Quiz 2

In the presentation on Smoking & Cancer, how does geographical location play a role in smoking and cancer incidence?

More heavily populated areas have a greater number of people who smoke.

Which of the following statements is UNTURE about case-control studies? a. Exposure to a factor is determined retrospectively b. They are a type of longitudinal design c. The measure of association is the odds ratio d. The measure of association is called relative risk e. All of the above

b. They are a type of longitudinal design

In the presentation on Air pollution & asthma, what are some of the other health effects aside from asthma? Name 3

1. Cancer 2. Obesity 3. Diabetes

In the presentation on The Role of Environmental Pollutants in Obesity, how is socioeconomic status involved with exposure to potential chemicals & obesity?

Socioeconomic status affects where you live & how many lower income citizens live in areas where toxins & chemicals are frequently dumped and produced.

In the presentation on Air pollution & Asthma, what social factors were associated with uncontrolled asthma?

Socioeconomic status was associated with uncontrolled asthma. Less wealthy areas are typically more populated & less clean, which contributes to air pollution.

Examples of purely observational epidemiologic studies do not usually include: a. Experimental studies b. Cohort studies c. Counts d. Case series e. Cross-sectional studies

a. Experimental studies

A national survey of asthma conducted on May 1, 2012 obtained the following results for the state of Oklahoma: -X: the number of residents with asthma -Y: the population of the state on June 30, 2012; all members of the population were considered at risk -Z: the number of new cases of asthma diagnosed during 2012 The point prevelance of asthma (proportion) on May 2012 would be expressed as: a. Z/X b. X/Y c. Z/X d. Y/X e. None of the above

b. X/Y

Which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)? a. description of a single individual's symptoms b. study of cancer occurrence in populations c. treatment of a patient with lung cancer d. diagnosis of a disease in a single individual e. A, C, D

b. study of cancer occurrence in populations

A national survey of asthma conducted on May 1, 2012 obtained the following results for the state of Oklahoma: -X: the number of residents with asthma -Y: the population of the state on June 30, 2012; all members of the population were considered at risk -Z: the number of new cases of asthma diagnosed during 2012 The incidence rate of asthma during 2012 (per 100,000) would be expressed as: a. (X/Y) x 100,000 b. (Z/X) x 100,000 c. (Z/Y) x 100,000 d, (X/Z) x 100,000 e. None of the above

c. (Z/Y) x 100,000

Cohort study is to risk ratio as: a. Hippocrates is to scrotal cancer b. Genetics is to environment c. Case-control is to odds ratio d. Sir Perceval Pott is to John Snow e. None of the above

c. Case-control is to odds ratio

Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as: a. Incident cases b. Prevelant cases c. The population at risk d. The immune fraction e. None of the above

c. The population at risk

John Snow, in Snow on Cholera: a. was the father of modern biostatistics b. established postulates for transmission of infectious disease c. was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments d. argued that the environment was associated with diseases such as malaria e. was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer

c. was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments

The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by: a. The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0-4 age group b. A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year c. The prevalence for that disease during the past year d. The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time e. The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

d. The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

Prevalence measures aid in: a. Assessing variations in disease occurrence b. The development of hypotheses c. Determining the risk of disease d. Describing the scope of health problems e. A, B, D

e. A, B, D

Hill's criteria of causality include: a. Strength b. Consistency c. Temporality d. Biological gradient e. All of the above

e. All of the above

The limitations of environmental epidemiology include the fact that: a. Accurate assessment of exposure is difficult b. Environmentally associated diseases often have low incidence & prevalence c. Long latency periods often occur between initial exposure & disease outcomes d. The effects of exposures are often non-specific e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following statements is true about cohort studies? a. Subjects are classified according to their exposure b. They are a type of longitudinal design c. They may be either preospective or retrospective d. The measure of association is called relative risk e. All of the above

e. All of the above

The contributions of epidemiology to environmental health include: a. concerns with populations b. use of observational data c. methodology & study designs d. descriptive & analytic studies e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, & environmental factors in disease (the epidemiological triangle). What statement below is true about the triangle? a. agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, & pesticides b. the environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist c. the host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent d. disease causality includes 3 major factors: agent, host, & environment e. all of the above are true

e. all of the above are true

Sir Percival Pott, who wrote Chirurgical Observations Relative to...: a. was the father of modern biostatistics b. established postulates for transmission of infectious disease c. was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments d. argued that the environment was associated with diseases such as malaria e. was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer

e. was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer