRUMENT(S) or FAMILY))

The name of this musical form, which is sometimes called one-part song form, comes from the Greek word meaning "turn." Many folk and popular songs are in this musical form, including ballads, hymns, and chants. In what song structure are all verses or stanzas of the text sung to the same music?

STROPHIC

Debuting on Broadway, this song begins with a father asking, "Is this the little girl I carried? Is this the little boy at play?," while his wife asks, "I don't remember growing older, when did they?" Meanwhile, another couple wonders, "Is there a canopy in store for me?" as they celebrate the wedding of Tzeitel [TSAY-tul] and Motel [MO-tul], and everyone else sings, "Swiftly flow the years, one season following another, laden with happiness and tears." Name this song from the musical Fiddler on the Roof.

SUNRISE, SUNSET

This art movement is characterized by the abstract depiction of pure feeling in art, represented by basic geometric forms in limited colors, as shown in the works of El Lissitzky and his mentor, who founded this movement. Identify this Russian avant-garde art movement featuring paintings like Black Circle and White on White, both created by Kazimir Malevich [KAZ-uh-mir muh-LYE-vyich].

SUPREMATISM

This art movement embraced chance by encouraging automatism [aw-TOM-uh-tiz-uhm], a process that bypassed reason. Hans Arp, Max Ernst, Man Ray, and Joan Miró [zhoo-AHN mee-RO] were among its best-known practitioners. Jarring imagery that arose from the unconscious mind was the hallmark of what movement, which produced The Persistence of Memory?

SURREALISM

The name for this movement was inspired by the notes for the avant-garde ballet "Parade." It utilized imagery from dreams and the unconscious, drawing on the writings of Sigmund Freud. Identify the art movement of the 1920s and 30s that included artists like Joan Miro, Rene Magritte, and Salvador Dali.

SURREALISM (Accept: SURREALIST)

The principal ballerina in the production usually plays identical characters, with one waring white, and the other wearing black. It begins on Prince Siegfried's 21st birthday, when he meets Odette, a maiden whose curse can be broken by one who has never loved before. Which ballet, composed by Tchaikovsky, sees Odette and Siegfried defeat the sorcerer von Rothbart by drowning themselves in the titular lake.

SWAN LAKE

In Celtic myth, one of these objects named Clamh Solais [KLYME soh-LAY] is empowered by the sun. One named Naegling [NAY-gling] is taken by Beowulf after he kills Grendel's mother. Another example of these objects, which is sometimes called Caliburn, is returned to the Lady of the Lake after Arthur's death. Name this type of weapon, which includes Excalibur.

SWORD(S)

This kind of program music was invented by Franz Liszt [LIST], and expanded upon by Richard Strauss [RIKH-aht STROUS]. Famous examples include Mussorgsky's Night on Bald Mountain, Sibelius's Finlandia, Gershwin's An American in Paris, and Debussy's Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun. Give the two-word phrase for an extended composition inspired by a non-musical story or idea, often a literary work.

SYMPHONIC POEM

French name, please. This work's idée fixe [ee-DAY FEEKZ], which may represent the composer's mistress, unites its five sections rhythmically. The composer wrote accompanying text for this example of program music, subtitled Episodes in the Life of an Artist. Give the title of this Hector Berlioz [BEAR-lee-ohz] work.

SYMPHONIE FANTASTIQUE

The composer essentially created this long work to attract actress Harriet Smithson's attention. Of its five movements, the final two — "March to the Scaffold" and "Dream of a Witches' Sabbath" — are the most famous. Give the French title of this Hector Berlioz [BEAR-lee-ohz] masterpiece.

SYMPHONIE FANTASTIQUE [sahn-faw-nee fahn-tas-TEEK]

It began as a part of medieval Mass, and it was used to stage Nativity plays. In the eighteenth century, actors achieved notable success by using it to recreate scenes from history or art. Which term, from the French for "living picture," describes a scene where actors are posed motionless?

TABLEAU (Accept: TABLEAU VIVANT)

This two-word Italian phrase names a brownish orange hue. That color is found in the clay that forms certain sculptures, as well as classic flower pots. What is this color, whose name translates as "baked earth"?

TERRA COTTA

This type of hue is sometimes called an intermediary color. Examples include yellow-green, red-orange, and blue-violet. Give the name for a color by mixing a primary and secondary color.

TERTIARY (COLOR)

This element of art can be understood through sight or touch. It is described with adjectives like bumpy, smooth, fuzzy, or lumpy. Which term is used to describe how things feel?

TEXTURE

This 2007 film was inspired by Upton Sinclair's novel "Oil!" The famous line, "I drink your milkshake," refers to the concept of oil drainage. Which film, directed by Paul Thomas Anderson, chronicles Daniel Plainview's rise as an oil baron?

