QUIZ 17, 18, & 19
Which of the following organs secrete hormones? (1) pancreas (2) liver (3) brain (4) suprarenal cortex (5) suprarenal medulla (6) thymus (7) ovary (8) testis (9) thyroid gland (10) pineal gland A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 B) 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 C) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 D) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 E) 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
In correct order, the pathway followed by tears cleaning the eyes is: (1) entering the nasolacrimal duct (2) accumulating at the medial canthus (3) passing through the lacrimal puncta (4) entering the lacrimal sac (5) entering the lacrimal canaliculi A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 C) 2, 3, 5, 4, 1 D) 1, 3, 5, 2, 4 E) 3, 4, 1, 2, 5
2, 3, 5, 4, 1
The most widely used neurotransmitter in the ANS is A) NE. B) epinephrine. C) ACh. D) GABA. E) All of the answers are correct.
ACh
The two hormones released by the neurohypophysis are A) thyroid hormone and somatotropin. B) estrogen and progesterone. C) ADH and oxytocin. D) GH and prolactin. E) None of the answers are correct.
ADH and oxytocin
Which of the following results from the overproduction of thyroid hormone? A) aldosteronism B) Graves' disease C) gynecomastia D) Addison's disease E) diabetes mellitus
Graves' disease
Cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic components are A) I, II, III, IV, V, VI. B) III, VII, IX, X. C) II, IV, VI, VII, X. D) VII, VIII, IX, XI, XII. E) None of the answers are correct.
III, VII, IX, X
Which of the following cranial nerves transmit sensory impulses from the taste buds? A) I, II, IV B) III, VI, VIII C) VII, IX, XI D) VII, IX, X E) V, VII, IX, XI, XII
VII, IX, X
Older individuals sometimes use large amounts of perfume because they lose their sense of smell; this is related to A) sensory adaptation. B) central adaptation. C) a decrease in sensitivity of the olfactory cortex. D) a decrease in the number of olfactory receptors. E) None of the answers are correct.
a decrease in the number of olfactory receptors
Diabetes insipidus is caused by A) a decrease in levels of insulin. B) an increase in levels of insulin. C) a decrease of ADH. D) a decrease in the number of insulin receptors. E) increased levels of aldosterone.
a decrease of ADH
Each rod and cone cell of an eye monitors A) specific rates of movement of objects across the visual field. B) specific colors or tones of black and white. C) a specific receptive field. D) objects at a specific range of distances from the observer. E) None of the answers are correct.
a specific receptive field
Actions for which the sympathetic division of the ANS is responsible include A) constriction of the pupils of the eyes. B) acceleration of heart rate and increase in strength of cardiac contractions. C) constriction of respiratory passages. D) increase in digestive activity and the rate of urine formation at the kidneys. E) All of the answers are correct.
acceleration of the heart rate and increase in strength of cardiac contractions
Which of the following bodily activities is affected by actions of the parasympathetic nervous system? A) release of glucose into the blood by the liver B) decrease in urine output as a result of vasoconstriction of the kidneys C) increase of the ability of the blood to coagulate D) stimulation of the breakdown of fat E) accommodation of the lens of the eye for close vision
accommodation of the lens of the eye for close vision
Typical sympathetic postganglionic fibers that release norepinephrine at neuroeffector synapses are classified as A) cholinergic. B) norepinephric. C) adrenergic. D) non-secretory. E) None of the answers are correct.
adrenergic
The norepinephrine released by terminal knobs A) is all inactivated by enzymes in the bloodstream. B) may be inactivated by enzymes in the target tissues only. C) affects its targets for only a few seconds. D) provides for localized effects of suprarenal stimulation. E) None of the answers are correct.
affects its targets only for a few seconds
The conditions of polyuria, low blood volume, and high blood potassium concentrations result from the underproduction of A) insulin. B) thyroxine. C) aldosterone. D) estradiol. E) testosterone.
aldosterone
Which of the following is (are) a mineralocorticoid? A) androgens B) thyroxine C) aldosterone D) ADH E) cortisol
aldosterone
A fiber passing through a gray ramus is most likely to be A) sympathetic. B) unmyelinated. C) heading toward the body wall. D) carrying an action potential that will cause NE release. E) All of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
A sudden rise in blood pressure in the carotid artery would A) initiate the baroreceptor reflex. B) produce a reflex coordinated by the cardiac center in the medulla oblongata. C) cause a reduction in heart rate and force of contraction. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
Autonomic nerve plexuses in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities wherein sympathetic postganglionic fibers mix with parasympathetic preganglionic fibers include which of the following? A) cardiac B) pulmonary C) celiac D) hypogastric plexus E) All of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
Blood pressure is monitored by (the) A) baroreceptors. B) carotid sinus. C) aortic sinus. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
Brain regions that can affect the regulatory activities of the ANS include (the) A) hypothalamus. B) limbic system. C) thalamus. D) cerebral cortex. E) All of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
Complex sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes are coordinated by specific processing centers in the medulla, which include A) vasomotorcenter. B) cardiac center. C) swallowing center. D) vomiting and coughing centers. E) All of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
Factors that contribute to a conscious perception of taste include which of the following? A) the tactile sensation of the texture of foods B) the speed at which food is ingested C) the strength of the aroma of the food D) the intensity of the color of the food E) All of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
General functions of the parasympathetic division include A) pupillary constriction. B) secretion by digestive glands. C) secretion of hormones that promote nutrient absorption by peripheral cells. D) constriction of the respiratory passageways. E) All of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
Generally speaking, the ANS A) causes relatively short-term changes. B) is always active. C) can inhibit or activate an organ. D) releases several different neurotransmitters. E) All of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
Hormones influence cellular operations by changing which of the following features of cytoplasmic enzymes? A) types B) quantities C) activities D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
Hypothalamic centers regulate nervous and endocrine system activities by A) direct neural control over endocrine cells. B) acting as an endocrine organ, releasing ADH and oxytocin. C) secreting regulatory hormones to control pituitary gland activities. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
Sense organs include (the) A) eye. B) ear. C) olfactory organs. D) taste buds. E) All of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
The sympathetic division of the ANS generally A) stimulates tissue metabolism. B) increases alertness. C) prepares the body to deal with emergencies. D) is called the "fight or flight" division. E) All of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
The term "general senses" refers to the sensations of A) temperature. B) pain and proprioception. C) touch. D) pressure and vibration. E) All of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
Unmyelinated axons of the sympathetic division A) may pass through the gray ramus. B) are postganglionic sympathetic fibers. C) release NE. D) may innervate effector organs. E) All of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
What aspect of hearing will be lost if the auditory cortex is damaged? A) High-frequency sounds will be unable to be interpreted. B) The individual will respond to sounds and have normal acoustic reflexes. C) Sound interpretation and pattern recognition will be difficult or impossible. D) Tones and patterns will become incomprehensible. E) All of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
Which of the following is involved in the control of the inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity? A) pelvic nerves B) the sacral region of the spinal cord C) the parasympathetic nervous system D) intramural ganglia E) All of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
Which of the following is true of the suprarenal cortex? A) It is yellow in color because of the presence of stored lipids. B) It consists of three different layers. C) Each zone synthesizes different steroid hormones. D) If one zone is damaged, levels of the hormone it makes will decrease in the blood. E) All of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
Which of the following may be released by cells of the sympathetic division? A) epinephrine B) norepinephrine C) ACh D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
Which of the following reflexes responds to stretch? A) vasomotor reflex B) baroreceptor reflex C) defecation reflex D) urination reflex E) All of the answers are correct.
