Quiz 2
What attitude is described in Arlie Russell Hochschild's Strangers in Their Own Land?
Working-class whites blame working-class minorities and immigrants for their failure to realize the American Dream
In order to have the best chance to win in a two-party system, political parties normally
align themselves near the middle of the voting spectrum.
Which of the following best describes the voting electorate after the expansion of voting rights during the era of Jacksonian democracy?
all white males
all party organizations have a responsibility to
build support among voters
Today's political campaigns rely on which of the following to be successful?
campaign strategists media producers pollsters
In general, which political values do evangelical Protestants support?
conservative values
One characteristic of political socialization is that it is its effects are
cumulative
The overlap between groups has ______ in America's residential neighborhoods and workplaces.
diminished
Research indicates that peer influence can
encourage those without strong opinions to conform to the group
Third parties that break off from one of the two dominant parties are known as
factional parties
In the era of Jacksonian democracy, the efforts of local party organizations, along with the extension of voting rights to citizens without property, contributed to an almost ______ increase in election turnout
fourfold
In the era of Jacksonian democracy, the efforts of local party organizations, along with the extension of voting rights to citizens without property, contributed to an almost ______ increase in election turnout.
fourfold
Since the 1980s, which group has voted most strongly for the Republican Party?
fundamentalist Christians
Citizens who are party identifiers have ______ levels of voter turnout rates than those who identify as independent.
higher
Which type of third party is highly organized around a framework concerning the nature and role of government in society?
ideologically oriented parties
Which of the following refers to a general belief about the role and purpose of government?
ideology
Political parties began to emerge in the United States
in spite of many of the founding fathers' mistrust of them.
The Occupy Wall Street movement was aimed predominantly at which issue?
income inequality
Although some people believe it is insignificant, which of the following may result if IDs are not required for voting?
increased fraud
As compared to on television, ______ have greater control over the message on the Internet.
individual users
Generally, secondary agents of socialization are more important
later in life
Which of the following lawmakers were the original targets of the Tea Party movement?
lawmakers who supported federal spending and higher taxes
In general, protest activity is ______ common in the United States than in many Western democracies.
less
The largest expenditure in presidential campaigns is for which of the following?
media
Which of the following groups has the highest rate of voter turnout?
middle-aged people from the upper class
When people grow up in a neighborhood that is diverse, due to crosscutting, they are more likely to develop ______ political opinions.
moderate
Compared to citizens in Europe, Americans are ______ likely to contribute time and money to political campaigns.
more
A ______ political system is made up of at least three political parties.
multiparty
Local party organizations operate
only during campaign periods
A state that permits all registered voters, regardless of party affiliation, to vote in a primary election has what type of primary system?
open
The highlighting of candidates' attributes is called
packaging
Free societies thrive on the ______ of citizens in the civic and political life of their communities.
participation
Until the early 20th century, the major party's nominees for president were selected via which method?
picked by the party organization
Organizations that nominate and seek to elect candidates to government office are known as
political parties
What is the process by which we develop our political values and opinions?
political socialization
Internet political participation peaks during which of the following?
presidential elections
Voting for a candidate's promises rather than his or her past actions is an example of what is called ______ voting.
prospective
Which method of sampling gives everyone in a population an equal chance of being interviewed?
random sampling
Voting for a candidate's past performance rather than future promises is an example of what is called ______ voting.
retrospective
In a public opinion poll, a _________ is a portion of the ________
sample population
Harvard's Robert Putnam refers to the sum of face-to-face civic interactions among citizens in a society as
social capital
On a ______, citizens vote for candidates from different parties.
split ticket
Many voters cast a ______, where they only vote for candidates of one party
straight ticket
What law did Congress enact In 1993 that required states to allow people to register to vote when applying for a driver's license or public assistance?
the Motor Voter Act
The in-party's chances of staying in power has historically depended primarily on
the condition of the economy
What sparked the Black Lives Matter movement?
the killing of unarmed young black men by police officers
Of the following factors, which has the greatest influence on people's political opinions?
their partisan loyalty
Why did states start registering voters?
to prevent individuals from voting multiple times in the same election
Americans participate more in politics than do citizens of other western democracies except in which of the following activities?
turning out to vote on Election Day
The U.S. government functions as a(n) ______ system.
two-party
Current election laws in the United States favor
two-party system
State parties are involved with which of the following activities?
voter registration election of U.S. senators
What is another name for the plurality system?
winner take all system
Compared to non-Hispanic white Americans, blacks and Hispanics are more likely to support which of the following programs?