THERE WILL BE BLOOD

This film begins with a quote by Barack Obama about the growing rate of incarceration in America. Nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary, it examines the perpetuation of slavery in the United States, as well as the prison-industrial complex. Which documentary, by Ava DuVernay, is titled after the U.S. amendment that prohibits slavery?

THIRTEENTH

Despite not being the chief Norse deity, this god was associated with the Roman Jupiter. He and the world serpent Jörmungand [YOOR-muhn-gahnd] are destined to kill each other at Ragnarok. Name this possessor of the magic hammer Mjöllnir [MYOHL-neer], the Norse god of thunder.

THOR

This type of stage was used by Shakespeare's Globe Theater, as well as ancient Greek amphitheaters. Its stage extends past the proscenium arch, with audience members sitting around the projected area. Which term refers to a stage that is open on three sides?

THRUST (STAGE) (Accept: PLATFORM (STAGE))

The titular character of this philosophical work uses the analogy of a tightrope walker to explain the idea of Übermensch [OO-ber-mensh]. The main character also expresses the author's idea that "God is Dead." What Nietzsche [NEE-chuh] work, named for a Persian prophet, also inspired a tone poem by Richard Strauss?

THUS SPAKE ZARATHUSTRA [zar-uh-THOO-struh] (Accept THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA)

This one-word sound descriptor is distinct from loudness, pitch, and intensity. It allows the ear to differentiate between different voices and different instruments. What is this French synonym of "tone color"?

TIMBRE [TAM-bur]

This element of dance may be organized according to the event-sequence principle. It is concerned in part with accent, beat, and duration. Rhythm and tempo are primary subsets of which dance element?

TIME

Greek deities who fall into this category include Tethys [TEE-this], Oceanus [oh-SEE-uh-nuhs], Rhea, and Cronus. Their father imprisoned them in Tartarus, and they returned to a cavity beneath Tartarus after their defeat by the Olympians. Give the collective name for these children of Uranus and Gaea.

TITAN(S)

Examples of this musical term can be found throughout a composition are lento, rallentando, and rubato. It is usually measured in beats per minute, and can be regulated by musicians with a metronome. Name this basic component of music, common examples of which are andante, moderato, and allegro.

TMEPO

This temple complex was begun during the Nara era, when Buddhism became the ruling doctrine of the empire. The main hall once held the record for the earth's largest wooden building, though its current status is only two-thirds of the original temple's size. What Japanese temple complex houses the earth's largest bronze statue of Buddha Vairocana [vye-ROH-kah-nah]?

TODAI-JI [TAW-dye jee]

This art tool's name means "something twisted" in French. Like a blending stump, it is used to blend charcoal and graphite in drawings. Give the name of this paper stump that has been twisted into a pointed end.

TORTILLON [tor-tee-YAWN, -ON, -OHN]

This opera set during the Napoleonic Wars was based on a play written for Sarah Bernhardt. The title Roman diva loves the painter Cavaradossi [kah-vah-rah-DOH-see], but is pursued by the corrupt police chief, Scarpia. Name this opera by Giacomo Puccini [JAH-kuh-moh poo-CHEE-nee].

TOSCA

This technique once signaled an orchestra that a soloist was almost finished with his or her cadenza. Give the word for this rapid alternation of two adjacent notes.

TRILL

Performing this musical process eliminates the phenomenon of "beating" between two instruments. Adjusting a namesake "slide" on a brass instrument and turning the pegs of a string instrument are methods of performing this process, which may be assisted by a namesake "fork" that produces a tone of 440 hertz. Name this process that, for an orchestra, begins with an oboe providing an A.

TUNING (Accept: word forms such as TUNE; Accept: TUNING SLIDE or TUNING FORK)

In the Prose Edda, Garm kills and is killed by this god during Ragnarok. The Roman religion equated Mars with this Norse god, whose rule over the domain of law was established when he offered part of himself as collateral so another creature would consent to being bound by the chain Gleipnir [GLYP-nir]. Name this Norse god whose hand was bitten off by Fenrir.

TYR [teer] (Accept TIU or TIW)

This musical technique is accomplished on a stringed instrument by moving your wrist to rock your finger back and forth without sliding it on the fingerboard. Though often confused with tremolo, it produces a stronger tone by slightly varying the pitch without changing the note as a whole. Name this instrumental and vocal technique that derives its name from the Italian word meaning "vibrate."

VIBRATO

This building, which was completed by Vincenzo Scamozzi, was commissioned by Monsignor Paolo [mohn-SEEN-yoor POW-low] Americo upon his retirement. Its center is a round, domed hall that is surrounded by four facades, each of which has a six-columned portico. Identify this country palazzo designed by Andrea Palladio [ahn-DRAY-ah puh-LAH-dee-oh].