all answers correct
Calcitriol is A) a steroid. B) a form of vitamin D. C) used to increase blood calcium levels. D) produced in response to PTH. E) All of the answers are correct.
all the answers correct
Classes of sympathetic receptors include A) stimulatory and inhibitory. B) alpha and beta. C) specialized and generalized. D) gamma and delta. E) All of the answers are correct.
alpha and beta
The size difference between the tympanic membrane and the oval window causes vibrations to A) change tone. B) become faint. C) become more frequent. D) amplify. E) None of the answers are correct.
amplify
Signs of sympathetic stimulation include A) an increase in cardiovascular and respiratory activity. B) a decrease in blood pressure. C) deactivation of the extrapyramidal system. D) a feeling of lethargy. E) decreased sweating.
an increase in cardiovascular and respiratory activity
The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex secretes ________.
androgens
The zona reticularis releases very small amounts of A) aldosterone. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) androgens. E) None of the answers are correct.
androgens
The collateral ganglia are located A) lateral and posterior to the vertebral column. B) in the wall of the organ to be innervated. C) posterior to the descending aorta. D) anterior and lateral to the descending aorta. E) None of the answers are correct.
anterior and lateral to the descending aorta
Another name for the adenohypophysis is A) hypophysis. B) neurohypophysis. C) pars intermedia. D) anterior lobe. E) None of the answers are correct.
anterior lobe
Blood oxygen levels are monitored by (the) A) carotid sinus. B) aortic sinus. C) aortic body. D) carotid neurothelium. E) None of the answers are correct.
aortic body
Olfactory receptors are very special because they A) can distinguish from among thousands of chemical stimuli. B) can distinguish at least fifty primary smells. C) are a rare example of neuronal replacement. D) lack structural differences. E) contains receptor populations with different sensitivities.
are a rare example of neuronal replacement
Beta receptors A) are especially sensitive to epinephrine and relatively unresponsive to norepinephrine. B) respond by opening ion channels that hyperpolarize the plasmalemma in heart muscle cells. C) may produce inhibition only. D) cause constriction of blood vessels in skeletal muscles. E) may produce excitation only.
are especially sensitive to epinephrine and relatively unresponsive to norepinephrine
Proprioceptors provide information about which of the following? A) arm muscle stretch B) digestive tract stretch C) bladder volume D) lung stretch E) blood vessel stretch
arm muscle stretch
Short reflexes involve sensory neurons and interneurons whose cell bodies are located within A) the brain. B) autonomic ganglia. C) the spinal cord. D) the organ. E) None of the answers are correct.
autonomic ganglia
Which of the following cell types produces insulin? A) gamma cells B) beta cells C) delta cells D) alpha cells E) All of the answers are correct.
beta cells
The chief cells of the parathyroid gland monitor A) blood calcium levels. B) blood glucose levels. C) blood phosphate levels. D) calcitonin levels. E) None of the answers are correct.
blood calcium levels
The sympathetic nervous system releases ACh at the neuroeffector synapse of A) smooth muscles. B) cardiac muscle. C) blood vessels in skeletal muscles. D) digestive glands. E) All of the answers are correct.
blood vessels in skeletal muscles
Irregular and unpredictable vasoconstriction in the fingertips and toes (such as occurs in Raynaud's syndrome) would most likely be caused by A) insufficient vasomotor responses by the sympathetic nervous system. B) irregular and unpredictable responses by the parasympathetic division. C) both local and systemic defects in sympathetic response controlling muscle tone in vessel walls. D) defective control of blood pressure by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. E) None of the answ
both local and systemic defects in sympathetic response controlling muscle tone in vessel walls.
