quiz 12 clinicals

Congestive Heart Failure

A loss of pumping efficiency by the heart. Causes of CHF include coronary artery disease, congenital defects, long-term high blood pressure (which increases the after-load), myocardial infarctions, and valve disorders.

"lub"

AV valves close

systole

Contraction of the heart

Ventricular fibrillation & tachycardia

The most deadly arrhythmia, in which contractions of the ventricular fibers are completely asynchronous so that the ventricles quiver rather than contract in a coordinated way.

pulmonary circulation

The passage of venous blood from the right atrium of the heart through the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated and its return via the pulmonary veins to enter the left atrium and participate in systemic circulation.

systemic circulation

flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues LA and LV pump oxygenated blood through aorta into the body

Cardiomyopathy,

A progressive disorder in which ventricular structure or function is impaired.

Sick Sinus Syndrome

An abnormally functioning SA node that initiates heartbeats too slowly or rapidly, pauses too long between heartbeats, or stops producing heartbeats. Symptoms include lightheadedness, shortness of breath, loss of consciousness, and palpitations.

Ventricular premature contraction

An arrhythmia that arises when an ectopic focus (ek-TŌP-ik), a region of the heart other than the conduction system, becomes more excitable than normal and causes an occasional abnormal action potential to occur.

Heart Murmurs

Heart sounds provide valuable information about the mechanical operation of the heart. A heart murmur is an abnormal sound consisting of a clicking, rushing, or gurgling noise that is heard before, between, or after the normal heart sounds, or that may mask the normal heart sounds. Heart murmurs in children are extremely common and usually do not represent a health condition. These types of heart murmurs often subside or disappear with growth. Although some heart murmurs in adults are innocent, most often an adult heart murmur indicates a valve disorder.

Heart Valve Disorders,

Heart valves can have three basic kinds of problems: regurgitation, stenosis, and atresia. Regurgitation, or backflow, occurs if a valve doesn't close tightly. Blood leaks back into the chambers rather than flowing forward through the heart or into an artery The heart valves work by ensuring that blood flows in a forward direction and doesn't back up or cause leakage. If you have a heart valve disorder, the valve isn't able to do this job properly. This can be caused by a leakage of blood, which is called regurgitation, a narrowing of the valve opening, which is called stenosis, or a combination of regurgitation and stenosis. Some people with a heart valve disorder may not have any symptoms, while others may experience conditions like strokes, heart attacks, and blood clots if the heart valve disorder goes untreated.

Myocardial ischemia & Myocardial infarction,

Partial obstruction of blood flow in the coronary arteries may cause myocardial ischemia (is-KĒ-mē-a; ische-=to obstruct; -emia=in the blood), a condition of reduced blood flow to the myocardium. Usually, ischemia causes hypoxia (hĪPOKS-ē-a) (reduced oxygen supply), which may weaken cells without killing them. Angina pectoris (an-JĪ-na, or AN-ji-na, PEK-tō-ris), which literally means "strangled chest," is a severe pain that usually accompanies myocardial ischemia. A complete obstruction to blood flow in a coronary artery may result in a myocardial infarction (MI) (in-FARK-shun), commonly called a heart attack. Infarction means the death of an area of tissue because of interrupted blood supply. Because the heart tissue distal to the obstruction dies and is replaced by noncontractile scar tissue, the heart muscle loses some of its strength. Depending on the size and location of the infarcted (dead) area, an infarction may disrupt the conduction system of the heart and cause sudden death by triggering ventricular fibrillation.

diastole

Relaxation of the heart

"dub"

SL valves close

Tachycardia vs. Bradycardia,

Tachycardia is a condition that makes your heart beat more than 100 times per minute. There are three types of it: Supraventricular. This happens when the electrical signals in the organ's upper chambers misfire and cause the heart rate to speed up. It beats so fast that it can't fill with blood before it contracts. bradycardia: Slower-than-expected heart rate, generally beating fewer than 60 beats per minute.

Angina pectoris,

a condition marked by severe pain in the chest, often also spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck, caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart.

Coronary artery disease (development, diagnosis & treatment)

a serious medical problem that affects about 7 million people annually. Responsible for nearly three-quarters of a million deaths in the United States each year, it is the leading cause of death for both men and women. CAD is defined as the effects of the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques (described shortly) in coronary arteries that lead to a reduction in blood flow to the myocardium. Some individuals have no signs or symptoms; others experience angina pectoris (chest pain), and still others suffer heart attacks. Risk factors include smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, obesity, "type A" personality, sedentary lifestyle, and family history of CAD diagnosis: ECG, echocardiogram, stress test Treatments include lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, and surgery.

Carditis (endo, myo & peri)

inflammation of the heart Endocarditis refers to an inflammation of the endocardium and typically involves the heart valves. Most cases are caused by bacteria (bacterial endocarditis). Myocarditis (mī-ō-kar-DĪ-tis) is an inflammation of the myocardium that usually occurs as a complication of a viral infection, rheumatic fever, or exposure to radiation or certain chemicals or medications Inflammation of the pericardium is called pericarditis (per-i-kar-DĪ-tis). The most common type, acute pericarditis, begins suddenly; in most cases it has no known cause, but it is sometimes linked to a viral infection. As a result of irritation to the pericardium, there is chest pain that may extend to the left shoulder and down the left arm (often mistaken for a heart attack), and pericardial friction rub (a scratchy or creaking sound heard through a stethoscope as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium rubs against the parietal layer of the serous pericardium). Acute pericarditis usually lasts for about one week and is treated with drugs that reduce inflammation and pain, such as ibuprofen or aspirin. Chronic pericarditis begins gradually and is long-lasting. In one form of this condition, there is a buildup of pericardial fluid. If a great deal of fluid accumulates, this is a life-threatening condition because the fluid compresses the heart, a condition called cardiac tamponade (tam′-pon-ĀD). As a result of the compression, ventricular filling is decreased, cardiac output is reduced, venous return to the heart is diminished, blood pressure falls, and breathing is difficult. Most causes of chronic pericarditis involving cardiac tamponade are unknown, but it is sometimes caused by conditions such as cancer and tuberculosis. Treatment consists of draining the excess fluid through a needle passed into the pericardial cavity.