Quiz 2

Cultural and ethnic studies of psychopathology conducted around the world indicate that

A number of disorders are indeed observed in diverse parts of the world

A difference in DNA sequence that occurs in a population is called

A polymorphism

According to the neuroscience paradigm, mental disorders are likely the results of

All of the above

Why do women have poorer health in general than men?

All of the above

Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT mentioned in the text as being implicated in psychopathology?

All of the above are mentioned

The fields of behavioral medicine and health psychology focus on the impact of _______ on health

All of these are considered by behavioral medicine and health psychologists

Different forms of the same gene are called

Alleles

Fred has schizophrenia and is taking a medication that works by blocking dopamine receptors. Fred is most likely taking which kind of drug?

An antagonist

The neuroscience paradigm

Asserts that mental disorders are linked to aberrant processes in the brain.

______ grew out of object relations theory

Attachment theory

What paradigm was used by this therapist? Joan was fired from her job, and her therapist attempts to help her see that this is not terrible, and that being fired does not mean she is a bad person.

Beck's cognitive paradigm

Helping a person engage in tasks that provide an opportunity for positive reinforcement is called

Behavioral activation therapy

Contemporary views on genetic and environmental factors in behavior emphasize that

Both factors influence each other

Studies of psychopathology among different cultures and ethnicities have shown that eating disorders are more common among __________, while schizophrenia is more common among __________

Caucasians; African-Americans

A distinctive facet of the cognitive behavioral paradigm is that thoughts

Cause feelings

Important structures of the limbic system include all of the following EXCEPT the:

Cerebellum

The primary argument against reductionism is that

Certain phenomena may only emerge at specific levels of analysis

After the first day of class, Jack (who is always an optimist) decides the class will be fun while Jan (who struggles over grades) decides the class will be hard. Their different reactions illustrate the role of their

Cognitive set

When people are faced with threat, the hypothalamus releases __________, which then communicates with the pituitary gland.

Corticotrophin Releasing Factor (CRF)

The goal of __________ is to reduce the relationship stress and improve communication.

Couples therapy

Interpersonal therapy emphasizes the importance of __________ and how problems in these relationships contribute to psychological symptoms.

Current relationships

Which of the following is NOT an example of a diathesis?

Delusions often found in people with schizophrenia

The difference between emotions and moods is that

Emotions are fairly short-lived states, while moods tend to last for longer periods of

Paradigms in the study of psychopathology

Enable us to gather knowledge in a systematic manner.

The clinical case about Clare was included in the chapter on Current Paradigms in Psychopathology to illustrate the principle of

Family-focused therapy

The switching on and off of certain genes is called

Gene expression

Adoption studies are ideal studies for investigating

Gene-environment interactions

A major current challenge for researchers within the genetic paradigm is to show the mechanism by which

Genes and environments influence each other

The behavior genetic view suggests which of the following relationships between genes and abnormal behavior?

Genetic predispositions increase the likelihood of abnormal behavior.

According to the diathesis-stress model, if Linda inherited a predisposition that places her at high risk for schizophrenia,

Given a certain amount of stress, it is likely Linda will develop schizophrenia

______ not only interact with neurons, but they also help to control how neurons work

Glial cells

Which of the following is central to the body's response to stress?

HPA axis

Second messengers play an important role in

Helping neurons adjust receptor sensitivity

When discussing heritability, it is important to keep in mind all of the following EXCEPT:

Heritability is relevant for a particular individual

A reciprocal gene-environment interaction

Involves the idea that genes may predispose individuals to seek out certain environments.

A genotype is illustrated by which of the following?

Kim's unexpressed gene for sickle cell

Lindsey opened a letter saying that she got into her top choice medical school. She felt a rush of joy and began to jump up and down with excitement. Which of the following best describes Lindsey's state in the moment after opening the letter?

Lindsey is experiencing happy emotions

A phenotype is illustrated by which of the following?

Lisa's eye color

"Knockout studies"

Manipulate specific genes and observe the effects on behavior by "removing" certain genes from mice DNA.

The autonomic nervous system is

Mostly involuntary

Most therapists today conceptualize a clinical case using

Multiple paradigms

A CNV is an abnormal copy of one or more sections of DNA. They occur due to all of the following EXCEPT:

Multiplication of copies

The gray matter in the brain is made up of

Neurons

According to behavior genetics research

Non-shared experiences have much more to do with mental illness than shared experiences.

__________ stresses the importance of long-standing patterns in close relationships, particularly within the family, that are shaped by the ways people think and feel.

Object relations theory

Systematically rewarding desirable behavior and extinguishing undesirable behavior is the centerpiece of which behavioral theory?

Operant conditioning

A set of basic assumptions that defines how to conceptualize and study a subject, how to gather and interpret relevant data, even how to think about a particular subject is known as a

Paradigm

The diathesis-stress paradigm emphasizes that psychopathology results from

Predisposition and environmental disturbances

Transcription factors recognize

Promoters

The first goal of family-focused treatment is to

Provide psychoeducation

In early adulthood, a process known as __________ occurs in which cell connections in the brain are eliminated.

Pruning

Nick was born with a predisposition for aggression and impulsivity that has resulted in frequent trouble with the law. As a result of time spent in jail, Nick has developed alcohol dependence. This is an example of

Reciprocal gene-environmental interaction

The thalamus is the part of the brain which

Relays sensory pathways for hearing and vision

Joan tends to see everything on the "bright side." That is, she rarely feels that negative events occur in her life. According to the cognitive perspective, Joan's tendency to see things positively represents her

Schema

Which of the following mechanisms adjust the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors to dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin?

Second messengers

In genetics, SNPS refers to

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

Which of the following statements are true?

Starting in early adulthood, synaptic connections begin to be eliminated

This part of the ANS accelerates the heart, dilates the pupils, and initiates smooth muscle and glandular responses that prepare an organism for sudden activity and stress.

Sympathetic nervous system

The small gap between brain cells that is involved in message transmission is called the

Synapse

Jane is afraid of elevators. Her psychologist, Dr. Schwartz, teaches her how to relax deeply. Then Dr. Schwartz helps her develop a list of situations with elevators that vary in how frightening or anxiety- producing they are. Finally, while relaxed, Jane imagines the series of situations with elevators. Eventually Jane is able to tolerate imagining increasingly more difficult situations in elevators such as riding an elevator alone for 100 floors. By the end of the 16th therapy session, Jane states that her fear of elevators has disappeared. Dr. Schwartz used

Systematic desensitization

The major connection between the two hemispheres in the brain is called

The corpus callosum

Research suggests that

The effect of non-shared environmental events on siblings is what matters most for understanding genetic variability among siblings.

What makes us unique is the

The sequences of our genes

The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts:

The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

Which of the following would be considered an implication of the neuroscience paradigm?

Using an antidepressant to inhibit the uptake of serotonin

When studying the role of emotions in different mental disorders, it is important to consider

Which components of emotion are affected