Which hormone decreases the concentration of calcium ions in body fluids? A) parathyroid hormone B) triiodothyronine C) thymosin D) calcitonin E) thyroxin
calcitonin
The kinocilia and stereocilia of the hair cells in the semicircular ducts are embedded in a gelatinous structure called (the) A) ampulla. B) cupula. C) crista. D) organ of Corti. E) None of the answers are correct.
capula
Amino acid derivative hormones and closely related compounds are structurally similar to individual amino acids, and include A) catecholamines and thyroid hormones. B) lipids and epinephrine. C) melatonin. D) steroids. E) eicosanoids.
catecholamines and thyroid hormones
Solar plexus is another name for (the) A) celiac plexus. B) hypogastric plexus. C) superior mesenteric plexus. D) esophageal plexus. E) None of the answers are correct.
celiac plexus
Neurons in the hypothalamus that respond to carbon dioxide and acid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid are A) mechanoreceptors. B) nociceptors. C) proprioceptors. D) chemoreceptors. E) None of the answers are correct.
chemoreceptors
Taste buds are A) proprioceptors. B) mechanoreceptors. C) chemoreceptors. D) nociceptors. E) pressure receptors.
chemoreceptors
By what mechanism is respiratory and cardiac function regulated in the aortic bodies? A) Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure. B) Free nerve endings detect changes in blood vessel size. C) Mechanoreceptors monitor the rate of blood flow. D) Chemoreceptors monitor the concentration of carbon dioxide. E) None of the answers are correct.
chemoreceptors monitor the concentration of carbon dioxide
A lipid that has been implicated in causing heart and blood vessel problems, but is necessary for the production of corticosteroids, is A) sugar. B) unsaturated fat. C) cholesterol. D) aldosterone. E) None of the answers are correct.
cholesterol
Neural activity that controls the focusing of the eyes passes through the ________ ganglion. A) otic B) ciliary C) optic D) pterygopalatine E) submandibular
ciliary
Parasympathetic ganglia in the head include the A) collateral and celiac. B) splanchnic and mesenteric. C) ciliary and pterygopalatine. D) submandibular and otic. E) ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic.
ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic
The gustatory structure with the most taste buds in an adult is the A) filiform papilla. B) fungiform papilla. C) circumvallate papilla. D) pharyngeal wall. E) None of the answers are correct.
circumvallate papilla
The inner ear includes which of the following? A) pinna B) cochlea C) ossicles D) tympanic membrane E) external auditory canal
cochlea
Which of the following is true of thermoreceptors? A) They are located in the epidermis of the skin. B) Cold receptors are three to four times more common than warm receptors. C) Warm and cold receptors are structurally different. D) Cold receptors are tactile disc receptors. E) None of the answers are correct.
cold receptors are three to four times more common than warm receptors
Most ganglia of the ANS are paired; however, the ________ are unpaired. A) collateral ganglia B) sympathetic chain ganglia C) suprarenal medullae D) otic ganglia E) pterygopalatine ganglia
collateral ganglia
Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system that carry motor impulses to targets in the abdominopelvic cavity synapse in a(n) A) intramural ganglion. B) collateral ganglion. C) suprarenal ganglion. D) sympathetic chain ganglion. E) celiac ganglion.
collateral ganglion
Receptors that combine phasic and tonic coding A) do not send sensory information to the CNS. B) convey extremely complicated sensory information to the CNS. C) function in sensations like crude touch. D) are most likely to be peripheral sense receptors. E) perceive sensory information.
convey extremely complicated sensory information to the CNS
The anteriorly curving bulge of the eye on which a person may put "contacts" is called (the) A) conjunctiva. B) lacrimal caruncle. C) cornea. D) lacrimal gland. E) None of the answers are correct.
cornea
Processing centers in the medulla oblongata coordinate which of the following? A) sensory reflexes B) defecation C) coughing reflex D) emotions E) All of the answers are correct.
coughing reflex
Under which set of conditions would the diameter of a peripheral blood vessel be the greatest? A) decreased sympathetic stimulation B) increased sympathetic stimulation C) increased parasympathetic stimulation D) decreased parasympathetic stimulation E) None of the answers are correct.
decrease sympathetic stimulation
Damage to the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in A) the disappearance of axillary and pubic hair. B) an decrease in urine volume. C) decreased ability to synthesize glucose. D) increased water retention. E) decreased blood glucose levels.
decreased ability to synthesize glucose
Inhibiting hormones (IH) directly cause A) all types of hormones to decrease secretion. B) decreased secretion from the anterior pituitary. C) decreased pancreatic secretion. D) a decrease in thyroid function. E) androgen secretion.
decreased secretion from the anterior pituitary
Tactile receptors that provide poor localization are receptors for A) root hair plexus. B) deep pressure. C) fine touch. D) temperature. E) pain.
deep pressure
General sensory receptors are A) concentrated at the ends of the limbs. B) distributed throughout the body. C) responsible for providing perceptions to the somatomotor cortex. D) able to interpret sensations of many different stimulus types. E) the eye, ear, and nose.
distributed throughout the body
Which of the following is true of the structures of the sympathetic chain? A) Preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in the cervical and thoracic regions only. B) Each chain contains about 3 cervical, 11 thoracic, 4 lumbar, and 4 sacral sympathetic ganglia. C) These nerves have white rami, but lack gray rami. D) About 8 percent of the axons of each spinal nerve are parasympathetic postganglionic fibers. E) None of the answers are correct.
each chain contains about 3 cervical, 11 thoracic, 4 lumbar, and 4 sacral sympathetic ganglia
Which of the following is true of receptors? A) Each has a characteristic sensitivity. B) Each receptor is equally sensitive to several different types of stimuli. C) The most complex, specific, and sensitive receptors are free nerve endings. D) They are evenly distributed over all surfaces of the body. E) None of the answers are correct.
each has a characteristic sensitivity1
The vestibular complex is filled with A) perilymph. B) endolymph. C) CSF. D) plasma. E) None of the answers are correct.
endolymph
All endocrine structures develop from ________ tissue. A) connective B) neural C) epithelial D) muscle E) None of the answers are correct.
epithelial
A kidney hormone that stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow is A) erythropoietin. B) renin. C) angiotensin II. D) insulin. E) None of the answers are correct.
erythropoietin
The hormone most important in supporting the maturation of the oocyte and growth of the uterine lining is A) progesterone. B) progestin. C) estradiol. D) LH. E) None of the answers are correct.
estradiol
The main hormone(s) secreted by the female ovaries include A) estrogens. B) testosterone. C) antidiuretic hormone. D) prostaglandins. E) follicle-stimulating hormone.
estrogens
Norepinephrine released from the sympathetic fibers is usually A) inhibitory. B) reverberating. C) excitatory. D) long lasting. E) None of the answers are correct.
