Quiz 2

Writing notes leads to...

-Deeper processing and encoding -More elaboration techniques -Improved educational outcomes -Better encoding into LTM

As you read, how can you monitor your comprehension?

-Pause and ask yourself - did I understand what I just read? -Try to state the main ideas of the passage from memory! -Try to answer the questions you made from the heading. If you can't, then you didn't understand the reading. -Ask yourself: what did the author want me to know from this passage?

What should you do before reading?

-Preview the text's learning aids (glossary, questions, summaries, objectives, or test questions) -Read related instructions for assignments that are for this chapter of the text -Review each syllabus and identify major assignments and demands during the semester -Read questions that are at the beginning and/or end of the chapter. -Identify any of the following characteristics about your instructor: speaks rapidly, speaks slowly, speaks loudly, speaks softly, does or does not use board or overheads, is well organized or is disorganized, and so forth.

What are higher level questions? They usually start with...

-Questions that involve applying info you know, analyzing info (like comparing and contrasting), creating a novel solution... -usually begin with: why, how, what if, what are the differences between ...

What kind of learning strategies are highlighting and re-reading? Why are they ineffective?

-Rehearsal strategies. -Highlighting and re-reading are ineffective because: -1. They do not force you to retrieve information from LTM by self-testing; they are passive actions. -2. They do not make an association between old info already in LTM and the new info you are trying to learn (if it did, then they would be elaboration strategies).

What is the point of summarizing AFTER reading?

-To identify the author's main ideas and key definitions. -Include info the author uses to support the main ideas. -It prepares you for essay exam questions.

As you read, what should you do to the headings?

-Turn them into questions, similar to mirror questions. -Try to turn them into low and high-level questions.(Doing this will help you make flashcards and mirror questions when it is time for the lecture.)

Typing notes leads to...

-Verbatim note taking -Shallower processing -Worse on conceptual questions

After reading, when should you map material instead of summarizing it?

-When the concept is not best described in linear steps (sentences). -The exception to this are sequences, which show things linearly step by step.

What are lower level questions? They usually start with...

-questions that involve facts, dates, terms, or lists. -They usually start with what, when, who, where

What is the illusion of knowing? How does it happen?

-thinking you know something when you actually don't know it. -it happens when you rely too much on rehearsal strategies (highlighting, re-reading the book, reciting, etc)

Imagery of texts

Attempting to form mental images of text materials while reading or listening

Self-explantation

Explaining how new information is related to known information, or explaining steps taken during problem solving

After reading, how do you make representations/map info?

First, ID repeatable categories seen in the chapter. In this case, "Before reading," "During reading," and "After reading" are repeatable categories. Next, look for signal phrases (table 8.1). Signal phrases indication sequences: "first, next, finally, ..."Signal phrases indicating hierarchy: "can be classified as, types of, composed of, parts of, ... "Signal phrases indicating matrix: "in contrast, similarly, in comparison, like, ..."

Elaborative interrogation

Generating an explanation for why an explicitly stated fact or concept is true

Why should you only outline AFTER reading?

If you outline during the reading process, you still may not have all of the main ideas in order yet.

Distributed practice

Implementing a schedule of practice that spreads out study activities over time

Why does self-testing work so well?

It allows you to monitor your performance by: 1. seeing where there are gaps in your knowledge 2. produces better organization of knowledge 3. facilitates retrieval of info from LTMFurthermore, it enables the testing effect.

External Storage Hypothesis

Laptop notes are better because it allows you to store a higher quantity of notes digitally/externally for later review. This hypothesis relies on the positive correlation between a higher quantity of notes and better academic performance

distributed practice

Learning is divided into short and frequent study sessions over a long period of time.

massed practice

Learning is grouped into a few extended sessions over a short period of time. CRAMMING

Highlighting/underlining

Marking potentially important portions of to-be-learned materials while reading

Rereading

Restudying text material again after an initial reading

Practice testing

Self-testing or taking practice tests over to-be-learned material

Steps for exam prep:

Step 1: Determine content & question format of exam Step 2: Organize & separate content into parts, based on topics/ themes. Step 3: Identify specific study strategies

Electronic reading time VS Print Reading time

Students spend more time reading e-books and are more easily distracted when reading electronic formats

Writing notes and studying leads to....

The best learning outcomes

What is the testing effect?

The result of repeated self-testing, where knowledge is strengthened through self-testing (the retrieval of info from LTM).