-Affirmative action -economic assistance programs
Which of the following statements describe the relationship between political leaders and political opinion?
-Because they think public opinion is important, political leaders persuade the public to support the policies they wish to pursue. -When public opinion changes on a major issue, political leaders tend to change their positions in the direction of the opinion change.
Support for poverty programs is highest among which religious denominations?
-Catholics -Jews
Which of the following place limits on government officials' ability to govern according to public opinion?
-Many people support policies that are inconsistent with each other. -Few people are well informed on public affairs. -Many people have opinions on issues they know little about.
The mass killings at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School resulted in which of the following?
-National School Walkout Day -March for Our Lives demonstrations
Which of the following statements about negative ads and negative campaigning are true?
-Negative campaigning in presidential elections was used as long ago as when Thomas Jefferson ran for office. -Abraham Lincoln was the target of insulting comments about his appearance during election campaigns.
Democratic voters tend to live in which of the following regions?
-Northeast -northern Midwest -West Coast
The socialization process results in schemas, or frames of reference, that
-citizens use to evaluate issues and developments. -help in forming a common cause.
Even if a third-party candidate fails to win an election, the candidate has still done which of the following to help the third party succeed?
-encouraged the major parties to address issues introduced by the third party -drawn attention to an issue previously ignored by the two major candidates
To date, the Internet has proven itself to be better than television as a medium for
-fundraising -mobilizing supporters
Americans' opinions about politics are formed in large measure through which of the following frames of reference?
-leaning toward particular ideologies -identifying with political parties
Which of the following are the dominant ideologies in the United States?
-liberalism -conservatism
Which of the following tactics were used to disenfranchise blacks in the post-Civil War South despite the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment?
-literacy tests -publicized lists of voters
Which of these groups vote at above average rates?
-upper-income americans -college-educated individuals
In a properly drawn sample with a 3-percent sample error, 20 percent of 1,000 respondents indicate they intend to vote for a ballot measure. This means that there is high probability that between ______ percent of all voters actually plan to vote for the ballot measure.
17 and 23
Which of the following groups are currently most likely part of the Democratic coalition?
18-29 year olds union members African Americans
Which amendment to the Constitution granted women the right to vote in the United States?
19th
According to the Department of Labor, roughly ______ percent of Americans participate in volunteer activities annually.
25%
Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution extended voting rights to eighteen-year-olds?
26th
The United States' voter turnout rate in presidential elections tends to hover around ______ percent.
60
The clearest example of a party coalition are African Americans, nearly ______ percent of whom regularly vote for Democrats.
90
What percentage of party activists work within local political party organizations?
95%
Which of the following terms refers to a feeling of powerlessness, such as that rooted in the belief that government pays no attention to an individual's interests?
Alienation
Which two candidates for president lost in overwhelming landslides in part because they diverged too far from the middle of the ideological spectrum?
Barry Goldwater George McGovern
Which of the following nations has the highest voter turnout rates?
Belgium
The most electorally successful factional party in U.S. history was the
Bull Moose Party
Political parties and their ability to control politics in the United States.have been weakened by ______- centered campaigns.
Candidate
People who believe that citizens ought to participate in political affairs are likely to describe voting as an exercise in
Civic Duty
Where in American politics is the impact of public opinion felt most clearly?
Congress
Which are the major political parties in the United States?
Democratic Party Republican Party
Opponents of voter ID laws tend to be
Democrats
True or false: Americans in the lowest 20 percent of income earners have the highest levels of participation in the United States.
False
Which two political parties were competitive during the first party system?
Federalists Democratic-Republicans
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between income and political participation in the United States?
Higher-income citizens are the most active because they have the resources to participate effectively.
Why did the communist movement fail in America?
Its goals were too at odds with American values.