excitatory
Increases in cardiac and respiratory rates are mediated by ANS fibers A) synapsing in the ciliary ganglion. B) passing through the pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing. C) exiting from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia. D) in the lesser splanchnic nerves passing through the celiac ganglion. E) None of the answers are correct.
exiting from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia
The three main anatomical regions into which the ear is divided are A) external ear, tympanum, and stapes. B) malleus, incus, and organ of Corti. C) external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. D) ceruminous gland, cochlea, and utricle. E) None of the answers are correct.
external ear, middle ear, inner ear
A sudden decline in blood pressure in the carotid artery will trigger the vasomotor reflexes.
false
ACTH affects the adenoids.
false
Bipolar cells give off axons to the optic nerve.
false
Calcium carbonate crystal in the macula are called cristae.
false
Changes in the diameter of peripheral vessels to regulate blood pressure are caused by the pupillary reflexes.
false
Chemosensitive control of endocrine function is regulated by changes in extracellular fluid.
false
Epinephrine is released for the posterior pituitary gland.
false
FSH affects fat tissue.
false
Growth hormone is released from the suprarenal cortex.
false
Irritation of the lining of the respiratory tract will trigger the vomiting reflex.
false
Lens contains highly organized collagen fibers causing it to be transparent.
false
Negative feedback rushes to a process to completion.
false
Oxytocin is released from the anterior pituitary gland.
false
Raised group of hair cells in the ampulla are called otoliths.
false
Retinal cells that provide color vision are the horizontal cells.
false
TSH affects the thymus.
false
The bony cochlea coils around a central hub, which is called the spiral ganglion.
false
The hair cells of the cochlear duct are found in the modiolus.
false
The hormone glucagon is secreted by G-cells.
false
The hormone somatostatin is secreted by beta cells.
false
The rods and cones of the retina synapse with approximately six million ganglion cells.
false
The sclera contains blood vessels that nourish the deep portion of the retina.
false
Adaptation that results from synaptic fatigue, like that which occurs when you get used to the water temperature in the shower, is a property of A) slow-adapting receptors. B) fast-adapting receptors. C) central adaptation. D) tonic receptors. E) None of the answers are correct.
fast-adapting receptors
The primary function of the lens of the eye is to A) provide the coloring of the eye. B) maintain the shape of the eye. C) focus the visual image onto the optic disc. D) focus the visual image on the retinal photoreceptors. E) All of the answers are correct.
focus the visual image on the retinal photoreceptors
The pathway of the sacral parasympathetic nerves A) joins the ventral roots of the spinal nerves. B) forms distinct pelvic nerves that innervate intramural ganglia. C) innervates the skin through the abdominal wall. D) sends fibers directly and independently to the urogenital organs. E) None of the answers are correct.
forms distinct pelvic nerves that innervate intramural ganglia
If you are innocently taking a nap in your room, and your cat slinks by you, brushing your arm gently with his tail, the tactile receptor most likely to respond to this stimulus is (a) A) tactile corpuscle. B) free nerve ending of a hair root. C) Ruffini corpuscle. D) lamellated corpuscle. E) None of the answers are correct.
free nerve ending of a hair root
Nociceptors A) are especially common in the viscera. B) generally have large receptive fields. C) are large, structurally complex receptors. D) always convey very precise local information. E) None of the answers are correct.
generally have large receptive fields
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) causes the release of A) thyroid hormones by the pituitary. B) gonadotropins by the testes. C) growth hormone by the pituitary. D) hypothalamic releasing hormones. E) glucocorticoids by the suprarenal cortex.
glucocorticoids by the suprarenal cortex
The only hormone to target all cells to some degree is A) thyroid hormone. B) insulin. C) growth hormone (GH). D) luteinizing hormone (LH). E) None of the answers are correct.
growth hormone (GH)
Which of the following is the first component of the auditory pathway? A) Hair cell stimulation activates sensory neurons. B) The sensory neuron cell bodies are in the spinal ganglion. C) The sensory neuron afferent fibers form the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve. D) The axons of the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve synapse at the cochlear nucleus of the medulla. E) None of the answers are correct.
hair cell stimulation activates sensory neurons
The epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal medullae A) is all inactivated by enzymes in the bloodstream. B) has a relatively long duration of activity because it may be inactivated by enzymes in the target tissues only. C) affects its targets for only a few seconds. D) provides for localized effects of suprarenal stimulation. E) None of the answers are correct.
has a relatively long duration of activity because it may be inactivated by enzymes in the target tissues only
Endolymph has A) potassium levels. B) high sodium levels. C) the same ions as extracellular fluid anywhere else in the body. D) the same ions as cerebrospinal fluid. E) high potassium and low sodium levels.
high potassium and low sodium levels
Damage to the cupula of the lateral semicircular duct would interfere with our perception of A) the direction of gravitational pull. B) horizontal rotation of the head. C) vertical rotation of the head. D) linear acceleration. E) None of the answers are correct.
horizontal rotation of the head
Negative feedback on a releasing hormone by the presence of a peripheral hormone is an example of which type of endocrine reflex? A) humoral B) hormonal C) neural D) central E) inhibitory
hormonal
The fact that we cannot sense infrared radiation is related to A) our inability to see temperatures. B) our range of sensitivity. C) humans not having receptors for all types of stimuli. D) our inability to process radiation. E) None of the answers are correct.
humans not having receptors for all types of stimuli
Changes in the composition of extracellular fluid are called A) hormonal stimuli. B) humoral stimuli. C) neural stimuli. D) endocrine reflexes. E) None of the answers are correct.
humoral stimuli
Sacral splanchnic nerves end in (the) A) hypogastric plexus. B) esophageal plexus. C) splanchnic plexus. D) pelvic plexus. E) None of the answers are correct.
hypogastric plexus
The "headquarters" of all autonomic function is the A) thalamus. B) hypothalamus. C) cerebral cortex. D) medulla oblongata. E) spinal cord.