VILLA (LA) ROTONDA

This artistic style emphasized a pleasurable lifestyle and often depicted actors, sumo wrestlers, and historical and natural scenes. One of the most famous examples of this style is an image in the series Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji that shows a large blue tidal wave, created by Hokusai [HAW-koo-SIGH]. Identify this genre of Japanese art showcasing woodblock prints and paintings, which translates as "pictures of the floating world."

UKIYO-E [oo-kee-oh-AY]

This artistic concept can be achieved by either adding tints or shades. The use of this technique helps to create contrast. Which element of art refers to the degree of lightness or darkness in a color?

VALUE

In the 1890s, this type of theatrical show evolved as a family-friendly alternative to coarser variety shows. Unrelated acts, including jugglers, comedians, singers, and dancers, sometimes shared billing with early motion pictures. Identify this entertainment, which largely disappeared after World War Two.

VAUDEVILLE

Key players in the history of this theatrical medium included United Booking Office, the Orpheum Circuit, and New York's Palace Theatre. It disappeared after World War Two, but flourished form the 1890s to the 1930s. Name this form of light, popular entertainment that featured comedians, singers, dancers, and magicians.

VAUDEVILLE

This Roman goddess originally presided over cultivated fields and gardens. She was the wife of Vulcan, but bore Cupid by Mercury. Identify the Roman goddess of beauty and love.

VENUS

The "canticle" of this figure is alternatively known as Magnificat. This figure was conceived free of original sin, according to the doctrine of Immaculate Conception. Her mother was Saint Anne, and she met with Elizabeth during the Visitation. Name this figure, who received a message from the angel Gabriel known by Christians as the Annunciation.

VIRGIN MARY (Accept: either (THE) VIRGIN or MARY; Accept: MARY, MOTEHR OF GOD or MARY, MOTHER OF JESUS (or CHRIST) or OUR LADY or other clear equivalents)

This god's incarnation Kalki [KAL-kee] can be recognized in part by the mark of the shrivatsa [shree-VAHT-suh] on his chest. Tradition holds that the Buddah was the ninth avatar of this god, whose other avatars include a man who rescues his wife Sita from the demon Ravana in a Hindu epic. The hero Rama is an avatar of what "preserver" within the Hindu Trimurti [truh-MUR-tee]?

VISHNU

This play lacks a specific setting, but its nihilism probably reflected global disillusionment following World War Two. Subtitled A Tragicomedy in Two Acts, its original French version premiered in Paris, even though the dramatist was born and raised in Dublin. What play about tramps Vladimir and Estragon [ESS-truh-gon] was written by Samuel Beckett?

WAITING FOR GODOT [guh-DOH]

Steps in this ballroom dance include the contra check and the natural and reverse fleckerl [FLECKurl]. A descendant of the ländler [LEND-ler], it shocked European society by allowing dancing couples to hold each other close. Name this whirling Viennese dance in 3/4 time.

WALTZ

This dance in three-four time was originally scandalous for its close embrace between couples. Today, it has many variations, including the Boston and the Viennese. Name the dance, made popular by Johann Strauss the Younger's "Blue Danube."

WALTZ

This paint technique is sometimes used to add volume and color to a pencil or pen drawing. Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century painters superimposed them the way oil painters layered successive glazes. Give the word for a fine layer of diluted ink or watercolor paint applied evenly over a surface.

WASH

This printmaking technique was created in China as a way to decorate textiles, with it later being used on paper. It can be seen in the works of Albrecht Durer, and interest in it was revived with the advent of Impressionism. Which technique uses a gouge to cut lines into a block of wood that is later inked?

WOODCUT

Her performance work "Cut Piece" involved audience members using scissors to cut away at her clothes. She can be seen nude on the album cover of "Unfinished Music Number One: Two Virgins," and she was known for participating in "bed-ins" with her husband. Which artist and singer was the wife of John Lennon?

YOKO ONO

This structure is thought to be the inspiration for the biblical Tower of Babel. It can be identified by its use of mud brick, as well as its stepped shape. Which structures were built to worship Mesopotamian gods?

ZIGGURAT [ZIG-ur-awt]

This philosopher conceived of life as a constant battle to avoid the darkness of evil and embrace the light of goodness. He rejected contemporary polytheistic religions, instead worshiping the god Ahura Mazda [uh-HOO-ruh MAHZ-duh]. Who was the Persian prophet, whose namesake religion is also called Parsiism [PAR-see-iz-uhm]?

ZOROASTER

Deceased adherents of this religion are kept in "towers of silence." Deities in it are known as Amesha Spentas, and its sacred texts are the "Avesta" and the "Gathas." Name this early-Persian religion to which Freddie Mercury belonged.

ZOROASTRIANISM [ZOR-roh-AS-tree-un-ism]