Senior citizens in the United States have a ______ rate of voter turnout than voters under the age of 30 do.
Much higher
What problem has recently arisen in using telephone polling?
Nonresponse rates have increased sharply
In the United States, political opinions are affiliated more with ______ than with income.
Occupation
What usually happens after a third party is relatively successful in attracting votes during a U.S. national election?
One or both major parties will try to co-opt the issue or issues that made the third party successful
Who led the impassioned plea for tougher gun control measures after the Parkland shooting?
Parkland students
A public opinion ________ is designed to estimate the views or sentiments of the public.
Poll
Which party benefited from the 1896 realignment, which was triggered by an economic depression following a banking crisis under President Grover Cleveland?
Republican Party
Which of the following voting blocs was largely notable for its migration to the Republican Party during the 1980s?
Southern whites
Which of the following statements is true regarding a single-member district electoral system?
The candidate with more votes than any opponent wins the election in the district.
In politics, what do linkage institutions do?
They connect citizens with government
How did many of the founders of the United States view political parties?
They viewed political parties with suspicion
Suffrage is the right to
Vote
Which of the following statements describe how U.S. campaigns are both party centered and candidate centered?
-The same parties are represented nationwide. -Candidates organize their own campaigns.
Which of the following are examples of the effect economic class has on political opinion?
-Welfare assistance has higher support among lower-income Americans than higher-income Americans. -Income levels affect Americans' opinions on some public policy issues.
______ refers to whether people have a pro or con position on an issue.
Direction
Our tendency to grow up as Democrats or Republicans is often established by
Family
As compared to other democracies, how likely are Americans to contribute time and money to political and community organizations?
More likely
Which of the following reduce the accuracy of a poll?
Respondents hide their true opinions. Respondents reached by telephone refuse to participate. Respondents are questioned about unfamiliar issues.
Which of the following statements about televised debates in presidential campaigns are true?
They are usually part of presidential campaigns
A reason political parties have emerged whenever democracy has been established is that
political parties provide individuals a way to join together in order to exercise their collective influence.
Unlike participation through interest groups or political parties, participation in political movements
takes place largely outside established institutions.
To date, what is the most successful of the recent political movements?
the Tea Party movement
What is the key to a poll's accuracy?
the size of the sample
Which of the following factors are said to adversely affect voter turnout in the United States?
-frequent elections -voter registration laws
True or false: Local party organizations are stronger today than they were in the days of the political machines.
False
True or false: Saliency refers to how important people think an issue is compared to other issues
True
Generally, protests ______ have not been popular in the U.S.
against U.S. military action
The Black Lives Matter movement has sought, primarily, to highlight
disparities in local officials' treatment of black and white citizens.
When people grow up in a neighborhood that is diverse, due to crosscutting, they are more likely to develop __________ political opinions.
moderate
Which ideology supports greater economic equality but holds traditional views on social issues?
populism
What is the degree of accuracy of a public opinion poll called?
sampling error
Party identification can affect ______ perception, the process whereby people choose from incoming information those elements that support the things they already believe.
selective
In what area has virtual participation been a tangible asset for political campaigns?
small-donor fundraising
Why do pollsters rely most on the scientific method of random sampling?
to ensure that everyone has an equal chance of being included in the sample
People in the northern Midwest, West Coast, and Northeast are most likely to be
Democrats
Which statement best describes the prevalent view of the public concerning protest activists in the United States?
Protest activity should be tolerated.
______ are representatives who take their constituents' desires into account when taking positions on policy issues, but do not always do exactly as their constituents wish.
Trustees
For a movement to succeed, it must
institutionalize its goals.
True or false: Today's candidates are more likely than before to owe their nomination to the efforts of their political party organization.
False
True or false: The Internet has overtaken television as the principal medium of election politics.
False : Television remains the principal medium, but some analysts believe the Internet will eventually overtake it
True or false: When the United States was founded, all white men were given the right to vote.
False :Recall that suffrage was limited to property owners.
How did the Supreme Court rule on the Indiana law requiring citizens to obtain a government-issued voter identification card in order to vote?
It upheld the Indiana law
________ error is expressed as a plus-or-minus percentage, for example a properly drawn sample of 1,000 individuals, will have a sampling error of roughly 3 percent.