hypothalamus
The second order neurons of the olfactory pathway have cell bodies located in which of the following areas? A) in the olfactory epithelium B) near specialized olfactory receptors within the epithelium C) in the olfactory bulbs D) next to basal cells E) in the olfactory glands, which are located in the underlying lamina propria
in the olfactory bulbs
The sympathetic division of the ANS generally does which of the following A) functions as the "rest and repose" division. B) increases respiratory activities needed for exercise. C) conserves energy. D) promotes sedentary activities. E) controls digestion.
increase respiratory activities needed for exercise
Sustentacular cells, which help support sperm development, release the hormone A) FSH. B) testosterone. C) LH. D) inhibin. E) None of the answers are correct.
inhibin
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers A) release norepinephrine. B) innervate the body wall and skeletal muscle fibers. C) innervate as many as thirty-two ganglionic neurons in different ganglia. D) stimulate contraction of smooth muscle fibers. E) None of the answers are correct
innervate as many as 32 ganglionic neurons in different ganglia
The testis in the male produces androgens in (the) A) testicular medulla. B) interstitial cells. C) epididymis. D) Sertoli cells. E) None of the answers are correct.
interstitial cells
The lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the A) infundibulum. B) isthmus. C) thyroid chiasm. D) medulla. E) cortex.
isthmus
When air is drawn in through the nose, A) in a normal, relaxed inspiration approximately 80 percent of the air passes the olfactory organs. B) sniffing repeatedly increases the intensity of the olfactory stimulation and permits sampling of virtually all of the air taken in at each inspiration. C) it is swirled to provide the turbulence that brings airborne compounds to the olfactory organs. D) lipid-soluble materials are absorbed into the mucus prior to being able to be smelled, while water-solu
it is swirled to provide the turbulence that brings airborne compounds to the olfactory organs
Which of the following is true of sensory adaptation? A) It is an increase in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus. B) It occurs when the receptors of sensory neurons retain a constant level of activity. C) It is not dependent upon synaptic fatigue. D) It is the decline in activity along the afferent fiber after an initial strong response. E) None of the answers are correct.
it is the decline in activity along the afferent fiber after an initial strong response
The targets for PTH can be found in the A) heart. B) kidneys. C) bones. D) small intestine. E) kidneys and the bones.
kidneys and the bones
The thyroid gland is located just inferior to the A) trachea. B) esophagus. C) larynx. D) heart. E) spinal column.
larynx
Which of the following terms are acceptable alternate names for the sympathetic chain ganglia? A) lateral ganglia B) splanchnic ganglia C) collateral ganglia D) otic ganglia E) submandibular ganglia
lateral ganglia
Which hormone stimulates ovulation and the secretion of progesterone by ovarian cells? A) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) B) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) C) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D) luteinizing hormone (LH) E) oxytocin (OT)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Sensory receptors of the ear are A) mechanoreceptors. B) Merkel cells. C) baroreceptors. D) chemoreceptors. E) photoreceptors.
mechanoreceptors
The most important hormone produced by the pineal gland is A) renin. B) erythropoietin. C) melatonin. D) somatostatin. E) None of the answers are correct.
melatonin
The system of fluid-filled tubes and chambers of the inner ear is called (the) A) bony labyrinth. B) endootic space. C) cochlea. D) membranous labyrinth. E) All of the answers are correct.
membranous labyrinth
Cells in the stratum germinativum that are sensitive to fine touch are called A) basal cells. B) keratinocytes. C) melanocytes. D) Merkel cells. E) stem cells.
merkel cells
The ear and the nasopharynx are connected by the auditory tube, which connects the throat and (the) A) external ear. B) middle ear. C) inner ear. D) cochlea. E) None of the answers are correct.
middle ear
The cells of the endocrine and nervous systems work together to A) provide widespread physiological effects throughout the body. B) provide long-lasting effects on a systemic basis. C) monitor and adjust physiological activities in the body at any given moment. D) affect target organs, which are restricted to nerve, gland, muscle, and fat cells. E) provide gradual onset of the systemic effects.
monitor and adjust physiological activities in the body at any given time
Decreased levels of parathyroid hormone could result in A) muscle weakness. B) profuse urination. C) a depressed immune system. D) increased sweating. E) All of the answers are correct.
muscle weakness
Most endocrine reflexes are controlled by A) the nervous system. B) positive feedback. C) negative feedback. D) autoregulation. E) All of the answers are correct.
negative feedback
The receptors that are found on all autonomic ganglionic neurons as well as at the neuromuscular synapse of the SNS are A) muscarinic receptors. B) beta receptors. C) nicotinic receptors. D) alpha receptors. E) delta receptors.
nicotinic receptors
A person is unable to detect electromagnetic waves, except visible light, because of which of the following reasons? A) No receptors of a type necessary to register the stimuli exist in the body. B) The stimulus might be outside the range of sensitivity of the available receptors. C) The stimulus might irritate or stimulate all the available receptors and make interpretation impossible. D) The CNS might be unable to process a given stimulus. E) All of the answers are correct.
no receptors of a type necessary to register the stimuli exist in the body
Hormones can alter cellular operations by changing A) the quantities of enzymes. B) the activities of enzymes in the cell. C) the types of enzymes in the cell. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
none of answers correct
Subcutaneous swelling, dry skin, hair loss, low body temperature, muscular weakness, and slowed reflexes are symptoms of A) insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. B) ketoacidosis. C) goiter. D) diabetes insipidus. E) None of the answers are correct.
none of answers correct
The parasympathetic fibers that are involved in control of the eye are from the A) trigeminal nerve. B) oculomotor nerve. C) glossopharyngeal nerve. D) facial nerve. E) vagus nerve.
oculomotor nerve
In the autonomic nervous system two neurons are used outside of the CNS, whereas in the somatic nervous system ________ neuron(s) are used outside of the CNS. A) zero B) one C) three D) four E) ten
one
Gigantism and acromegaly occur as a result of A) overproduction of growth hormone. B) overproduction of parathyroid hormone. C) insufficient secretion of epinephrine. D) insufficient production of estrogen. E) overproduction of mineralocorticoids.
overproduction of growth hormone
Stretch of the uterus causes the posterior lobe of the pituitary to release A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH). B) luteinizing hormone (LH). C) oxytocin (OT). D) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). E) growth hormone (GH).