Compare/contrast the testing effect and self-testing

The testing effect results from self-testing yourself, whereas self-testing is the process of repeated retrieval of info from LTM.

Keyword mnemonics

Using keywords and mental imagery to associate verbal material

What is the point in mapping material AFTER reading?

Using representations allows you to construct meaning of topics so that patterns and relations become apparent. Once you see the patterns and relations, it is easier to remember. Also, it shows relations between the concepts in a non-linear way, unlike sentences in a summary (exception: sequences are pretty linear).

encoding hypothesis

Writing notes leads to better encoding into the LTM

Summarization

Writing summaries (of various lengths) of to-be-learned texts

How is the illusion of knowing prevented?

it is countered through repeated self-testing.

what are matrices used for? What parts do they have?

organizing and comparing relations across topics. Matrices have 3 parts: topics, repeatable categories, and details inside the cells.

what are hierarchies used for?

organizing ideas into levels, sub-levels, and groups. The higher levels are more general than the lower ones.

what are diagrams used for?

showing a visual description of how the parts of a whole thing are related to each other

what are sequences used for?

showing process's steps, events, or stages in order.

What is self-testing?

the repeated retrieval of info from LTM.

Interleaved practice

varying the types of materials studied during one study session

what should you do after reading?

1. Answer self-generated questions from the headings aloud. If you can't, you didn't learn it yet. 2. Summarize the material's main ideas. Do it from memory. 3. Outline the material. Only focus on the main ideas; don't use full sentences. Abbreviate. USE YOUR OWN WORDS as applicable, but also use the author's terminology as needed. 4. Map the material using organizational strategies/representations (matrices, hierarchies, diagrams, sequences).

How should you check your progress on your study plan daily?

1. Ask yourself: Did you finish everything you planned? What took longer than you thought? What tasks didn't take long? 2. Adjust your plan for the next day based on your first answers 3. Reprioritize tasks as needed for your overall plan.

Explain how to make a study plan. What are the steps?

1. Find out format of test and what questions are on test!("what")Consult syllabus, power points, in class assignments, class notes w/ mirror questions, chapters of text, etc. 2. Organize content to study into parts: by topic and theme("what")Don't just review notes and then the text linearly - study by theme. 3. Use study strategies. ("how")Use elaborative, organizational and some rehearsal strategies discussed previously.(see table 10.1). 4. Identify amount of time needed for each strategy ("when")note: re-reading chapters is a bad way to manage your time near the exam day. Use elaborative 5. Allocate your time in a weekly schedule. ("when") DON'T mass practice. 6. Modify weekly plan as needed. Reassess needs each night/end of day.

What should you do as you read?

1. Read a passage first, and only then should you highlight. Only highlight main ideas or key points - never full sentences! 2. Turn headings into questions. (This can help with making mirror questions for the lecture, also helps with flashcards) The questions should cover lower level and higher level questions. 3. Highlight/underline main points that answer the heading questions! 4. Monitor comprehension immediately after reading a passage. Ask yourself what the author is trying to tell you. -Pause and ask yourself: did I understand what I just read? Immediately try to recall main ideas of what you just read (from memory, w/o the book!) (Tip from lecture - try setting alarms to see how long it took to read a chapter/passage - helps with optimizing performance)

What strategies can be used to self test yourself?

1. Recall through flashcards (although this doesn't have to be rehearsal depending on flashcard questions) 2. Predicting and answering questions that would be on a test (these can be short response, short summary, or simply multiple choice depending on your commitment) Mirror/summary questions from chapter 9 are helpful for this! Also, self-generated questions from textbook headings are good too. 3. Answering questions in the textbook either at the back or front of the chapter.

What are key aspects of effective study plans?

1. Study plan includes what, how, and when content is reviewed 2. Distributive practice/learning 3. Includes different elaborative/organizational/rehearsal learning strategies 4. Preps students for lower and higher level questions

What are the 10 learning techniques?

Elaborative interrogation Self-explanation Summarization Highlighting/ underlining Using keyword mnemonics Imagery of texts Rereading Practice testing Distributed practice Interleaved practice

As you read, when should you consider using your highlighter?

ONLY after reading the passage! Then pick out the key points/ideas.

When does exam prep begin? Why?

On the first day of class -Nothing can replace the efficacy of distributed practice. Distributed practice will help counter transience of info from LTM.