Quiz 18
_____ is triggered by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain.
Parkinson disease
Cognitive _____ decline in old age, whereas cognitive _____ appear to improve.
mechanics; pragmatics
What is an allele?
an alternative form of a gene
Deep brain stimulation (DBS), which involves _____, improves the motor function in Parkinson patients for up to 10 years.
electrodes implanted inside the brain
The "use it or lose it" concept is a significant component of the _____ model of cognitive optimization that addresses strategies to buffer age-related declines in intellectual development.
engagement
Remembering the name of a person's favorite toy from years ago when he or she was a child is an example of _____ memory.
episodic
Remembering where a person went on vacation last summer is an example of _____ memory.
episodic
The retention of information about the details of life's happenings is called _____ memory.
episodic
A recent study (Mendoza & others, 2020) revealed that Latino older adults who are better adjusted to their new culture in the United States had better ______ than their less acculturated counterparts.
working memory
Perceptual speed shows considerable decline in late adulthood and is strongly linked to declines in
working memory.
The concept of _____ emphasizes that changes in cognitive activity patterns might result in disuse and consequent atrophy of cognitive skills.
"use it or lose it"
On average, today's workers in the U.S. will spend _____ percent of their lives in retirement.
10 to 15
Estimates indicate that as many as _____ percent of individuals 65 years of age and older have mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
10 to 20
Among individuals aged 85 and older, the percentage with Alzheimer disease is _____ percent.
32
_____ refers to a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function.
Alzheimer disease
A gene called _____ is linked to increasing presence of plaques and tangles in the brain.
ApoE
_____ is the global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning.
Dementia
_____ refers to extended verbal expression in speech or writing.
Discourse
_____ memory is memory without conscious recollection.
Implicit
Why are older adults more likely to forget what items they wanted to buy at a grocery store (unless they write them down on a list and take it with them) than to forget how to drive a car?
Implicit memory is less likely to be adversely affected by aging than explicit memory.
_____ is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease.
Mild cognitive impairment
Many psychotherapists prefer not to work with older patients, labeling them as
QUOIDs.
_____ care refers to services that provide temporary relief for those who are caring for individuals with disabilities, individuals with illnesses, or the elderly.
Respite
_____ is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters.
Wisdom
_____, which is closely linked to short-term memory, allows children and adults to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.
Working memory
Who among the following is most likely to commit suicide?
a male who lives alone
The brain messenger chemical _____ plays an important role in memory.
acetylcholine
Alzheimer disease involves a deficiency in an important brain messenger chemical called
acetylcholine.
Based on recent research (Salhi & Bergstrom, 2020), how can older adults address any possible deficits in their source memory?
by building a large working memory
Speed and accuracy of the processes involved in sensory input, attention, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, and categorization are components of
cognitive mechanics.
The term Baltes uses to describe the "hardware" of the mind, meaning the neurophysiological architecture of the brain that was developed through evolution, is
cognitive mechanics.
Explicit memory is also called _____ memory.
declarative
Alzheimer disease is a form of
dementia.
Lower cognitive abilities are observed in older adults with less/fewer _____ than those with more.
education
One study of the effects of depression (Schieman, van Gundy, & Taylor, 2004) found that the lower frequency of depressive symptoms in older adults compared with middle-aged adults was linked to
fewer economic hardships.
Selective attention is _____, whereas divided attention is _____.
focusing on one thing; focusing on many things
Recent research indicates that the greater distractibility of older adults is associated with less effective functioning in neural networks running through the _____ of the brain, which is/are involved in cognitive control.
frontal and parietal lobes
A _____ plans and develops services and educational programs that address patterns of human development related to aging.
gerontologist
A recent study of older adults (Manning & Miles, 2018)revealed that religious service attendance was associated with a
higher level of resilience in life.
Remembering how to ride a bike without having to consciously think about it is a part of an individual's _____ memory.
implicit
Older adults especially perform well when decision making
is not constrained by time pressures.
Alzheimer disease most often develops in
late adulthood.
Older adults with less education have been found to have _____ than those with more education (Lachman & others, 2010).
lower cognitive abilities
A person with _____ does not feel well, loses stamina easily, has a poor appetite, and is listless and unmotivated.
major depression
The transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early stages of Alzheimer disease and other dementias is called
mild cognitive impairment.
Cognitive _____ are the culture-based "software programs" of the mind.
pragmatics
Older workers are more ____ at work than their young colleagues, take fewer _____, and demonstrate stronger _____ skills.
satisfied; sick days; problem-solving
The term _____ refers to the ability to focus on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant.
selective attention
A person's knowledge about the world is called _____ memory.
semantic
Older adults have more difficulty determining the time required to step on the brakes when a traffic light suddenly turns red. This is because they have
slower perceptual speeds.
A recent study of older adults found that the greater the variability in their _____ attention, the more likely they were to experience falls.
sustained
Neurofibrillary tangles consist mainly of a protein called
tau.
The concept of _____ emphasizes that changes in cognitive functioning may be linked more to distance from death or cognition-related pathology than to distance from birth.
terminal decline
A common memory problem for older adults is _____, in which individuals cannot quite retrieve familiar information but have the feeling that they should be able to retrieve it.
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
One of the most common language difficulties that older adults experience is
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.