oxytocin (OT)
About 1 percent of the pancreas is located in structures known as A) alpha cells. B) beta cells. C) pancreatic islets. D) the exocrine pancreas. E) pancreatic arteries.
pancreatic islets
A person who has difficulty swallowing is diagnosed as having esophageal achalasia, a condition that involves the ANS. What division and action would you expect to be the cause of this problem? A) parasympathetic, which causes excessive and irregular esophageal contraction B) sympathetic, which causes too-rapid peristaltic movement of the esophagus C) a defect in the sympathetic swallowing center that coordinates esophageal contraction D) defects in both sympathetic and parasympathetic responses
parasympathetic, which causes excessive and irregular esophageal contraction
The hormone that acts to oppose the effects of calcitonin is A) secreted by the thyroid glands. B) triiodothyronine. C) parathyroid hormone. D) secreted by the thymus. E) growth hormone.
parathyroid hormone
Which of the following is a sympathetic chain ganglion? A) celiac ganglion B) superior mesenteric ganglion C) inferior mesenteric ganglion D) paravertebral ganglion E) All of the answers are correct.
paravertebral ganglion
The anterior pituitary can be divided into three regions: A) neurohypophysis, infundibulum, and adenohypophysis. B) pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia. C) supraoptic, suprachiasmatic, and paraventricular nuclei. D) adenohypophysis, hypophyseal portal, and neurohypophysis. E) None of the answers are correct.
pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia
Which of the following is a type of special sensory receptor? A) nociceptor B) thermoreceptor C) photoreceptor D) mechanoreceptor E) chemoreceptor
photoreceptor
When proprioceptors are stimulated, what kind of information is provided to the CNS? A) pH of body fluids B) position of structures C) vibration D) pressure E) None of the answers are correct.
position of structures
What organ(s) is(are) nervous in structure but endocrine in function? A) thymus B) posterior pituitary C) anterior pituitary D) thyroid E) gonads
posterior pituitary
The parasympathetic division of the ANS includes A) preganglionic neurons in the lumbar segments of the spinal cord. B) ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic chain. C) preganglionic neurons in the brain stem. D) neurons with a greater range of effects upon the target organs than have the neurons of the sympathetic division. E) None of the answers are correct.
preganglionic neurons in the brain stem
The autonomic division of the nervous system directs A) voluntary activity. B) conscious control of skeletal muscles. C) behavior. D) emotions. E) processes that maintain homeostasis.
processes that maintain homeostasis
The lacrimal glands A) are located in pockets of the lacrimal bone. B) produce less fluid than the ocular conjunctiva. C) produce watery, slightly alkaline secretions. D) function only during stress. E) All of the answers are correct.
produce water, slightly alkaline secretions
Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are A) mechanoreceptors. B) chemoreceptors. C) proprioceptors. D) nociceptors. E) None of the answers are correct.
proprioceptors
Visceral reflexes A) are the most complex functional units in the autonomic nervous system. B) are all monosynaptic. C) provide autonomic motor responses that can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers. D) are enhanced or inhibited primarily by the cerebral nuclei of the brain. E) None of the answers are correct.
provide autonomic motor responses that can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers
Which of the following is a sympathetic reflex? A) defecation B) swallowing C) urination D) coughing E) pupillary reflex
pupillary reflex
A condition called megacolon, which results from excess dilation of the colon proximal to a region of functional obstruction, would most likely be caused by A) a great increase in parasympathetic activity in the local region. B) a great increase in the level of sympathetic activity in the region. C) too much activity in the sympathetic chain ganglia. D) reduction of parasympathetic innervation in the region. E) None of the answers are correct.
reduction of parasympathetic innervation in the region
Visceral pain that is sometimes felt in more superficial areas of the body is called A) referred pain. B) fast pain. C) slow pain. D) nociceptive pain. E) All of the answers are correct.
referred pain
The hypophyseal portal system allows A) blood from the brain to drain to the internal jugular vein. B) regulating hormones to go directly from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. C) the blood—brain barrier to include the pituitary gland. D) wastes from the brain to stimulate the pituitary. E) All of the answers are correct.
regulating hormones to go directly from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback? A) release of PTH in response to low calcium levels B) release of oxytocin in response to smooth muscle contraction in the uterus C) release of insulin in response to low blood sugar D) release of insulin in response to high blood sugar E) ADH release due to low blood pressure
release of oxytocin in response to smooth muscle contraction in the uterus
An enzyme produced by the kidneys that is important for the regulation of blood pressure and blood volume is A) angiotensin I. B) renin. C) thyroxine. D) thymosin. E) bilirubin.
renin
The activities of the nervous system, comprised of conscious thoughts, plans, and actions, A) include the majority of nervous activity. B) represent only a small portion of the activities of the nervous system. C) regulate all vital physiological functions. D) may require instructions or modifications from the ANS to function correctly. E) are all that are necessary to sustain life.
represent only a small portion of the activities of the nervous system
All plasmalemmae A) respond to the same degree to all different types of stimuli. B) respond to changes in the extracellular environment. C) all respond to each different category of stimulus. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
respond to changes in the extracellular environment
Injury to the neurons of the otic ganglion would affect the function of (the) A) heart. B) digestive tract. C) sweat glands. D) pupils. E) salivary glands.
salivary glands
Damage to the fovea of the eye interferes with the ability to A) focus the image. B) see color. C) regulate the amount of light striking the retina. D) bleach visual pigments. E) None of the answers are correct.
see color
Information about the strength, duration, and movement of a stimulus is provided by (the) A) labeled line. B) receptive field. C) special senses. D) sensory coding. E) None of the answers are correct.
sensory coding
The type of reflex that bypasses the CNS is a(n) A) long reflex. B) parallel reflex. C) short reflex. D) spinal reflex. E) autonomic reflex.
short reflex
The levels of activity in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are controlled by A) monosynaptic reflexes. B) the spinal cord. C) specific centers in the brain stem. D) visceral motor neurons. E) short reflexes.