Sampling
Which is a reason that some scholars think we have moved into a new party alignment?
The Republican Party has become stronger in the South and the Democratic Party had become stronger in the Northeast
When a realignment in the electorate occurs, which of the following occurs?
The parties reorganize themselves.
Why do men and women differ in their political opinions?
Their political opinions reflect their gendered positions in society, which tend to differ.
True or false: Americans are often inconsistent in their government policy preferences.
True
True or false: The accuracy of a poll is reduced when respondents express an opinion on an issue even though they have not thought about the issue before.
True
In general, political parties are made up of a ______ constituency of supporters.
broad
Although party organizations still manage many tasks related to elections, the lead role in elections now lies with the
candidate
Because of the increasing cost of political campaigns,
candidates must constantly work to raise funds
Research indicates that when public opinion changes on major political issues, public policy tends to
change in the same direction
What protest movement of the modern era has had the most lasting effect?
civil rights
Which of the following refers to a situation in which multiple group loyalties diminish a person's identification with a single group?
crosscutting
In general, Americans who believe that the government should not interfere with the free market are
economic conservatives
In general, Americans who believe that government should use its power to help the poor are
economic liberals
The ______ shapes our political values and ideology from childhood and has the strongest impact on our political perspective.
family
Which group of Americans have the highest level of voter participation?
highest 20 percent of income earners
A(n) ______ primary is one in which any registered voter, regardless of party affiliation, may vote.
open
Which of the following do policy makers rely on when they want to develop and implement policies that reflect the views of the public?
opinion polls
The groups and interests that support a political party are collectively referred to as a
party coalition
More people in the United States participate in election campaigns than people in other countries do because
the United States has more elected posts than other countries do
According to recent polls, which of the following are men much more likely to support than women?
the use of military force
Primaries in which candidates of both parties are on the same ballot and the top-two finishers compete in the general election are called ______ primaries.
top-two
Which of the following age groups' political views are most likely to be influenced when a major political development occurs, such as war or economic depression?
young people
To what extent does religious denomination affect party affiliation?
For many individuals, religion plays a significant role in their political opinions.
America's plurality, or winner-take-all, system of electing candidates works to the disadvantage of
third parties
The strongest ideological party in U.S. history was the
-Nevada -North Carolina -Florida
Which of the following sum up the various functions of political consultants?
-production of promotional materials -advising on how to run a successful campaign -gathering voter opinions
Which of the following are roles that national political parties have?
-to seek media coverage of party positions and activities -to raise money for presidential campaigns -to raise money for congressional campaigns
Since the Great Depression, which party's agenda has included a strong commitment to provide a safety net for the most vulnerable members of society?
Democratic
Which of the following has the lowest voting rates?
Independents
In general, Americans who believe that lifestyle choice is up to the individual are
cultural liberals
In terms of political socialization, which of the following is considered a primary agent?
family
The tendency of people to pay more attention to issues highlighted in the media is an example of
socialization
When does a national party committee defer to the president to chose a national chair?
when the party controls the White House
When a political party makes a(n) ______ for an elected office, it selects a person to run as the party's candidate in the general election for that office.
nomination
Which of the following forms of political participation require citizens to spend a comparatively large amount of personal resources?
-volunteering in a political campaign -demonstrating for political causes
Which of the following are true of grassroots parties?
-They operate at the local level -The are open to all citizens.
Which of the following ranks the amount of media coverage of candidates from highest to lowest?
presidential candidates, Senate candidates, House candidates
What purpose does party competition serve in American politics?
-It allows groups of voters to act in unison -It narrows down options for voters
Which of the following explain why Europeans with less education and income vote at higher rates in their countries than their American counterparts?
-Class-based European organizations encourage participation. -Americans face more voter registration requirements.
Which of the following statements are true regarding U.S. elections?
-They are held more frequently than in other countries. -They allow voters to choose party nominees.
The rise of candidate-centered campaigns has
-increased the importance of money in political campaigns. -made it easier for political newcomers to win high office.
The text explores which three major frames of reference through which Americans evaluate political developments?
-partisanship -ideological leanings -group attachments