specific centers in the brain stem
Preganglionic fibers connecting the sympathetic chain ganglia to the collateral ganglia make up (the) A) sympathetic chain. B) sympathetic trunk. C) cardiac nerves. D) splanchnic nerves. E) None of the answers are correct.
splanchnic nerves
The auditory ossicle that covers the oval window is the A) incus. B) stapes. C) anvil. D) malleus. E) stirrup.
stapes
Calcium carbonate crystals in the utricle and saccule are called A) maculae. B) otoliths. C) stones. D) statoconia. E) None of the answers are correct.
statoconia
Chain ganglia that fuse in the cervical and thoracic regions are called the A) otic ganglion. B) sphenopalatine ganglion. C) stellate ganglion. D) ganglion impar. E) intramural ganglia.
stellate ganglion
Structures in the head are innervated by the sympathetic division by postganglionic fibers originating in (the) A) inferior cervical ganglion. B) superior mesenteric ganglion. C) inferior mesenteric ganglion. D) superior cervical ganglion. E) None of the answers are correct.
superior cervical ganglion
ADH is manufactured by the A) posterior pituitary. B) paraventricular nucleus. C) suprachiasmatic nucleus. D) supraoptic nucleus. E) anterior pituitary.
supraoptic nucleus
If the greater splanchnic nerve were cut prior to its exit from the celiac ganglion, which of the following structures would be the most severely affected? A) stomach B) spleen C) kidney D) suprarenal gland E) small intestine
suprarenal gland
The ________ is firmly attached to the superior border of the kidney. A) pancreas B) suprarenal gland C) stomach D) thyroid E) All of the answers are correct.
suprarenal gland
A highly specialized region of the sympathetic division that causes widespread sympathetic activation is found in (the) A) brain. B) suprarenal medulla. C) spinal cord. D) kidney. E) None of the answers are correct.
suprarenal medulla
Special neural cells develop into the A) suprarenal cortex. B) suprarenal medulla. C) thyroid gland. D) pituitary gland. E) pancreas.
suprarenal medulla
Which of the following is innervated only by the sympathetic division of the ANS? A) heart B) digestive system C) lungs D) esophagus E) sweat glands
sweat glands
The component of the ANS that increases activity levels in its target organs is (the) A) sacral division. B) cervicothoracic division. C) sympathetic division. D) preganglionic division. E) None of the answers are correct.
sympathetic division
Hormones released into the interstitial fluid by the anterior pituitary enter the circulation easily because A) the adjacent capillaries are fenestrated to permit passage of large molecules into the circulation. B) a strong countercurrent mechanism maintains a concentration gradient that draws them in. C) they pass easily through the infundibulum. D) they are brought through the choroid plexus by active transport. E) None of the answers are correct.
the adjacent capillaries are fenestrated to permit passage of large molecules into the circulation
The term enteric nervous system refers to A) the set of neurons in the lower thoracic region of the cord that controls the small intestine. B) the complex of nerves covering the esophagus. C) the rather large network of nerves involved in the inferior mesenteric plexus. D) the fact that the digestive system uses many short reflexes and is capable of regulating itself without the CNS. E) There is no such thing as an enteric nervous system.
the fact that the digestive system uses many short reflexes and is capable of regulating itself without the CNS
How is a person's ability to localize a stimulus affected by the function of a single receptor field? A) Stimuli of all strengths are equally well localized. B) Localization from a single receptor field is not possible; many have to participate for localization to be possible. C) The larger the receptive field, the poorer the ability to localize the stimulus. D) The larger the receptor field, the greater the ability to localize the stimulus. E) By the receptive fields interaction with other rece
the larger the receptive field, the poorer the ability to localize the stimulus
Visual information from the retinas first arrives for processing at A) the hippocampus. B) the temporal lobes. C) the occipital lobes. D) the lateral geniculate nuclei. E) None of the answers are correct.
the lateral geniculate nuclei
The sympathetic division of the ANS differs from the parasympathetic division of the ANS in that A) the sympathetic system promotes rest, relaxation, repose, and nutrient uptake, while the parasympathetic system increases alertness and metabolism. B) the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system are relatively longer than those of the parasympathetic system. C) the sympathetic system has relatively longer preganglionic fibers than does the parasympathetic system. D) the sympathetic system
the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system are relatively longer than those of the parasympathetic system.
Early menopause in women will occur if A) insulin levels and production decline too rapidly. B) androgen production becomes too high. C) erythropoietin levels are maintained at too high a level in the blood. D) the production of estrogens declines too much to support ovulation. E) None of the answers are correct.
the production of estrogens declines too much to support ovulation
The major divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) include A) the conscious and unconscious nervous systems. B) the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. C) pre- and postganglionic fibers. D) the voluntary and involuntary divisions. E) None of the answers are correct.
the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
What type of activity by the ANS gives a person a burst of energy? A) The sympathetic division decreases peripheral blood pressure. B) The sympathetic division increases the release of glucose from the liver. C) Parasympathetic stimulation constricts the pupil of the eye. D) The parasympathetic division causes increased motility of the stomach. E) All of the answers are correct.
the sympathetic division increases the release of glucose from the liver
Which of the following is (are) unique to the suprarenal medullae? A) The suprarenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion. B) Some cells of the suprarenal medulla secrete epinephrine. C) The systemic effects of the suprarenal medulla are long lasting. D) Some cells of the suprarenal medulla secrete norepinephrine. E) All of the answers are correct.
the systemic effects of the suprarenal medulla are long lasting
Which of the following applies to postganglionic neurons of the ANS sympathetic division? A) Their cell bodies are located between spinal segments T1 and L2. B) Their cell bodies are situated in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. C) Their axons synapse with the peripheral effector organs. D) Their axons emerge along the ventral roots of the spinal cord between segments T1 and L2. E) Some fibers do not synapse until the collateral ganglia.
their axons synapse with the peripheral effector organs
When a person is exposed to painfully cold temperatures, why do the fingertips, toes, nose, and ear pinnae often respond to the pain before other body regions? A) These are the only regions of the body with receptors for cold. B) Their greater surface area to volume ratio causes them to lose heat faster. C) Their thermoreceptors have a lower threshold of sensitivity to cold. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
their greater surface area to volume ratio causes them to lose heat faster
In the ANS A) preganglionic fibers innervate the peripheral organs. B) preganglionic fibers are unmyelinated. C) there is always a synapse between the CNS motor neuron and the peripheral effector. D) motor neuron pathways synapse in the same patterns as in the somatic nervous system. E) None of the answers are correct.
there is always a synapse between the CNS motor neuron and the peripheral effector
In the autonomic nervous system A) the lower motor neuron directly controls the effector organ. B) there is always a synapse located between the CNS and the effector organ. C) motor neurons do not synapse but are connected by communicating junctions. D) some motor neurons release both ACh and NE. E) None of the answers are correct.
there is always a synapse located between the CNS and the effector organ
Special sensory receptors differ from simple receptors in that A) they are surrounded by accessory structures that enhance receptor sensitivity. B) they are restricted in the stimuli to which they respond. C) each can be stimulated by many different types of stimuli. D) they are found in more locations on the surface of the body. E) All of the answers are correct.
they are restricted in the stimuli to which they respond
How do the cells of the suprarenal medulla differ from other glandular cells? A) They do not differ from other cells. B) They form from modified sympathetic ganglionic neurons. C) They are a modified parasympathetic ganglion. D) They are chief cells that have migrated from the kidneys. E) None of the answers are correct.
they form from modified sympathetic ganglionic neurons
Which of the following describes the function of C cells? A) They produce the hormone calcitonin. B) They lie among the cuboidal follicle cells in the thyroid gland. C) Their secretions assist the function of parathyroid hormone. D) They are larger than the cells of the follicular epithelium. E) These cells do not stain as clearly as do the follicular cells.
they produce the hormone calcitonin
Which gland stores its hormone extracellularly? A) pituitary B) pancreas C) kidney D) thyroid E) suprarenal cortex
thyroid
Myxedema and cretinism can result from the underproduction of A) insulin. B) thyroxine. C) thymosin. D) estrogens. E) androgens.
thyroxine
Which of the following hormones contains iodine in its structure? A) erythropoietin B) growth hormone C) thyroxine D) angiotensin I E) thymosins
thyroxine
The zona glomerulosa is so named because its glandular cells are arranged as A) longitudinal cords. B) tight clusters of cells. C) a highly branched system. D) individual cells surrounded by matrix. E) None of the answers are correct.
tight clusters of cells
Examples of receptors that are always active are A) phasic receptors. B) tonic receptors. C) mechanoreceptors. D) tactile receptors. E) chemoreceptors.
tonic receptors
A bright light shining in one or both eyes will trigger the consensual light reflex.
true
A low light level reaching the visual receptors will trigger the pupillary reflex.
true
ADH affects the kidneys.
true
Aldosterone is released from the suprarenal cortex.
true
Amacrine cells modulate communication between two layers of cells in the retina.
true
Epinephrine is secreted in greater amounts than norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla.
true
Hormonal control of endocrine function is determined by other hormones.
true
Insulin is secreted by beta cells.
true
Neural control of endocrine function is determined by the arrival of neurotransmitter at a neuroglandular synapse.
true
Oxytocin (OT) affects the uterus.
true
Retinal cells that enable people to see in low light conditions are the rods.
true
T4 is released from the thyroid gland.
true
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that monitor the receptors in the cochlear duct are contained in the spiral ganglion.
true
The ciliary body attaches to and adjusts the lens.
true
The cochlear duct is separated from the tympanic duct by the basilar membrane.
true
The hypothalamus is controlled by negative feedback.
true
The insertion point for extraocular muscles is the sclera.
true
The iris is the colored portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil.
true
The membrane attached to the inner wall of the cochlear duct that causes the stereocilia of the hair cells to distort when it bounces up and down is the tectorial membrane.
true
The oval window is covered by the stapes footplate.
true
The round window separates the cochlear chamber from the middle ear.
true
The saccule is part of vestibule.
true
The sympathetic division of the ANS includes which of the following? A) three segmentally arranged sympathetic chains B) two suprarenal medullae C) paired collateral ganglia anterior to the spinal column D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
two suprarenal medullae
The auditory ossicles connect (the) A) tympanic membrane to the round window. B) cochlea to the tympanic membrane. C) cochlea to the round window. D) tympanic membrane to the oval window. E) None of the answers are correct.
tympanic membrane to the oval window
Structurally free nerve endings, root hair plexuses, and tactile discs are referred to as A) proprioceptors. B) unencapsulated receptors. C) encapsulated receptors. D) crude touch receptors. E) pain receptors.
unencapsulated receptors
Information about pressure and gas concentration in the aorta travels to the medulla via (the) A) cervical nerves. B) glossopharyngeal nerve. C) vagus nerve. D) thoracic nerves. E) None of the answers are correct.
vagus nerve
The neuroeffector synapse of a postganglionic sympathetic neuron ends in a large branching network with enlarged areas called A) synaptic knobs. B) terminal arborizations. C) varicosities. D) adrenergic endplates. E) None of the answers are correct.
varicosities
Tissue responses to neurotransmitters A) are always excitatory. B) result from opening ion channels. C) are always inhibitory. D) vary depending upon the response of the membrane receptor to the presence of the neurotransmitter. E) result from the formation of second messengers.
vary depending upon the response of the membrane receptor to the presence of the neurotransmitter
Dual innervation refers to situations in which A) vital organs receive instructions from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. B) the atria and ventricles of the heart receive innervation from the same nerve. C) sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers cause the same effect. D) sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers have excitatory and inhibitory actions. E) All of the answers are correct.
vital organs receive instructions from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
Research indicates that the pharynx may have special taste buds for A) fat. B) carbohydrates. C) water. D) amino acids. E) fat and cholesterol.
water
Over three-quarters of the suprarenal cortex is the A) zona glomerulosa. B) zona reticularis. C) zona fasciculata. D) medulla. E) capsule.
zona fasciculata
